Egyptian Males Research Articles

Hip Fracture and The Associated Risk Factors among Egyptian Males

Abstract Background Fragility fractures caused by osteoporosis are well-known to increase the risk of further fragility fractures; a history of the wrist, vertebral body, or hip fractures increases the risk of further fractures accordingly. Fragility fractures induce lower activities of daily living (ADL), and repeated fractures further reduce mobility. Studies found that persons who experienced at least one vertebral body fracture had a higher mortality rate than persons without vertebral body fractures. Also, the one year survival rate of patients with hip fractures was lower than that of the general population. The objective of this study was to find the proportion of concomitant hidden vertebral fractures among males with fragility hip fracture. Patients and Methods Observational analytical case control study, on 150 male cases of osteoporotic hip fractures with matching 150 controls, 40 years of age and older, presented to orthopedic emergency room in the period from Jan, 2019 to Jan, 2020. Cases and controls underwent structured interview questionnaire including all medical and socio- demographic characteristics. Cases in addition underwent plain x-ray for lumbosacral vertebra to assess for concomitant hidden vertebral fractures, in addition. Results We had 150 patients conforming to our inclusion criteria, visiting the orthopedic emergency department, of a total number 48000 patients, only 13000 of them are males during the study period, from Jan 2019 to Jan. 2020. The proportion of fragility hip fracture among males was 1.2%, with mean age 74.32 +/- 10.7. Cases also had a number of co- morbidities ranging from 4-7 chronic diseases. Of those cases, 26% had a concomitant hidden vertebral fracture. Conclusion Concomitant vertebral fracture is prevalent among males with other fragility fractures, especially hip fracture, which warrants identification and management to evade complications and mortality.

Relationship between body composition indicators and probability of sexual dysfunction in a cohort of Egyptian males

Relationship between body composition indicators and probability of sexual dysfunction in a cohort of Egyptian males

Proportion of Hidden Vertebral Fractures Among Egyptian Males With Fragility Hip Fractures in the Emergency Room of Ain Shams University Hospitals.

Background Fragility fractures are linked to significant costs for society as well as significant pain and suffering, disability, and even death. It is well-recognized that osteoporosis-related fragility fractures raise the risk of subsequent fragility fractures. One of the most frequent osteoporotic fractures brought on by low bone mineral density and other risk factors is vertebral fractures. Considering that most vertebral fractures are asymptomatic and not clinically identified, proactive screening could stop additional impairment. Objective The current study aims to determine the prevalence and risk factors of hidden vertebral fractures in Egyptian males who have fragility hip fractures. Patients and methods A cross-sectional case-control study examining the correlation of risk factors between cases (fragility hip fracture and vertebral fractures) and a control group (fragility hip fracture without vertebral fracture) was carried out from September 2020 to September 2021 on patients visiting the orthopedic emergency department of a university hospital in Cairo, Egypt. Males who presented to the emergency room (ER) with fragility hip fractures and were 40 years of age or older met our inclusion criteria. For every patient who presented with a fragility hip fracture, standard lateral and anteroposterior radiographs of the dorso-lumbar spine were taken. Results A total of 43,935 patients visited the orthopedic emergency room (ER) throughout the study period; 13,034 of those patients were men, accounting for 29.7% of all orthopedic ER visits. Our inclusion criteria for fragility hip fractures were met by 132 male participants. The screening lumbosacral plain X-rays identified 27 (20.5%) of the 132 patients as having concomitant vertebral fractures in addition to the fragility hip fractures. Concomitant hidden vertebral fractures among Egyptian males with other fragility fractures, particularly fragility hip fractures, are predicted by the number of co-morbid diseases, hypertension, and continuous use of steroids and anti-epileptics. Conclusion Most fragility fractures are avoidable. Because one fragility fracture increases the likelihood of others, early detection is crucial. To prevent complications and mortality, it is important to identify and manage individuals who have a fragility hip fracture as they frequently have concurrent hidden vertebral fractures. Predictive risk factors for fragility vertebral fractures include hypertension, the number of concomitant illnesses, and chronic drugs (anti-epileptics and steroids).

