Egretta Garzetta Research Articles

THE ASSESSMENT OF THE TROPHIC RELATIONSHIPS OF THE MIGRATORY-NESTING BIRDS POPULATIONS BELONGING TO THE FAMILY OF ARDEIDAE IN THE GIZILAGHAJ BAY

In 2013-2023, in the Gizilaghaj Bay located on the South-Western coast of the Caspian Sea, the trophic relationships of the migratory and nesting bird populations belonging to the Ardeidae family (Botarus stellaris, Ixobrychus minutus, Nycticorax nycticorax, Ardeola ralloides, Bubulcus ibis, Egretta garzetta, Ardea alba, Ardea cinerea, Ardea purpurea) were evaluated with 100 points. It was evaluated 40-60 (sufficient) in 36 species, the main food objects of which are plants, in 9 species 60-80 (good). It was evaluated 40-60 (sufficient) in 12 species of birds, the main food objects of which are invertebrates, 60-80 (good) in the populations of 114 species and 80-100 (very good) in 10 bird species. It was evaluated 0-20 (very bad) in 14 species, the main food objects of which are vertebrates, 20-40 (bad) in 18 species, 40-60 (sufficient) in 56 species and 60-80 (good) in 10 species.

JENIS SATWA BURUNG PADA KOMUNITAS MANGROVE DI TELUK HITU KABUPATEN MALUKU TENGAH

This research aims to determine the types of bird species in the mangrove area in Hitu Bay, Central Maluku Regency. The method used in this research is descriptive using direct and indirect census techniques to determine the type and distribution of birds. The results of the research show that in Hitu Bay there are 17 species of birds, consisting of 12 species of terrestrial birds and 5 species of seabirds. The bird distribution value with the lowest frequency is 0.1 and the lowest relative frequency is 1.03, namely the Common turtledove (Streptopelia chinensis), while the highest frequency is 0.9 and the highest relative frequency is 9.27, namely the Cow swallow (Collocalia esculenta), Little egret (Egretta garzetta), and Cucak kutilang (Pycnonotus aurigaster).

An investigation of the insect component in the diet of the Grey Heron Ardea cinerea and Little Egret Egretta garzetta

ABSTRACT Capsule Aquatic insects made up a relatively small part of the Grey Heron’s diet, while Little Egrets consumed numerous beetles, both aquatic and terrestrial. Aims To explore the extent of insect predation by Grey Herons and Little Egrets. Regurgitated pellets were collected from beneath trees in which herons and egrets were nesting. Methods Seventy Grey Heron and 48 Little Egret pellets were collected from the RSPB reserve at Northward Hill, Kent. These pellets were disaggregated and prey items were collected and sorted under a binocular microscope. Results Grey Herons fed on a relatively small number of aquatic beetles (Coleoptera: seven species, 32 individuals) and bugs (Hemiptera: two species, six individuals). Little Egrets, in contrast, fed on a diverse array of beetle species, both aquatic (three families, 11 species, 48 individuals) and terrestrial (10 families, 35 species, 111 individuals), and also a few aquatic bugs (one family, one species, three individuals). The extent of terrestrial beetles in the diet constitutes new information for Little Egrets. Conclusion Insects, both terrestrial and aquatic, represent an important component of the diet of Little Egrets. For Grey Herons, insects are a very minor component of the diet, involving aquatic species only.

The Culprit behind the Mass Death of Mangroves: Egrets or Rats (Rattus losea)?

Mangroves play a crucial role in maintaining coastal ecological balance. This study focused on the impact of branch-breaking behavior on the mortality of Rhizophora stylosa in the Guangxi Shankou Mangrove Reserve. However, we found mangrove mortality in areas devoid of egret habitation, prompting a reevaluation of our research hypothesis. Further investigation suggested that nesting behavior was the primary cause of mangrove mortality. A comparison of the data from areas with egrets (Egretta garzetta, Ardea intermedia) and lesser rice-field rats (Rattus losea) activity indicated significant mechanical damage caused by rats to mangroves as the main cause of mortality. Additionally, we found that the biological characteristics of R. stylosa, particularly its stunted growth and recovery abilities after branch breaking, were key factors affecting its survival. These findings imply that rat-induced mortality may not occur in other less susceptible mangrove species. The results contradict assumptions regarding the impact of egret behavior and highlight the importance of the biological characteristics of R. stylosa. This offers fresh insights into mangrove conservation and management, emphasizing the need for ongoing observation and hypotheses verification. Future studies should explore the influence of lesser rice-field rats’ activity and the intrinsic characteristics of R. stylosa on the ecosystem’s long-term stability.

