Land Of Egypt Research Articles

Potential implementation of trees to remediate contaminated soil in Egypt.

Soil and water in Egypt have become contaminated with multiple pollutants. These contaminants arise from diverse sources, including misuse of fertilizers, industrial effluent discharged into irrigation water, discharge of wastewater in rural areas, and mining activities discharging wet and dry atmospheric deposits and heavy metal contamination. The pollutants can directly affect the quality of air, water, and food and have an adverse effect on human health. About 33% of the cultivated lands in Egypt are salinized due to extreme conditions like high temperatures and aridity. The presence of elevated salt levels in the soil leads to grave consequences for seed germination, plant biochemical processes, development, and reproduction, all of which result in the output of reactive oxygen species and eventually plant death. Despite the possibility of thermal, chemical, or a combination of the two to remediate contaminated soils, their applications are complicated and costly. Some plants, called hyperaccumulators, exhibit the potential to clean up pollutants safely from the soil and water at a low cost. All the technologies used in soil decontamination are called phytoremediation. Some physiological (e.g., phytoextraction, phytostabilization, phytotransformation, rhizofiltration, phytostimulation, phytovolatilization, phytodegradation, and phytodesalination) and molecular parameters (e.g., genes, peptides, and proteins) are involved in heavy metals accumulation of these plants. Although trees are not classified as hyperaccumulators, they have recently proved higher phytoremediation potential than herbaceous plants due to their deeper root system and greater biomass growth. Indeed, this review sheds the light on the application of trees for the phytoremediation of salts and heavy metals in Egypt.

The Attitude of the United States of America towards the British Evacuation Negotiations from Egypt 1953-1954

The United States has a great impact in urging the Egyptian and British sides to reach an agreement on the issue of the evacuation of British forces from the lands of Egypt to ensure the stability of the region to protect western interests and to keep away the Soviet ambitions to have influence in the Arab region. As the United States of America worked to protect the region and link countries, the developing countries have policy by providing them with financial support, in addition to try to involve these countries with defensive alliances that make the countries of the region politically subordinate to the Western countries and in order to fill the void that could be after Britain’s withdrawal from Egypt.

Risk Assessment and Hazardous Effects of Metal Contamination in O. niloticus and S. galilaeus from Four Islands of the River Nile

The Nile River islands are recognized as the most productive lands in Egypt. Although, these islands are vulnerable to several natural and man-made crises. The present study was aimed to evaluate the consequences of different anthropogenic activities on the heavy metals load and histological alterations in O. niloticus and S. galilaeus collected from four different Nile River islands along the Great Cairo sector (Egypt), and the possible health risks for human consumers. Metals were accumulated in both fish muscles in the following order: Fe > Zn > Cu > Mn > Pb. S. galilaeus was recorded higher metal pollution index than O. niloticus, while El-Warrak Island was documented the highest MPI and hazard quotient among all sampling sites. All sampled tissues were recorded histopathological lesions in both fish. The present study may be considered as an early alert for habitual consumers, particularly at high consumption rates of some fish species.

Evaluation of Barley Cultivated Areas’ Actual Status in Egyptian Newly Reclaimed Lands

Barley is a globally important strategic cereal crop, which grows well under various climatic and drought-stress conditions. In Egypt, barley is a major winter crop cultivated in old and newly reclaimed lands that suffer from a lack of irrigation, low soil fertility, and salinity of both soil and water. However, there is a lack of awareness of the nutritional role of barley for both humans and animals. Therefore, this paper aims to evaluate the actual status of cultivated areas of barley, especially in newly reclaimed lands in Egypt during the period (2004/2005–2018/2019). The study is based on descriptive and quantitative analysis using means, growth rates, relative importance, and robust regression. Results show that barley cultivated areas in newly reclaimed lands represented about 76.9% of total cultivated areas during (2004/2005–2018/2019). It means that barley is more adaptable in dry and marginal areas, meaning it is a sustainable plant that can face drought, land degradation, and climate change. Also, production costs, farm prices, and net return of barley are the most important factors that affect the producer’s decision to cultivate barley during the study period. In addition, there is excessive use of some variables during the study period; after estimating the production function of barley using robust regression, it is shown that it is necessary to reduce these variables in the production process to achieve economic efficiency.