Exploring Adolescent Development in Diverse Cultures: Insights and Implications

This study delves at teenage behavior and interactions in many cultural contexts, providing vital insights into their development. This study sheds light on the multifaceted aspects of adolescent behavior, peer relationships, and their quest for independence by employing established theories such as adolescence theory, Erikson's psychosocial development theory, Bandura's social cognition theory, Piaget's cognitive development theory, and Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory. Observations were carried out in Morocco, Egypt, Myanmar, Kyiv, and Jakarta to document the experiences of teenagers aged 12 to 14. The stories emphasize topics such as solidarity, independence, companionship, and identity exploration. The findings include observations such as unity among Moroccan girls, assertive self-expression in Egyptian males, pleasant mixed-gender relationships in Myanmar, and worrying behavior in a Ukrainian adolescent. Adolescent growth is influenced by cultural environment, peer connections, and ecological systems, according to these narratives. The study advances our understanding of teenage experiences across cultures, informing interventions and policies that promote healthy development and well-being.

Effect of COVID-19 on sexual and reproductive functions of Egyptian males following recovery: A cross sectional study.

We aimed to assess the sexual and the reproductive functions in males post COVID-19 infection in Beni-Suef Governorate. One hundred men were recruited in the current study. All participants were assessed by the Arabic validated version of the International Index of the Erectile Function 5 (ArIIEF-5), semen analysis, and Hospital Depression and Anxiety Scale (HADS). Finally, morning testosterone serum level was measured. There were significant decreases in the sperm total motility, the ArIIEF-5 score, and serum total testosterone in the post COVID-19 patients after 3 months when compared to the controls. However, there were significant increases in the sperm total motility, the ArIIEF-5 score, and serum total testosterone in the post COVID-19 patients after 6 months group when compared to the post COVID-19 patients after 3 months group. Moreover, there was a significant increase in the HADS score in the post COVID-19 patients after 3 months when compared to the controls. In contrast, there was a significant decrease in the HADS score in the post COVID-19 patients after 6 months when compared to the post COVID-19 patients after 3 months. Our study had shown temporary impairment of sexual and reproductive functions in post COVID-19 convalescent males especially after 6 months from the onset of the infection.

Effect of cigarette smoking cessation educational intervention based on the trans-theoretical model using motivational interviewing on Egyptian males' smoking knowledge and behavior: A randomized controlled trial

Background & Aim: The trans-theoretical model suggests that stage-matched interventions improve the effectiveness of behavior changes such as quitting. This study aims to examine the effect of stage-matched smoking cessation educational intervention based on the trans-theoretical model using motivational interviewing on Egyptian males' knowledge, stage movement, and smoking cessation rate.
 Methods & Materials: A randomized controlled trial was conducted in the main building of Damanhour University, Egypt. The participants were selected using simple random sampling (N=165), then allocated to both experimental (N=82) and control (N=83) groups using the randomization block technique. Data was collected using a structured interview schedule. The instrument contained five parts: Personal Characteristics and Smoking data, Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire, Tobacco Cessation Readiness Scale, Smoking Knowledge Scale, and trans-theoretical Model constructs questionnaire. The experimental group received ten months of educational intervention using face-to-face and phone-based motivational interviewing.
 Results: A significantly higher stage movement was revealed among the experimental group post-intervention (80.5%); 35.4% transitioned to the preparation stage, 32.9% were in the action stage, and 12.2% were in the maintenance stage. According to the ANCOVA test, significant negative mean differences post-intervention was achieved for nicotine dependence and decision pros (P=0.000) with a large effect size (η2=0.341, η2=0.503). However, significant positive mean differences were proved for other variables (knowledge, tobacco cessation readiness, and TTM constructs) (P<0.05) with a large effect size (η2>0.14). Stage analysis revealed significant mean differences in most studied variables, where the action stage had the highest significant mean improvements (P<0.05).
 Conclusion: The trans-theoretical model-based educational intervention using motivational interviewing effectively improves smoking knowledge and facilitates quitting with successful stage movement among Egyptian male smokers.

