Egyptian Case Research Articles

Understanding change in Egypt’s social contract since 2011

ABSTRACT This paper applies the Loewe, et al. framework (2024) to the Egyptian case from 2011 to the present. It finds that this framework could be strengthened by further exploring the following drivers of change in social contracts: - balance of power within the state. In the Egyptian case, a longstanding informal contract between the Presidency and the military collapsed in 2011. The new contract between the Presidency and the military that emerged after 2013 altered the elite coalition that underlay the regime and led to change in the social contract; - structure of the labor market. The Sisi regime faced a labor market that was divided into core insiders, legacy insiders, and outsiders. It revised the social contract to direct substantial support to core insiders while reducing support to legacy insiders. Outsiders were left with even less state support. - new technologies of repression enabled the regime to monitor society more extensively, target repression more effectively, and shape the public sphere in a manner supportive of the new social contract; - international sponsors. The Gulf states and China provided financial and military assistance that buttressed the revised social contract.

Vaginismus as a Cause of Unconsummated Marriage: An Egyptian Case Series

Vaginismus as a Cause of Unconsummated Marriage: An Egyptian Case Series

Techno-Economic Assessment of Peer to Peer Energy Trading: An Egyptian Case Study

Techno-Economic Assessment of Peer to Peer Energy Trading: An Egyptian Case Study

Corporate Networks and Business Groups in Egypt, 1924–1948: Economic Necessity or Entrepreneurial Dynamism

By providing fresh insights into the development of Egyptian corporate networks and business groups between the early 1920s and late 1940s, this article extends the geographical ambit of an expanding field of study. Data from contemporaneous sources were analyzed through social network analysis techniques, in the search for an improved understanding of both the nature of and motivations behind networking in Egypt. In conducting this exercise, this article assesses the success with which the state acted to stimulate local entrepreneurship in its search for greater economic independence. By linking the Egyptian case to a wider literature on corporate networks, the article reveals similarities with other cases of how developing economies responded to the challenges of that era.

Investing in university education and its role in achieving the sustainable development goals -A comparative study of the Egyptian case with some international experiences

Investing in university education and its role in achieving the sustainable development goals -A comparative study of the Egyptian case with some international experiences

‘We are not cheating. We are helping each other out:’ digital collective cheating in secondary education

ABSTRACT This article examines academic cheating in Egyptian secondary education at a time of assessment fetishization, educational digitalization and pandemic exceptionalism. It shows how, while promising a tighter grip on assessment, digital technologies afforded a new modality of cheating with a scale and speed unprecedented in Egyptian educational history. Using longitudinal interviews with educational communities and qualitative social media research to observe cheating in situ, this article traces the emergence of digital collective cheating, the unsanctioned collective assistance during examinations using digital technologies, on social media third spaces. In addition to embodying a collaborative ethic between students, digital collective cheating served as a form of collective resistance to state-led digitalization and unfair structural conditions. By examining the empirical realities and unintended consequences of digital technologies in assessment, the Egyptian case highlights the dangers of, and serves as a cautionary tale for, unbridled technological utopianism, solutionism and inevitablism in education.

The formalization of the Egyptian informal sector: a behavioral and experimental approach

PurposeThis paper aims at assessing the impact of a number of behavioral interventions on the willingness of informal businesses, in the Egyptian informal sector, to join the formal sector.Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses an experimental methodology to examine the impact of behavioral interventions on the formalization of the Egyptian informal sector. Specifically, it conducts a survey experiment on a total of 240 informal businesses, operating in the Egyptian informal sector. The primary data collected from the survey experiment is then analyzed using a binary logistic regression to assess the impact of the behavioral primes on the probability of joining the formal market.FindingsThe empirical findings of the survey experiment indicate that the biggest obstacle facing informal businesses is finding a formal source of finance that could help them in penetrating the market. Providing informal businesses with information on funding opportunities offered by the ministry of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSME) significantly increased the probability of joining the formal sector to benefit from this opportunity.Originality/valueThis paper is the first to apply behavioral primes, in the form of informational cues, to the Egyptian case of informal business owners. Previous research on the use of behavioral nudges and primes has focused mainly on the western economies.