Reflection on Easter During the Pandemic As The Church Today

This article will discusses the current phenomenon in the world, namely the Covid 19 pandemic, where we are faced with a condition where there is fear and worry about the future. Meanwhile, God’s church should be able to show its existence as God’s redeemed people and ther is no need to be afraid of anything in front of it even thoug it is death.The purpose of this article is to present a bliblical study of Passover celebration which is a journey of the Israelities out of the land of Egypt which has theologial implications regarding the resurrection and the death of the Lord Jesus Christ. This method used is historical anlysis of the Exodus text using an exposition approach and conduct an analysis with regard to context literary genre.The Passover event is an event which is an initiative from God to deliver the Israelities from Egypt. The conclusion that finding in this discussion is the momentum of the Easter celebration during the Covid 19 pandemic will increase the unity of heart and faith in the context of the church in Indonesia.

“As the Israelites in the Land of Egypt, So are We in Nigeria”: The Significance of the Exodus Event for Biafra Secessionist Movement

“As the Israelites in the Land of Egypt, So are We in Nigeria”: The Significance of the Exodus Event for Biafra Secessionist Movement

Multi-Season Phenology Mapping of Nile Delta Croplands Using Time Series of Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8 Green LAI.

Space-based cropland phenology monitoring substantially assists agricultural managing practices and plays an important role in crop yield predictions. Multitemporal satellite observations allow analyzing vegetation seasonal dynamics over large areas by using vegetation indices or by deriving biophysical variables. The Nile Delta represents about half of all agricultural lands of Egypt. In this region, intensifying farming systems are predominant and multi-cropping rotations schemes are increasing, requiring a high temporal and spatial resolution monitoring for capturing successive crop growth cycles. This study presents a workflow for cropland phenology characterization and mapping based on time series of green Leaf Area Index (LAI) generated from NASA’s Harmonized Landsat 8 (L8) and Sentinel-2 (S2) surface reflectance dataset from 2016 to 2019. LAI time series were processed for each satellite dataset, which were used separately and combined to identify seasonal dynamics for a selection of crop types (wheat, clover, maize and rice). For the combination of L8 with S2 LAI products, we proposed two time series smoothing and fitting methods: (1) the Savitzky–Golay (SG) filter and (2) the Gaussian Processes Regression (GPR) fitting function. Single-sensor and L8-S2 combined LAI time series were used for the calculation of key crop Land Surface Phenology (LSP) metrics (start of season, end of season, length of season), whereby the detection of cropland growing seasons was based on two established threshold methods, i.e., a seasonal or a relative amplitude value. Overall, the developed phenology extraction scheme enabled identifying up to two successive crop cycles within a year, with a superior performance observed for the seasonal than for the relative threshold method, in terms of consistency and cropland season detection capability. Differences between the time series collections were analyzed by comparing the phenology metrics per crop type and year. Results suggest that L8-S2 combined LAI data streams with GPR led to a more precise detection of the start and end of growing seasons for most crop types, reaching an overall detection of 74% over the total planted crops versus 69% with S2 and 63% with L8 alone. Finally, the phenology mapping allowed us to evaluate the spatial and temporal evolution of the croplands over the agroecosystem in the Nile Delta.

The pieces of the smallholder puzzle: The add‐in role of farmers' characteristics in irrigation improvement projects in the old lands of Egypt

AbstractIrrigation development is essential for reducing vulnerability to water resource scarcity, food insecurity, and climate change impacts in Egypt. The centralized irrigation development must, however, overcome the challenges of the diversity of smallholders and the pre‐existing, individualistic irrigation management. The purpose of this paper is to examine the farmers' characteristics that influence the design and success of irrigation improvement programmes in the Old Lands of Egypt. The paper investigates this issue from the perspectives of farmers by analysing farm features, agricultural practices, irrigation practices, and satisfaction with water services. The clustering method is applied to create farmer groups within the geographical area of the programme and seek consistent differences that affect the outcome of irrigation improvement. The results show that farmers are less diverse in their agrotechnology and more heterogenous in terms of capacities, livelihood sources, and land tenure structures. The article argues that grouping methods to deploy improved irrigation infrastructure should give more consideration to the farmers' individual features. Programmes intended to replicate such irrigation development or leverage the existing results should address these particularities to create a socially adaptive environment for future irrigation investment in Egypt.