Cephalometric evaluation of posterior airway space in Chinese and Egyptian races

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the size of posterior airway space (PAS) and hyoid bone position in Chinese and Egyptian races in both genders using cephalometry. Material and Methods: Lateral Cephalometric X-ray were collected from 195 healthy young adults (96 Chinese subjects and 99 Egyptian subjects). Twenty cephalometric measurements (linear and angular) of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx, tongue, and hyoid bone were recorded. Considering gender, according to the ANB angle, the subjects were classified into three types of skeletal malocclusion: class I (1° ≤ ANB ≤ 3°), class II (ANB > 3°), and class III (ANB < 1°). Probability (P) ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Confident intervals of 95% were used and P < 0.05 was considered to represent statistically significant differences. Results: Significant differences were founded in (PNS-V) (P ≤ 0.01), (TT-V) (P ≤ 0.05), ([Hy-Me-MP] [P ≤ 0.01] [Hyoid–MP-Prep] [P ≤ 0.05] [Hy-C3] [P ≤ 0.01] and [Hy-S] [P ≤ 0.05]), and (PNS-U) between Class II and Class III (P ≤ 0.05) in Chinese group. Significant differences were founded in (TT_FH) (P < 0.001), (Hy_RGn) (P < 0.001), Hyoid bone and C3 (Hy_C3) (P < 0.05), (DeepPharyxatPog) (P < 0.05), and (Hy_C3) between Class I and Class II (P < 0.05) in Egyptian group. Conclusion: There is no direct clinical implication of this study. However, the study shows a reference of the average size of PAS in both genders of Egyptian and Chinese races. Gender showed a significant influence on the PAS dimensions in both Chinese and Egyptian individuals. Sexual dimorphism may account for larger airway dimensions and hyoid bone geometry in both Chinese and Egyptian males.

Sharing norms and negotiations across cultures: Experimental interactions within and between Egypt and Germany

We report experimental findings on distribution decisions by Germans and Egyptians. We explore their sensitivity along three different dimensions: we study (i) the impact of the price of giving, (ii) how giving responds to the cultural and gender identity of the recipient, and (iii) how a threat of rejection in a bargaining situation affects the distribution choice. We show substantial differences in generosity between participants in Egypt vs. Germany, the former showing substantial equality-seeking behavior. Correspondingly, both genders in Egypt increase giving when it becomes more costly as do German females, in contrast to German males who give particularly when it is cheap. While Egyptian participants choose according to an equality norm independently of the recipient’s identity, we detect substantial discrimination by German females when giving to Egyptian males. This discrimination is in line with prejudice as males in Egypt give significantly more than what Germans expect from them. Conversely, males in Egypt overestimate the generosity of Germans towards them. We finally show that, relative to giving in the dictator game, the ultimatum game offers increase among German participants, but not among participants in Egypt. Females in Egypt even decrease giving in UG relative to DG when allocating to males in Egypt. This finding is in line with highly favorable offers being rejected by a substantial fraction of participants in Egypt.

Diagnostic value of molecular approach in screening for fragile X premutation cases.

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common form of inherited intellectual disability, caused by CGG-repeats expansion (> 200 repeats). Premutation alleles (PM) (55-200 CGG repeats) are associated with tremor ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI), and autistic problems. To screen the frequency of premutation carriers using molecular diagnostic assays, in a cohort of Egyptian males with suspected clinical features of (FXS) checking for the presence of premutation alleles. The current study comprised 192 Egyptian male children, 92 participants presented with intellectual disability, delayed language development, autistic-like features, behavioral difficulties, anxiety, seizures, and depression compared to 100 healthy males. All cases were subjected to clinical and neuroimaging assessments, when indicated as well as molecular analysis using methylation-specific PCR (MS-PCR) and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Thirty-four premutation carriers out of 92 Egyptian males (37%) of CGG repeats (55 to 200) were illustrated with elevated FMR1 mRNA expression level (p-value < 0.001). Additionally, 2 intermediate (IM) cases (0.03%) (45-55 CGG repeats) showed poor increase in expression level (p-value = 0.02838) plus 6 full mutation (FM) patients (0.07%) with (> 200 CGG repeats) (p-value < 0.001) resulted in FMR1 gene silence. Molecular diagnostic assay including (MS-PCR) and (qRT-PCR) proved to be a sensitive and rapid screening tool for the detection of premutation cases. Furthermore, the presence of positive correlation between FMR1 mRNA expression levels with CGG repeats in premutation cases could serve as a potential diagnostic marker. Application of these diagnostic tools on larger number clinically suspected cases is recommended.