CNS Complications Following COVID-19 Vaccines: an Egyptian Case Series.

CNS Complications Following COVID-19 Vaccines: an Egyptian Case Series.

Regional implementation of the mechanistic empirical pavement design and analysis approach: Egyptian case study

The Mechanistic-Empirical (ME) pavement design approaches have many advantages including; considering a wide range of traffic loadings along with a diversity of climatic conditions. This is in addition to the ability to comprehensively and thoroughly characterizing the pavement materials, which consequently led to the enhanced capability of predicting pavement performance. However, the implementation of the ME procedures has many challenges including the huge amount of traffic and climatic data needed, the needed advanced characterization of the pavement materials, and the need for the calibration and validation to the local conditions. Accordingly, an increased required time to develop and evaluate the design is warranted. Furthermore, the lack of the experience with the ME pavement design approaches is considered an additional challenge. In order to encourage the ME design procedures implementation in a scarcity of data and lack of experience regions, this research proposes a ME regional implementation model. This model was developed then implemented in Egypt as a case study representing the developing countries of scarcity of both data and experience of the ME approaches. First, libraries of the local material/traffic inputs were created. Second, the performance of typical designed pavement sections was predicted using the ME approach in terms of the most regional prevailing performance indicators; rutting, fatigue cracking, and thermal cracking. The Machine Learning (ML) technique was then used to develop correlation models. Third, the developed models were presented in the form of ME pavement design/analysis tool. Three performance ML based-models were developed with good R2 (coefficient of determination) of 0.789, 0.755, and 0.959 for fatigue cracking, thermal cracking, and rutting, respectively. Finally, the developed performance models were implemented in the form of a user-friendly design/analysis tool ready for use as a mechanistic empirical tool developed based on the regional conditions. The Egyptian case study proved a good validation and verification of the developed model.

Women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) 'Egyptian case study'

Women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) 'Egyptian case study'

Development of superpave regional implementation framework in developing countries with hot and arid climates: Egyptian case study

Superpave proved its superiority over other conventional methods. The Superpave system with its fundamental and flexible nature is capable of integrating more promising solutions to pavement problems. Developing countries are still straggling to shift to the Superpave system due to its complexity; as it heavily relies on fundamentals and needs substantial experience and a supporting data bank to be implemented. This research aims at developing a framework to implement Superpave in developing countries addressing the expected challenges and mitigating them. This framework is an initiative step towards the full implementation of the Superpave system in developing countries. The framework is successfully developed and then implemented in Egypt as a case study to verify and validate its applicability in developing countries with prevailing hot and arid climates.

Expropriation between a legal figure and an approach for urban development: global trends and Egyptian reflections

Expropriation of land is considered a crucial instrument of any development practice. The legitimacy of expropriation is essentially reinforced as it is employed for the public interest, often implied as infrastructure and public services. While in the private property on one side and the public interest on the other, urban development acts to be the art of getting the right balance. Despite urban development paradigms significantly affecting expropriation practices, most reviewed literature focused on legal aspects of expropriation. However, few were attentive to addressing the relation between expropriation and the urban universe. What are the current trends of the expropriation function and how extensively is it used for urban development? It can be elaborated as the study’s core question, while the research aims at mapping the development of the expropriation function and how extensively expropriation is used across time and space. Therefore, the study adopts a qualitative comparative approach to explore the global trends of expropriation for urban development and map convergence and deviations. The proposed criteria for comparison aim to discover how extensively expropriation is used, the legal changes and the institutional contexts. In addition, the applied part of the study uses a case study analysis method. A chronological timeline analysis of the Egyptian case was conducted to explore the nature of expropriation practices of Nasser’s time (1956–1970) to Mubarak’s time (1981–2011) in Egypt.Globally, expropriation practices have a heterogeneous nature. Certain features, however, are common enough to justify classifying practices for this study. The research comes up with a schematic mapping intending not to be comprehensive but flexible enough to be applied as a framework to analyse and compare other cases in different contexts. Finally, the research concludes by comparing and positioning the Egyptian case in the light of the global trends and provides principal lessons to planners, governmental parties, and policy-makers.