Economic impacts assessment of saline agriculture on marginal lands in Egypt: Case study

Economic impacts assessment of saline agriculture on marginal lands in Egypt: Case study

Forecasting of Cultivated Area in Egyptian Lands Using a Time Series Model for Sustainable Development

Forecasting of Cultivated Area in Egyptian Lands Using a Time Series Model for Sustainable Development

ROLE OF ENERGY USE EFFICIENCY ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT BY USING VALUE CHAINS

Internal economic sustainability was the principal goal of the corporations and farmers. But presently with growing concerns about the environment and changing business scenarios, firms and farmers are forced to think of their activity in alignment with the environment. The corporations and farmers are reorienting themselves to produce with performance and effectiveness; however, with much less environmental influences along their whole value chain for sustainability. Describing sustainability are along three dimensionsenvironmental stewardship, social duty, and economic prosperity. Environmental stewardship focuses on natural surroundings like air, water, land, and ecosystems and dealing with effectively the earth’s natural resources. Social responsibility favors the equitable development of the employees (in terms of standard of life) and the society as a whole. Economic prosperity aims at creating economic value and ensuring the introduction of economic opportunity for both the venture and its stakeholders. Sustainable Development favors the strategic adapt between the internal economic system of the companies and outside socioenvironmental influences. It has become a successful mantra for corporations and farmers not only for the present but for the future. This research concentrates on the position and significance of energy efficiency inside the agricultural sector for the sustainable growth of Southeast Mediterranean Sea countries. Where the value chain, Energy Use Efficiency (EUE), was formulated to concentrates on suitable energyconsuming as a necessary prerequisite to achieve performance and equity in the agric sector down the worldwide economic crises and climate change, alleviate poverty in the rural area and reduce societal cost of pollutants on farming crops through the scientific linkages between the adaptation to warming and adaptation to financial crises in Egypt. As a result of optimal cropping patterns, farm revenue would grow 44.591%, farm profit increase 41.750%, energy use decrease 10.865%, CO2 emission reduce 8.013%, and water use decrease15.456% inside the ancient land of Egypt.

Could Women Own Agricultural Land? Rethinking the Relationship of Islamic Law and Contextual Reality (Wāqiʿ)

Abstract Various studies have discussed the Ḥanafī opinion about the ownership of agricultural land. In this study, instead, I analyze the Mālikīs’ and Shāfiʿīs’ views. Their madhāhib suggested that arable land was in the public ownership of the state. However, I show how the systemized deprivation of women from inheriting agricultural land in the Ottoman period motivated late Mālikīs and Shāfiʿīs to divert from the standard doctrine of their madhāhib. Late scholars suggested that Egyptian land should be owned by the cultivators, and, therefore, be inheritable by both men and women. This turn of late Mālikīs and Shāfiʿīs, which stands as an antithesis to the Ḥanafīs’ development, stimulates us to think of a different mechanism of ijtihād. In this mechanism, Islamic law reform is defined by questioning and challenging the contextual reality (wāqiʿ) instead of being adjusted to it, even if this reality is not prohibited.

Volume, biomass, carbon sequestration and potential of desert lands’ afforestation irrigated by wastewater on examples of three species

A study was conducted on three species (Khaya senegalensis, Corymbia citriodora and Casuarina equisetifolia) planted in desert lands of Egypt and irrigated with basic treated municipal wastewater. Every single tree is permanently drip irrigated and at the same time fertilised by the nutrient-rich wastewater. Trees of different classes of the diameter at breast height (eight for each species) were felled to determine the form factor and stem volume, as well as the biomass and carbon sequestration of stem, crown and root of the individual trees. In addition, a scenario for the development of un-thinned stands from ages 5 to 35 years was constructed. The age of the sample trees at felling was: 128, 66 and 82 months for K. senegalensis, C. citriodora and C. equisetifolia, respectively. The vigorous sampled trees had a stem volume of 0.289, 0.162 and 0.229 m3 and an aboveground and belowground biomass of 451, 161 and 264 kg for K. senegalensis, C. citriodora and C. equisetifolia, respectively. Results of the scenario showed an unexpectedly high growth rate of afforestation in desert lands using municipal wastewater. At the age of 25, the stem volume for all three species exceeds 398 m3/ha. At the same age of 25 years, K. senegalensis, C. citriodora and C. equisetifolia sequester 1131, 1068 and 860 CO2 t/ha, respectively. Afforestation in desert areas presents a unique situation in forestry, as growth is stimulated by sufficient sunlight, water and nutrients. Competition for water and nutrients is strongly diminished. Self-thinning of stands under such conditions is expected to be much slower than in rain-fed plantation forests. On the other hand, tree maturity span is curtailed. This opens new possibilities for different forest management and practices towards resilient forest-based mitigation of climate change. For its unexpected role as an effective mitigation measure, afforestation in desert lands should be encouraged and further research conducted.