Nonsignificant relation of seminal and serum vitamin D levels and semen parameters of males in Upper Egypt

Introduction Since the discovery of vitamin D (Vit. D) in 1922, a plethora of researches has been conducted on it describing its role in many physiological and pathological processes. Aim This research targeted to assess both seminal and serum Vit. D levels in Egyptian males and to establish the relation between both serum and seminal Vit. D and the age, residence, education, marital and fertility states, and semen parameters of men in our community. Patients and methods A prospective cross-sectional hospital-based study targeted men who attended the andrology clinic during the period from the beginning of May 2019 to the end of August 2019 with various complaints. All participants were subjected to conventional semen analysis using the WHO 2010 as a reference. Both serum and seminal Vit. D levels were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. Results The study included 100 male participants. Their age ranged from 20.0 to 50.0 years, with a mean±SD of 34.97±8.37 years. Most of them were from rural areas of Upper Egypt (60 vs. 40% from urban areas). The participants were classified into groups according to semen analysis using the WHO 2010 criteria. Serum Vit. D deficiency, insufficiency, and normal levels were observed in 4, 25, and 71% of participants, respectively. Seminal Vit. D sufficiency and insufficiency were reported in 83 and 17%, respectively. Both serum and seminal Vit. D levels had nonsignificant correlations between their levels and all semen parameters. Conclusion As most Egyptian men are subjected to sunny climate of our country, the prevalence of Vit. D deficiency is low in both serum and seminal fluid. The results of the current study did not support any evidence for the role of Vit. D in semen parameters or male fertility status.

Prognostic significance of LRIG2 and LRIG3 proteins in urothelial bladder carcinoma

ABSTRACT Bladder carcinoma is the second most frequent cancer in Egyptian males. Leucine-rich and immunoglobulin-like domains (LRIGs) are usually dysregulated in various human tumors. The aim of this study is to explore the immunohistochemical expression of LRIG2 and LRIG3 in urothelial bladder carcinoma (UBC) and their relationship to patients clinicopathological data including survival. The study cohort included 79 UBC cases (14 non muscle invasive (NMI) and 65 muscle invasive (MI)). We assessed the associations of LRIG2 and LRIG3 expression with clinicopathological data, as well as progression-free and overall survival. Most of studied cases (>50%) express LRIG2 and LRIG3. Statistically significant association was observed between positivity for LRIG3 and muscle invasion (P = 0.001), high grade (P = 0.03), and female gender (P = 0.02). Moreover, positive LRIG2 staining was associated with early stage (T2) (P = 0.03), lymphovascular invasion (P = 0.004), and tendency to non-muscle invasive stage (P = 0.07). Grouping of cases according to positivity/negativity of both markers showed that cases with dual positivity for both proteins are associated with muscle invasion (P = 0.001) and paradoxically with prolonged overall survival (P = 0.037). We conclude that although the association of LRIG3 with MI and high-grade tumors, its expression is related to better survival. LRIG3 has the dominant role even if it coexists with LRIG2. The role of LRIG2 remains to be further investigated.

Assessment of The Influence of Non-Genetic Risk Factors on The Disease Onset and Progression of Androgenetic Alopecia in Egyptian Males

Abstract Background Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a patterned hair loss with multifactorial background including genetic, hormonal as well as environmental and lifestyle-related risk factors. The impact of non-genetic risk factors on the onset and disease progression of androgenetic alopecia in Egyptian males. Objective To explore the potential role of non-genetic risk factors on the disease development and progression of androgenetic alopecia in Egyptian males. Patients and Methods The study included 2000 subjects with and without AGA, during the period from February 2019 to September 2019. The study protocol was approved by faculty of medicine, Ain Sham University, Research ethics committee (FWA 000017585). An informed written consent for participation in this study was obtained from patients and controls before enrollment. One thousand male patients with AGA were recruited in the study. The diagnosis was made via clinical diagnosis, dermatological findings, trichoscopic assessment. Results Our study showed that after skin examination 416 patients had acne and 344 patients had seborrhea, with statistically significant association to AGA cases. Conclusion From our study, it can be concluded that AGA became a major type of hair loss complaint among Egyptian males especially young males. Many potential risk factors were found to be associated with the disease as smoking, stress, obesity, family history, exercise, HTN and unbalanced diet. Avoidance of such risk factors may help improve the disease.