Population Trend of Colonially Nesting Heron Species in Greece

Heron colonies are dynamic components of wetlands. Therefore, their systematic monitoring is important for the management of both birds and wetlands. During the period 1988–2018, we counted breeding pairs of seven colonial breeding heron species at 65 colonies across 37 wetlands in Greece. We considered as annual variables of a population: (a) years since 1988, (b) Natura 2000 network inclusion, (c) protected area management authority overseeing, (d) wetland type (new or restored), and (e) new colonies (established after 2003). The Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis and the Squacco Heron Ardeola ralloides had a positive breeding population trend. The Black-crowned Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax, Little Egret Egretta garzetta, and Grey Heron Ardea cinerea had a negative trend, while the Purple Heron Ardea purpurea population was stable. The Great White Egret Ardea alba bred sporadically at only a few sites which precluded the evaluation of its population trend. The informative population variables differed among species, even of those at the same colony, which suggests trends are also affected by conditions at wintering grounds. The study highlights the need for the systematic monitoring of heron colonies and the protection of foraging/breeding areas in order to reverse the observed negative population trends.

Application Of Nearest Neighbor Analysis Methods For The Distribution Of Small Storks (Egretta Garzetta) In The Mangrove Area North Sumatra

The penetrating waterbird on the east coast of North Sumatra is Egretta Garzetta. It is a kind of water bird that lives in water or parts of wetlands. The presence of waterbirds is an important indicator to evaluate the environmental quality and productivity of wetlands. Bird distribution patterns are needed to overcome problems related to habitat, such as food availability and population size. This study aims to apply themethod Nearest Neigbord Analysis to the distribution pattern of Egretta Garzetta in the Mangrove area of North Sumatra. This study uses a quantitative approach to the type of applied research (Applied Research). The type of data used in this research is secondary data. Analysis of the data in this study using Nearest Neighbor Analysis. The pattern of the spread of Egretta Garzetta in the Mangrove areas in North Sumatra have clumped pattern (clustered).The results from Nearest Neighbor Analysis show that the index value of the clustered distribution pattern can be caused by the abundance of food sources in a habitat.

Waterbird community changes in the Wilderness Lakes, South Africa (Part 2 of 3): Shorebirds

Globally, many shorebirds, particularly the smaller migratory waders are declining, which can be attributed to multiple factors throughout their ranges. The Wilderness Lakes Complex in South Africa comprises two estuarine systems, that support diverse waterbird communities, including 17 abundant shorebirds. The study aimed to document long-term spatial and temporal patterns of abundance of shorebirds in the Wilderness Lakes Complex, and where possible identify potential causes for observed trends. The abundance of waterbirds on these wetlands was determined biannually from 1992 to 2019, with counts conducted from a boat following a standardised route. Historical abundance data from the 1980s were also used to describe long-term abundance changes. Ten shorebirds showed seasonal differences in abundances. Significant long-term decreases in abundance have occurred in seven shorebirds (Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola, Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis, Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea, Ruff Philomachus pugnax, Grey Heron Ardea cinerea, Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber, Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus) and increases in three species (African Spoonbill Platalea alba, Little Egret Egretta garzetta, Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus). Similar types of population changes occurred across multiple waterbodies and in different seasons. The similarity of shorebird abundance trends in spatially separated wetlands suggests either high interconnectivity of populations between wetlands systems and/or prominent drivers of change being broad scaled rather than system specific. Local reasons for changes potentially include the increasing spread of emergent macrophytes and resultant loss of open sandbanks, changing hydrodynamics, and alien fish proliferation, all likely changing food accessibility, as well as periodic high disturbance by waterbody users.Conservation implications: Changes in the abundances of several shorebirds, particularly small migratory waders, are substantial, with multiple likely local, regional and international drivers acting accumulatively. Recommended corrective actions include continuing involvement in the development and implementation of policies for waterbird conservation, and local management of emergent macrophytes, disturbance, and water level variability.