Monitoring and Forecasting of Urban Expansion Using Machine Learning-Based Techniques and Remotely Sensed Data: A Case Study of Gharbia Governorate, Egypt

Rapid population growth is the main driver of the accelerating urban sprawl into agricultural lands in Egypt. This is particularly obvious in governorates where there is no desert backyard (e.g., Gharbia) for urban expansion. This work presents an overview of machine learning-based and state-of-the-art remote sensing products and methodologies to address the issue of random urban expansion, which negatively impacts environmental sustainability. The study aims (1) to investigate the land-use/land-cover (LULC) changes over the past 27 years, and to simulate the future LULC dynamics over Gharbia; and (2) to produce an Urbanization Risk Map in order for the decision-makers to be informed of the districts with priority for sustainable planning. Time-series Landsat images were utilized to analyze the historical LULC change between 1991 and 2018, and to predict the LULC change by 2033 and 2048 based on a logistic regression–Markov chain model. The results show that there is a rapid urbanization trend corresponding to a diminution of the agricultural land. The agricultural sector represented 91.2% of the total land area in 1991, which was reduced to 83.7% in 2018. The built-up area exhibited a similar (but reversed) pattern. The results further reveal that the observed LULC dynamics will continue in a like manner in the future, confirming a remarkable urban sprawl over the agricultural land from 2018 to 2048. The cultivated land changes have a strong negative correlation with the built-up cover changes (the R2 were 0.73 in 1991–2003, and 0.99 in 2003–2018, respectively). Based on the Fuzzy TOPSIS technique, Mahalla Kubra and Tanta are the districts which were most susceptible to the undesirable environmental and socioeconomic impacts of the persistent urbanization. Such an unplanned loss of the fertile agricultural lands of the Nile Delta could negatively influence the production of premium agricultural crops for the local market and export. This study is substantial for the understanding of future trends of LULC changes, and for the proposal of alternative policies to reduce urban sprawl on fertile agricultural lands.

Study of the Economic Efficiency of the Patterns of Raising and Distributing Groundwater in the New Lands in Egypt

Study of the Economic Efficiency of the Patterns of Raising and Distributing Groundwater in the New Lands in Egypt

MONITORING OF LAND DEGRADATION AND SOIL PRODUCTIVITY IN BILQAS DISTRICT, DAKAHLIA GOVERNORATE, EGYPT

Soil degradation is one of the most important obstacles to agricultural development. In the past few years, there has been interest from research agencies and relevant ministries to control soil degradation in the Egyptian lands. This study aims to assess soil degradation , soil productivity and the correlation coefficient between them in Bilqas District, Dakahlia Governorate. To achieve this goal, soil data for the study area were taken from a previous study (2010) and compared with soil data for the study area at the present time. Two main physiographic units dominate the study area i.e. Aeolian plain (Coarse texture) and Flood plain (Moderately fine to fine texture). Depending on these physiographic units, the study area was divided into different types of landforms, sixteen soil profiles were selected to represent these types of landforms. The soil profile locations examined by the current study were the same as the soil profile locations for the previous study.Soil degradation status was assessed; the results indicate that the most active soil degradation processes are salinity, waterlogging and alkalinity. After evaluating the soil productivity, it was found that its productivity indexes were decreased in most of soil profiles, while it was stable in some profiles and increased in few profiles. There was correlation coefficient between soil productivity and water table level , salinity and alkalinity.

To Drink from the Source: Tobie Nathan’s A Land like You and Jewish-Egyptian Identity

: A Land Like You, Tobie Nathan’s scrupulously researched yet wildly imaginative historical novel of early twentieth-century Cairo offers an extended exploration of what it means to be both Jewish and Egyptian, even as it chronicles the rise of the competing nationalisms that led to the dispersal of Egypt’s Jews. Unlike most Egyptian Jewish novelists and memoirists, Nathan claims Cairo’s Haret al-Yahud, where the city’s poorest, indigenous Jews lived from time immemorial, as his ‘source,’ and indeed the source for all of Egypt’s Jews—the ‘spring one drinks at every day.’ This source arises from the Egyptian land and the ancient spirits that govern it, to which the exiled writer remains inextricably bound, symbolized in the novel through the irresistible love that links the Jewish narrator to his Muslim ‘milk-sister.’ For Nathan’s French-to-English translator, herself an Egyptian Jew, the novel offers a return to her own Arab-Jewish source, which, like Nathan, she seeks to cultivate so that it may nurture others.