Selfie-related concepts and behaviors among Egyptian and Saudi nursing students: a comparative study

BackgroundOver the last 10 years, social media has become an integral facet of modern society. Self-presentation and body satisfaction are related to social media and its impact on users’ levels of well-being and self-esteem. This study aimed to compare selfie-related concepts (self-esteem and body image) and behaviors (selfie habits and patterns, the motives for using the selfie, and attitude about selfie) between samples of Egyptians and Saudis student nurses. To attain this research aim, a comparative research design study was conducted between 7th of October and 5th of November 2020. This study was conducted in the two countries: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) (College of Nursing, Taif University) and Egypt (Faculty of Nursing, Zagazig University). A sample of 300 students was included in two countries: KSA and Egypt. Socio-demographic data sheet, patterns of selfie use scale, self-confidence questionnaire (SCQ), and body image scale.ResultsResults revealed that the Egyptian students were higher in number of selfies per day than Saudi students and the majority of Saudi group like to put their selfies on Instagram.ConclusionThe current study deduced that Egyptian students as regard selfie habits and patterns had a higher number of selfies per day than Saudi students, also the majority of the Saudi group as regard selfie habits like to put their selfies on Instagram with a statistically significant difference. As regards the motives for using the selfie, the reasons for taking selfies were significantly higher in Saudi nursing students than in Egyptian students regarding depression and sadness. As well, significantly higher in Egyptian than in Saudi nurse students was related to motivates that their selfies on social media often contain comments or answers, the relationship between the number of selfie-taking and gender was a statistically significant difference between the two genders in both Egyptian and Saudi groups with increasing taking selfie among Egyptian females and Saudi males.

Clinical Manifestations and Comorbidities of SARS-Cov-2 Infection: A Descriptive Study

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a clinical syndrome caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Patients with severe illness have an overactive immune system, which can damage organs other than the lungs. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of clinical manifestations and comorbidities in SARSCoV- 2 infected patients. Patients and methods: This retrospective single-center observational study was conducted in the Tertiary Hospital, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University. This retrospective observational study was conducted on consecutive 370 patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection from May to September 2020.The diagnosis of the cases was confirmed using RT-PCR for detection of the viral RNA. Demographic characteristics, including underlying comorbidities, symptoms, signs, laboratory findings, chest CT scan and treatment measures were reported. Results: According to this retrospective, single-center observational study, which was conducted on consecutive 370 patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection? The study involved 193 Egyptian males (52.1%) and 177 Egyptian females (47.9%) with COVID-19. The mean age was 40. 2 ±14.74 years. The common symptoms of the COVID-19 patients at the onset of sickness were myalgia [355 (95.9%)], fatigue [291 (78.6%)], headache [235 (63.5%)], fever [247 (66.8%)], cough [213 (57.6.%)], sputum production [201 (54.3%)] and dyspnea [189 (51.1%)].The most prevalent comorbidity were hypertension [142(38.4%)] followed by diabetes [132 (35.6%)]. Conclusion: The commonest clinical manifestations of confirmed cases of COVID-19 were myalgia, fatigue, headache, fever, and cough and the most prevalent comorbidities associated with COVID 19 patients were hypertension and diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine is the property of Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Changes in spirometric parameters with position in asymptomatic Egyptian young males with central obesity.

BackgroundCentral obesity is a chronic condition that can contribute to impairments in lung functions. Body position is an important technique that effectively restores and increases lung functions. We aimed to address the possible changes in spirometric parameters in asymptomatic overweight individuals with central obesity with a change in posture from sitting to supine in comparison to normal weight non-obese ones.MethodsEnrolled subjects were healthy Egyptian males, aged between 20–45 years old, asymptomatic and nonsmokers. They underwent spirometry. The following parameters were measured; forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV1/FVC ratio, and forced expiratory flow (FEF)25-75%. They were classified into overweight with central obesity (n=40) and healthy control (n=40) groups based on their body mass index (BMI), weight-hip ratio (WHR), and waist circumference (WC). Spirometric parameters were compared between the 2 groups and in both setting and supine positions.ResultsThe central obesity group showed significantly lower all spirometric parameters in comparison to the control one. All measured spirometric parameters had a significant reduction with supine position. There were negative correlations between both the WC and WHR and spirometric parameters.ConclusionIn this study of young Egyptian males, individuals with central obesity had reduced spirometric parameters in comparison to healthy ones. Change in position from sitting to supine has significant effects on spirometric parameters in both healthy middle age males with normal weight and those with overweight and central obesity. These results could have important clinical implications.