Spatial, temporal and trophic resource partitioning among the four egret species (Aves: Pelecaniformes: Ardeidae) in a tropical wetland ecosystem, India

The diversity of micro-habitats in tropical wetlands allows the coexistence of several species. These sympatric species interact with each other, either directly or indirectly, to optimally use the available resources. They achieve this through niche separation or minimal overlap to avoid competition. India’s wetland ecosystems are home to various sympatric species, such as the Great Egret Ardea alba (GE), Median Egret Ardea intermedia (IE), Little Egret Egretta garzetta (LE) and Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis (CE). These egret species are closely related, and as a result, have similar niche requirements, which could lead to high intra-specific competition. However, there have been few studies on how these species utilize resources. This study aims to understand the possible mechanisms that enable the coexistence of these species in a tropical wetland. We have examined habitat characteristics, feeding behaviour, timings of seasonal and daily activities, and spacing patterns to evaluate possible models of species coexistence. We discovered that these four sympatric egret species have differences in microhabitat selection, activity patterns, both daily and seasonally, and feeding preferences. The study further indicates that there is a relationship between the niche dimensions, but it is only partially dependent on each other.

Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL)-Genetic Determinants in Gram-Negative Fecal-Microbiota of Wild Birds and Chicken Originated at Trimmu Barrage.

Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) give rise to resistance against penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics in multiple bacterial species. The present study was conducted to map genetic determinants and related attributes of ESBL-producing bacteria in three wild aquatic bird species and chickens at the "Trimmu Barrage" in district Jhang, Punjab province, Pakistan. To study the prevalence of ESBL-producing bacteria, a total of 280 representative samples were collected from wild bird species; cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis), little egrets (Egretta garzetta) and common teals (Anas crecca) as well as from indigenous chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) originating from a local wet market. The isolates were confirmed as ESBL producers using a double disc synergy test (DDST) and bacterial species were identified using API-20E and 20NE strips. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect ESBL genetic determinants and for genus identification via 16S rRNA gene amplification. A phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed for ESBL-producing isolates against 12 clinically relevant antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test. A phylogenetic tree was constructed for the sequence data obtained in this study and comparative sequence data obtained from GenBank. The overall prevalence of ESBL-producing bacteria was 34.64% (97/280). The highest percentage (44.28%; 31/70) of ESBL-producing bacteria was recovered from chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus), followed by little egrets (Egretta garzetta) (41.43%; 29/70), common teal (Anas crecca) (28.57%; 20/70) and cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis) (24.28%; 17/70). Five different ESBL-producing bacteria were identified biochemically and confirmed via 16S rRNA gene sequencing, which included Escherichia coli (72; 74.23%), Enterobacter cloacae (11; 11.34%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (8; 8.25%), Salmonella enterica (4; 4.12%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2; 2.06%). Based on PCR, the frequency of obtained ESBL genes in 97 isolates was blaCTX-M (51.55%), blaTEM (20.62%), blaOXA (6.18%) and blaSHV (2.06%). In addition, gene combinations blaCTX-M + blaTEM, blaTEM + blaOXA and blaCTX-M + blaSHV were also detected in 16.49%, 2.06% and 1.03% of isolates, respectively. The ESBL gene variation was significant (p = 0.02) in different bacterial species while non-significant in relation to different bird species (p = 0.85). Phylogenetic analysis of amino acid sequence data confirmed the existence of CTX-M-15 and TEM betalactamases. The average susceptibility of the antibiotics panel used was lowest for both Klebsiella pneumoniae (62.5% ± 24.42) and Salmonella enterica (62.5% ± 31.08) as compared to Enterobacter cloacae (65.90% ± 21.62), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (70.83% ± 33.42) and Escherichia coli (73.83% ± 26.19). This study provides insight into the role of aquatic wild birds as reservoirs of ESBL-producing bacteria at Trimmu Barrage, Punjab, Pakistan. Hence, active bio-surveillance and environment preservation actions are necessitated to curb antimicrobial resistance.