A Methodology for Evaluating Housing Programs in Egypt

The recent period has witnessed significant theoretical developments in the area of evaluation, with its various types and tools, as well as approaches used in its implementation, which are used in various fields, particularly in urban planning. Although there has been a breakthrough achieved in the use of these tools globally and internationally, there is no way to apply them to Egyptian urban patterns in general and the housing sector in particular. This research paper aims at proposing a methodology for evaluating housing programs in Egypt, focusing on low-income housing programs prioritized by the state. This methodology is designed in stages based on studying global applications in evaluating low-income housing programs and concluding the most important steps and tools used in this regard, as well as the appropriate evaluation approach for each case; economic, social, environmental or technological to reach a theoretical methodology for evaluating housing programs that are appropriate to the Egyptian case. Then this methodology is reviewed and checked by experts and specialists, as well as by a group of administrative authorities in the State concerned with the application of housing programs in Egypt, through interviews therewith to consult them and ask for their views on the preliminary methodology in order to take them into account in the creation of the final methodology.

Constructing a Theoretical Framework of the Urban Transformation Processes of the Port City Interface towards Resilient Egyptian Port Cities

Throughout history, Egyptian port cities had been formed together as an indissoluble twin in function and space. However, over the last century, most Egyptian ports have been transformed into a complex multi-layer entity with a continuous conflict between port and city actors, and hence, they have become increasingly separated from their cities in physical terms. This separation reflects how the port-city interface is shaped and governed. However, the Egyptian port cities did not receive enough studies to identify the urban transformation processes that shape the port-city interface. To help fill this gap, the research develops a conceptual-theoretical framework to understand urban transformation processes of the port-city interface and the forces that shape those transformations. This framework acts as a first step to form an assisting tool to understand and reframe the nature of the Egyptian case and how to move forward. To build this framework, the research critically reviews the normative literature available on urban planning/design, geography, politics, economy, and urban management of port cities worldwide. It follows the recent conceptualizations of the port city interface that focuses on the actors and societal relationships shaping the port city interface, rather than focusing only on its physical boundaries, dealing with the port city interface as a process, not only as a product. Furthermore, the research presents six European case studies as a manifestation of how governance and social integration influence the formation of the port-city interface. The research finds that understanding the port-city relationship through the lens of profiling urban transformation processes worldwide provides physical, governance and societal integration guidelines, that could help understand the Egyptian port-city relationship on one hand and plan/govern the relationship towards a resilient port city on the other.

Mechanisms of facing economic stagflation during Covid-19 period: the Egyptian case model

Mechanisms of facing economic stagflation during Covid-19 period: the Egyptian case model

Developing a digital transformation process in the manufacturing sector: Egyptian case study

Digital transformation is of crucial importance in the manufacturing industry, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic because of the increasing need for remote working and socially distanced workplaces. However, there is a lack of a clear and well-defined process to implement digital transformation in manufacturing. This paper aims to identify the most critical stages to implementing digital transformation in the manufacturing sector. Twenty-one structured interviews with experienced specialists in digitalisation in the manufacturing sector in the Egyptian economy were held and used the Best–Worst Method to analyse the data as an analysis tool for a multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) approach. The digital transformation process comprises eight stages covering technology, management, communications, and customer elements. The main contribution of this work stage is the balance between the different elements of digital transformation—digital technologies, leadership and strategy, people and business processes—to create an integrated 8-step process of digital transformation in the manufacturing sector of developing economies such as the Egyptian economy.