Effect of direct-acting antiviral medications on α-fetoprotein, IL-10, and VEGF as predictors of HCC in HCV-infected hemodialysis patients

Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is considered one of the major causes of chronic liver disease in Egypt. HCC is a common complication of liver cirrhosis; it is the most common malignant neoplasm among Egyptian males and the second one in Egyptian females. The aim of the current study is to investigate the effect of our national DAA treatment protocol on the serum levels of IL-10, and VEGF in HCV infected hemodialysis patients. Patients and methods This study was carried out in Alexandria, Egypt. 85 subjects were enrolled in this study and divided into three groups. The first group was the control group, it included 25 healthy subjects, the second group included 50 hemodialysis patients infected with chronic HCV G4, they received DAAs therapy for 12 weeks, and the third group comprises 10 HCV chronic hemodialysis patients with HCC. Results Sustained viral response (SVR12) had been achieved in 43 patients (86%) in group two. There was a clear increase in the serum level of IL 10, and VEGF in HCV+HD and HCV+HD+HCC from control (P&lt;0.001) Logistic regression analysis showed that serum IL10, and VEGF could be utilized as predictor marker of (HCV+HD and HCV+HD+HCC) group from control and for HCV+HD from control ROC analysis detected 90% sensitivity and 92 % specificity to discriminate between healthy subjects and HCV+HD+HCC group. Conclusion Study demonstrated that high levels of IL-10 and VEGF in both HCV+HD and HCV+HD+HCC (higher levels) patients. Attainment of SVR12 with combination of ombitasvir paritaprevir, and ritonavir plus ribavirin in HCV+HD is potential without major side effects, and it was achieved regardless the serum levels of IL-10 or VEGF.

دراسة نمط الغضون الحنكية و استعمالها في التعرف علي الجنس والعرق في عينة من المصريين و الماليزيين البالغين

Background: Palatal rugoscopy is the use of palatal rugae for identification of unknown persons. The majority of the population in Egypt consists of Egyptian people. However, some Malaysian people live in Alexandria city of Egypt for the purpose of education. So in case of mass disaster, there is a critical need for a reliable and easy method to differentiate between Malaysians and Egyptians. Aim: Study palatal rugae patterns in two diverse populations; Egyptians and Malaysians and its relation to sex and population difference. Subjects: Eighty students of Alexandria Faculty of Dentistry; forty Egyptians (20 females and 20 males) and forty Malaysians (20 males and 20 females). The age ranged 18-30 years. Results: Significant difference was noted between Malaysian males and females according to total number of rugae on both sides. Malaysians had significantly higher total rugae number on both sides than Egyptians. Curved shape was the predominant shape in the total sample. Significant difference was detected between Egyptians and Malaysians according to the predominant palatal rugae direction on both left and right sides. Egyptian females had significantly higher percentage of absent unification than Egyptian males. Linear regression models for sex and ethnicity identification were built up.

Evaluation of the role of tight junction molecules

Background According to the results of the National Population-based Cancer Registry Program, bladder cancer is the second most common cancer after liver cancer that is prevalent among Egyptian males. About 70% of bladder cancers are diagnosed as nonmuscle invasive cancers with high risk of recurrence, besides the risk of progression to muscularis propria invasion. The challenge is to identify noninvasive cancers using a reliable method for accurate diagnosis as well as for predicting the prognosis. Aim We aimed to evaluate the immuno-histochemical expression of claudin-1 (CLDN-1) and CLDN-4 in invasive and noninvasive urothelial lesions and correlate them with clinicopathological findings. Patients and methods This retrospective study included 36 different cases of urinary bladder lesions: 30 cases of urothelial carcinomas (UCs) and six papillary urothelial neoplasms of low malignant potential in addition to six normal control cases. Cases were graded according to the WHO classification and staged according to the TNM pathological staging system. Slides were subjected to immunohistochemical staining by CLDN-1 and CLDN-4. Results CLDN-1 showed the highest level of expression among carcinoma cases, while CLDN-4 showed the highest expression among control cases (P&lt;0.000 for both). Increased CLDN-1 expression was significantly related to muscle invasion (P=0.000), advanced T stage (P=0.000), and high tumor grade (P=0.012). CLDN-4 expression showed a statistically significant difference in UCs without muscle invasion (P=0.000), earlier T stage, and low tumor grade (P=0.006). Conclusion CLDN-1 and CLDN-4 could be used as potential markers to differentiate invasive from noninvasive and low grade from high grade UC. They can predict the clinical outcome and play a role in the assessment of patients with UC.