Conservation of birds in an urban environment – wild bird fauna at the Osijek Zoo, Croatia

Zoos are our closest, independent, and continuous link to nature. Apart from providing the opportunity to observe captive and exotic wild animals, they also attract various species of wild birds. For that purpose, the main goal of this study was to provide a list of free-living bird species at the Osijek Zoo. During 2021, fieldwork was performed monthly using a point count transect, except during the breeding season when counts were performed twice a month. A total of 61 species were recorded, belonging to 31 families distributed in 15 orders. The most frequently recorded species were Hooded crow, Corvus cornix and Great tit, Parus major. Five species observed at the Osijek Zoo are listed as endangered species in the Red Book of Birds of Croatia: critically endangered: European roller, Coracias garrulus; endangered: Great egret, Ardea alba and Western marsh harrier, Circus aeruginosus; vulnerable: Little egret, Egretta garzetta and Black stork, Ciconia nigra. It appears that the Osijek Zoo provides a good foundation for a high diversity of bird fauna, indicating that this is a good quality urban area. The Osijek Zoo should also strive to preserve this abundant avifauna, by educating the public on conservation, and forbidding any potentially disturbing behaviours.

Integrated multiphase ecological risk assessment of heavy metals for migratory water birds in wetland ecosystem: A case study of Dongzhangwu Wetland, China

Wetland is an important feature of the landscape that provides beneficial services. However, with the ever-increasing heavy metal load, the quality of wetlands is deteriorating. Dongzhangwu Wetland in Hebei, China, was taken as our study site. It provides breeding and foraging grounds to migratory water birds such as Little Egret (Egretta garzetta), Great Egret (Ardea alba), and Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea). The current study aimed to quantify heavy metals exposure hazard and risk to the water migratory birds by employing a non-destructive approach. Oral intake was considered the main exposure route to calculate total exposure via multiple phases. The concentrations of Cr, Zn, Cu, Pb, As, Ni, Mn, and Cd were investigated in water, soil and food compartments of three different habitat components (Longhe River, Natural Pond and Fish Pond). The results showed: (1) The trend of potential daily dose (PDD) was Mn > Zn > Cr > Pb > Ni > Cu > As > Cd while for hazard quotient (HQ) was Cr > Pb > Cu > Zn > As > Ni > Mn > Cd, making Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn, and As the priority pollutants in all habitats, with Natural Pond eliciting the highest exposure. (2) The cumulative heavy metal exposure, explained by the integrated nemerow risk index, characterized all three habitats for all the birds in high exposure risk category. (3) The exposure frequency index identified that all the birds are frequently exposed to heavy metals from multiple phases in all three habitats. (4) Little Egret is at the highest pedagogy of exposure from single or multiple heavy metal(s) in all three habitats. A rigorous management plan for identified priority pollutants is required to improve wetland functioning and ecological services. Decision-makers could use the developed tissue residue objectives for protecting Egret species in Dongzhangwu Wetland as benchmarks.

Seasonal fluctuations attenuate stimulatory or inhibitory impacts of colonial birds on abundance, structure and diversity of soil biota.

Soil microorganisms and free-living nematodes were investigated in association with the nesting and roosting habitats of the following piscivorous and omnivorous colonial birds: black kite (Milvus migrans), great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo), black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) and little egret (Egretta garzetta), in Israel's Mediterranean region. Abiotic variables, abundance, trophic structure, sex ratio and genus diversity of soil free-living nematodes, and total abundance of bacteria and fungi, were measured during the wet season, following our previous study conducted during the dry season. The observed soil properties were important drivers of soil biota structure. Presence of the most efficient elements for soil organisms, such as phosphorus and nitrogen, was strongly dependent on the diet of the compared piscivorous and omnivorous bird colonies; levels of these nutrients were notably higher in the bird habitats than in their respective control sites during the study period. Ecological indices showed that the different species of colonial birds can have different (stimulatory or inhibitory) impacts on abundance and diversity of the soil biota, affecting the structure of the soil free-living nematode population at the generic, trophic and sexual levels during the wet season. A comparison with results from the dry season illustrated that seasonal fluctuations can change, and even attenuate the effect of bird activity on the abundance, structure and diversity of the soil communities.