The role of the World Trade Organization in achieving the interests of developing countries “Egypt Case”

The principles of the World Trade Organization (WTO) included a set of exceptions to help developing countries to speed up the process of their economic development. Therefore, the research problem focused on the extent to which developing countries benefit from these exceptions, and by applying it to the Egyptian case. The researchers used the threshold regression model to measure this benefit based on the data of the World Bank. The research concluded that most of the exports of developing countries, including Egypt, are raw materials that Industrial countries seek to innovate alternatives for them and thus do not benefit the optimum benefit from the export subsidy exception, just as the developing countries opened up to the world and entered the competition market without being qualified enough to compete. Although the WTO allowed the protection of nascent and emerging national industries in a manner that does not contradict the foundations adopted in its 1994 WTO agreement, the developing countries did not achieve the maximum benefit because they did not have the conditions for competition in the global market, and some developing countries also accepted to sign the Government Procurement Agreement Because of the political pressures that achieve the interests of the developed countries that have interests. The research recommended the need to request re-negotiations to try to extend the transitional period to allow the advancement of emerging and nascent industries in developing countries, and the importance of accelerating the upgrading of the industries of developing countries in order to be eligible to enter the global competition, in addition to the need to maintain the value of commodity and service exports and the added value in manufacturing. And the net inflows of foreign direct investment in Egypt at levels lower than the threshold in order to promote economic growth in Egypt.

Measuring the Outcomes of Training Programs in the Hotel Industry: The Egyptian Case

The objective of this study is to give an in-depth overview of the performance of employees after they have gone through training programs in the context of hotel management industry. More precisely, this research aims to study the effects of training programs on the behaviour, knowledge, attitude and loyalty of the employees after the training program is completed in the service section of food and beverages. A concrete, practical model based on improvisations to Kirkpatrick’s model, is designed and tested in a manner that it can measure the amelioration of performance in employees after the training program has been delivered. Data from different hotels in Cairo is collected and investigated to foresee the impact of these training programs. Designed questionnaires are employed to investigate the perceptions and behaviour of employees towards a training program along with the training outcomes. Key findings in this context suggest that this approach is highly beneficial for hotel managers who are keen to measure the outcomes of the training program to improve the quality of service. These are valuable results as hotel management industry is heavily reliant on the performance of human resource management function. It is evident from the proposed model in this study that if the knowledge of employees is improved with the help of effective training programs, then the overall performance metric is automatically augmented.

Fractional stochastic modelling of COVID-19 under wide spread of vaccinations: Egyptian case study

This work predicts the dynamics of the COVID-19 under widespread vaccination to anticipate the virus's current and future waves. We focused on establishing two population-based models for predictions: the fractional-order model and the fractional-order stochastic model. Based on dose efficacy, which is one of the main imposed assumptions in our study, some vaccinated people will probably be exposed to infection by the same viral wave. We validated the generated models by applying them to the current viral wave in Egypt. We assumed that the Egyptian current wave began on 10th September 2021. Using current actual data and varying our models’ fractional orders, we generate different predicted wave scenarios. The numerical solution of our models is obtained using the fractional Euler method and the fractional Euler Maruyama method. At the end, we compared the current predicted wave under a high vaccination rate with the previous viral wave. Through this comparison, the vaccination control effect is quantified.

Role of endoscopic ultrasonography in the diagnosis of solid pseudo-papillary neoplasm: Egyptian multi-centric case series and systematic review

Solid pseudo-papillary neoplasm (SPPN) is a rare type of pancreatic tumor accounting for less than 2% of all pancreatic neoplasms. Accurate diagnosis of these tumors is very important for proper management. In this study, observations were documented from 18 consecutive cases diagnosed with SPPN using endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA). The data of 18 consecutive cases were prospectively collected and reviewed. The collected data included age, gender, symptoms, size and site of the lesion, and type of surgery performed, in addition to mortality and recurrence rates.The mean age of the included cases was 33 years, and most of them were females (94.44%). Abdominal pain was the common symptom, and the pancreatic body was the most affected site. EUS-FNA confirmed the diagnosis in all cases when compared to the surgical specimen obtained. Cases were treated either with pancreatico-duodenectomy or distal pancreatectomy. One case (1/18) had early postoperative mortality due to sepsis. The remaining cases developed no recurrence or metastasis during the follow-up period of 18 months.SPPN is not a common pancreatic tumor. Confirming the diagnosis plays a crucial role prior to surgery as it facilitates intraoperative planning; therefore, EUS-FNA is a golden standard method used to diagnose. Postoperative survival has improved if the tumor is completely removed. EUS-FNA technique is a minimally invasive technique that can provide high yielding in providing detailed diagnostic analysis of SPPN.