Stretched penile length and anogenital distance in Egyptian boys aged one month to five years

In children with isolated unilateral undescended testis mechanical anomalies are commonly implicated and a diagnosis of simple hypospadius implies that the rest of the external genitalia are normal. Patients with disorders of sexual development, by contrast, have other associated genital anomalies including micropenis and should be referred to the endocrinologist for hormonal assessment before surgical correction of undescended testis or hypospadius. Early diagnosis of abnormal penile size is important but proper assessment begins with defining the normal population-specific age-appropriate reference range. Anogenital distance (AGD) reflects prenatal and early postnatal testosterone levels. The aim of our study was to establish mean reference values and percentile curves for strtetched penile length (SPL) and AGD in healthy Egyptian males from the age of one month to five years and to determine the mean monthly increase in SPL and AGDs from 1 to 13 months of age (a reflection of mini-puberty). This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in Cairo University and Mataria Hosptals, Egypt to determine SPL and AGD in 2972 Egyptian males aged from one month to five years from October 2016-December 2018. In addition, we measured length/height, weight and body mass index. SPL increased gradually from a mean±SD of 3.55±0.51cm in the first year of life to 5.52±0.67cm by five years of age with a growth from 1 to 12 months of life of 0.6cm. SPL showed smaller values in infants 6-9 months old compared to younger infants. AGD increased from 7.48±1.47cm in the first year of life to 12.83±0.58cm by 5 years of age with a growth from 1 to 12 months of 4.34cm. SPL and AGD Z-scores correlated positively with each other and with age (months), and Z-scores of height/length, weight and BMI (p<0.001). The rapid increases in SPL and AGD observed in our study group in the first few months of life reflect the effects of mini-puberty. The fact that SPL and AGD correlated positively with other anthropometric measurements suggests that SPL and AGD may be controlled by nutritional and/or hormonal factors. We suggest that waning testosterone levels marking the end of minipuberty might explain smaller values for SPL in our group of 6-9 month old infants compared with younger infants. We have not included children under one month old. It is important for each country to develop its own national percentile curves for all growth parameters. This will allow the physician to identify normal differences in the population and to pick up disorders at an age when intervention may yield better results We have developed percentile curves for SPL and AGD that can be used as references for Egyptian male infants and young children.

Evaluation of daily avanafil efficacy in improving the endothelial function in Egyptian males with erectile dysfunction.

Avanafil is a highly selective and potent oral phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor. However, its impact on the soluble markers of endothelial function has not been investigated yet. This study was conducted to assess the effect of daily avanafil on the endothelial markers' serum level and erectile function in patients with erectile dysfunction. In this work, we randomly divided 140 males with erectile dysfunction and other diseases commonly associated with endothelial dysfunction like diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidaemia into two equal groups: treatment group, treated with 50mg daily oral avanafil, and control group, treated with placebo. The International Index of Erectile Function-5 score and the serum levels of nitric oxide, cyclic guanosine monophosphate and endothelin-1 as markers of endothelial function were measured at baseline and after four weeks of treatment in both groups. At the end of treatment period, those randomised to avanafil achieved statistically significant improvement in erectile function, nitric oxide, cyclic guanosine monophosphate and endothelin-1 levels from baseline versus placebo regardless the type and duration of associated comorbidity as well as the duration and severity of erectile dysfunction. These results permitted us to suggest that daily avanafil can improve the impaired endothelial function associated with the erectile dysfunction.