Forecasting land-cover change effects on waterbirds in Xiamen Bay, China: Determining prospective species winners and losers

Waterbirds are vital to coastal wetland ecosystem, and play significant roles in global biodiversity maintenance, cultural and educational services, etc. Waterbirds are particularly vulnerable to environmental change, particularly land-cover change, which has severely degraded their ecological niches. Accordingly, this study developed a waterbird-habitat preference index to quantify waterbird dependence on Xiamen Bay's habitats and a subsidiary waterbird-specific habitat suitability index to predict potential effects of future land-cover change on waterbirds. Results showed that the waterbird-habitat preference index ranged from −9.8 to 18.71, indicating that habitat selection varied greatly among different waterbird species, where tidal flats were the most popular waterbird habitat. Additionally, most waterbird species showed a preference for more than one habitat, which could be indicative of their diverse ecological demands. Effects on waterbirds varied greatly among the three different land-cover scenarios, where positive benefits were predicted under the ecological protection scenario (EPS), while the greatest negative effects were observed under the development and utilization scenario (DUS). Effects also varied among different waterbirds species. Those under the current trend scenario (CTS) (e.g., Tringa brevipes and Calidris ruficollis) could be at risk for species abundance loss (i.e., losers) while others (i.e., Egretta garzetta and Saundersilarus saundersi) could benefit from increased abundance (i.e., winners). Generally, migratory and traveling birds were much more vulnerable than resident birds. Spatially, conservation priority should be given to the Dadeng Waters and those waters adjacent to it (i.e., Tongan Bay and Anhai Bay) because of the highest waterbird loss risk in these areas under a conflict between an urgent need to protect waterbird biodiversity and intense present and future land-cover development. The intent of this study is to provide a useful tool to explore land-cover effects on waterbirds in similar coastal regions, which can provide important information on protection and restoration strategies.

Resurrecting seasonal dynamics in waterbirds after wetland restoration: before-after monitoring highlights the role of a single dominant species.

We compared a set of uni-varied diversity metrics of a guild of water-related birds (hereafter 'waterbirds') before and after a wetland restoration carried out on uncultivated (reclaimed) lands. Over a period of five years, we observed a restart of seasonal waterbirds dynamics after wetland restoration by flooding of abandoned croplands, with a significant increase in all metrics of diversity, more evident in autumn-winter periods. Seasonal thresholds were evident before (2017-2018) and after (2018-2019) the flooding. These dynamics appeared irregular, probably for a different inter-annual suitability of the flooded meadows due to local ecological factors (e.g., change in meteorological regime and in rush-bed vegetation cover). Rarefaction curves, both for richness and diversity, showed how the waterbird community moved towards a greater complexity. Flooded meadow restoration, particularly favoured wintering species in Mediterranean sites, which explained the strong fluctuations in total abundance. At the species level, Northern Lapwing (Vanellus vanellus), absent before restoration, was the most abundant species after flooding, using flooded meadows with its gregarious behaviour. This 'crowding' may be explained also for a lack of similar habitats in the surrounding. Other dominant species (Anas platyrhynchos, Ardea cinerea, Egretta garzetta) showed a significant increase after restoration. Standardized before-after monitoring on medium term time periods seem suitable to evidence inter-annual season dynamics in diversity metrics of waterbird assemblages.

Relationship Between Bird Communities and Environmental Changes in Tandung Village, Tinambung District, Polewali Mandar Regency, West Sulawesi Province