Kisah Exodus Bani Israil sebagai Titik Temu Terhadap Perspektif Umat Beragama untuk Jalan Damai

It is undeniable that the Israeli-Palestinian conflict has the potential to create chaos in relations between Christians and Muslims at the grassroots level. The perspective from a religious point of view often complicates the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It must be realized, however, that from a religious perspective there is a meeting point between Islam and Christianity so as to prevent conflict among religious communities. The meeting point of the Islamic and Christian viewpoints can be based on the story of the exodus or the release of the Israelites or the Hebrews from slavery in the land of Egypt which is written in the Bible and the Koran. Exodus (the liberation of the people of Israel from slavery in Egypt) can be a meeting point for Christians and Muslims in Indonesia to establish a dialogue that respects and appreciates each other in good relations between the two religious communities, and further provides an understanding that religious perspectives can be combined with the principles of international relations to achieve peace between Israel and Palestine within the framework of a two-state solution as championed by the Indonesian government internationally.

The language situation and status of the turkic language in the egyptian Mamluk state and Golden Horde

The Turkic language, called Türki, the Old Kipchak or Kipchak language, which was actively used in the Mamluk state in Egypt and the Golden Horde in the 13th-15th centuries, is the proto-language of the modern Turkic languages. Most of its lexical layer, which includes various dialects of the Turks of that period, is reflected in the lexical fund of the modern Kazakh language. The study of Mamluk-Kipchak manuscripts, written in Egypt and stored in world archives and libraries, is especially necessary for Kazakhstan Oriental studies and Turkic studies. For further comprehensive research from the point of view of language, including the vocabulary and grammar of these written monuments, stored for more than six centuries, it is necessary to determine the prerequisites for their creation, in particular, to describe the linguistic situation in society and determine the status of the Turkic language. The study is based on a comparative historical method in order to determine the status and describe the linguistic situation of the Kypchaks, who are geographically distant, but spiritually united, including linguistically. As a result, the status of the Turkic language in the Golden Horde and the Mamluk state in Egypt was determined, and the linguistic situation in the region was described. The Turks were able to preserve the language both in their homeland under the rule of the Mongol Empire, and in a foreign land in Egypt, where, along with Arabic, the Mamluks continued to use their native language and create valuable written monuments. In the Golden Horde, the Turks, gradually replacing the Mongolian language, turned from the Turkic a key language of communication both within the country and abroad, in particular, in the development of relations with Mamluk Egypt. Key words: Turki, Kipchak, Mamluk, Golden Horde, language, language situation

Integration of multivariate analysis and spatial modeling to assess agricultural potentiality in Farafra Oasis, Western Desert of Egypt

Precise assessment of land and water resources in the newly reclaimed desert land in Egypt is a pillar of sustainable agricultural production. The principal component analysis (PCA), factor analysis (FA) and spatial modeling were integrated to develop a GIS-based model for agricultural potentiality in Farafra Oasis, Western Desert of Egypt. The studied area (167.98 km2, i.e. 16798 ha) is located between 27° 01ʹ 35.71ʺ to 27° 10ʹ 5.38ʺ N and 28° 16ʹ 34.95ʺ to 28° 22ʹ 58.71ʺ E. Twenty-two soil profiles were dug, and samples were collected and analyzed. Groundwater samples were collected from ten wells and analyzed. Slope, aspect, surface roughness, and topographic wetness index were extracted from a digital elevation model. The groundwater showed no limitations for irrigation. Soil properties and topographic attributes showed linear correlations among each other. The results of the PCA/FA were sufficient to estimate a weight for each parameter. The most effective factors determining agricultural potentiality were soil physical properties (0.36) followed by chemical properties (0.31) and topography (0.26), while erosion was the least one (0.07). The GIS-based model showed that the area belongs to moderate (62%) and high potentiality (35%) classes under sprinkler irrigation, while moderate (1%), high (94%) and very high potentiality (2%) under drip irrigation. Combined use of multivariate and spatial analysis would help in developing sustainable agricultural strategies in such desert areas.