Indonesia's coastal region is known for its richness and diverse natural resources. However, the region is experiencing a transformation from mangrove ecosystems to the traditional pond cultures. This was happening in West Sulawesi that could damage the ecosystem in the long term, especially for the bird community. This study aims to inventory bird species in the bird community on the coast of Tandung Village, Tinambung District, Polewali Mandar Regency, West Sulawesi Province. In addition, we also study the bird community structure, find out the correlation among the bird communities, and the environmental condition during the inventory. In this study, we used a fixed-radius point count method to record birds. Field guide titled Burung-burung Pulau Paparan Sunda dan Wallacea di Kepulauan Indonesia was used to identify the species of observed birds. The results showed that of the 27 species recorded, there are 5 species with a high relative abundance, such as Egretta garzetta, Himantopus leucocephalus, Actitis hypoleucos, Ardeola speciosa, and Calidris ruficollis. Only H. leucocephalus is identified as a protected bird by the Indonesian government, while Calidris ruficollis is protected internationally as its conservational status (Near Threatened). The diversity index is moderate level, but it is decreasing day by day of observation, followed by the dominance index, evenness, and species richness. A high correlation between the two bird communities with two adjacent days of observation indicates similarity composition of community structure with different temporal scales and similar spatial scales. The map of environmental conditions shows changing weather in the period of observation sequentially from bright sky to cloudy and heavy rain and back to the normal bright sky at the last period of observation. The response of the bird community to the condition was by flying away when the weather is cloudy and rainy so that may decrease the diversity.

Relationship Between Bird Communities and Environmental Changes in Tandung Village, Tinambung District, Polewali Mandar Regency, West Sulawesi Province

Indonesia's coastal region is known for its richness and diverse natural resources. However, the region is experiencing a transformation from mangrove ecosystems to the traditional pond cultures. This was happening in West Sulawesi that could damage the ecosystem in the long term, especially for the bird community. This study aims to inventory bird species in the bird community on the coast of Tandung Village, Tinambung District, Polewali Mandar Regency, West Sulawesi Province. In addition, we also study the bird community structure, find out the correlation among the bird communities, and the environmental condition during the inventory. In this study, we used a fixed-radius point count method to record birds. Field guide titled Burung-burung Pulau Paparan Sunda dan Wallacea di Kepulauan Indonesia was used to identify the species of observed birds. The results showed that of the 27 species recorded, there are 5 species with a high relative abundance, such as Egretta garzetta, Himantopus leucocephalus, Actitis hypoleucos, Ardeola speciosa, and Calidris ruficollis. Only H. leucocephalus is identified as a protected bird by the Indonesian government, while Calidris ruficollis is protected internationally as its conservational status (Near Threatened). The diversity index is moderate level, but it is decreasing day by day of observation, followed by the dominance index, evenness, and species richness. A high correlation between the two bird communities with two adjacent days of observation indicates similarity composition of community structure with different temporal scales and similar spatial scales. The map of environmental conditions shows changing weather in the period of observation sequentially from bright sky to cloudy and heavy rain and back to the normal bright sky at the last period of observation. The response of the bird community to the condition was by flying away when the weather is cloudy and rainy so that may decrease the diversity.

Full Migration Routes of Two Little Egrets (Egretta garzetta) Display Breeding and Wintering Site Fidelity

Our study provides the first GPS tracking data of Little Egret Egretta garzetta from an East Asian population. Our two main objectives were to reveal the migratory route and migratory strategy of Little Egret, and to study inter-annual breeding and wintering site fidelity. Our data, from an adult and a juvenile, suggest that this species is a short-distance high-speed migrant using few or no stopover sites. Both individuals displayed high breeding and wintering site fidelity. They also used very small winter home ranges, probably associated with high prey availability in aquaculture ponds.

Correction to: Long-term egret (Egretta garzetta) habitation alters topsoil and subsoil phosphorus fractions and bacterial communities in coastal wetlands

Correction to: Long-term egret (Egretta garzetta) habitation alters topsoil and subsoil phosphorus fractions and bacterial communities in coastal wetlands

Nesting Tree Selection and Temporal Variation in the Nesting of Little Egret (Egretta garzetta) in a Heronry Near Neendakara Harbour, Ashtamudi Wetland, Kollam, Kerala, India

Nesting Tree Selection and Temporal Variation in the Nesting of Little Egret (Egretta garzetta) in a Heronry Near Neendakara Harbour, Ashtamudi Wetland, Kollam, Kerala, India

Long-term egret (Egretta garzetta) habitation alters topsoil and subsoil phosphorus fractions and bacterial communities in coastal wetlands

Long-term egret (Egretta garzetta) habitation alters topsoil and subsoil phosphorus fractions and bacterial communities in coastal wetlands