Egress Routes Research Articles

Cranial Cavernous Malformations: Natural History and Treatment.

Cavernous malformations (CMs), also known as cavernous angiomas or cavernomas, are low-flow vascular malformations of the brain and spinal cord that consist of clusters of dilated sinusoidal channels lined with endothelial cells that do not exhibit intervening tight junctions. The involved blood vessels lack muscular and elastic layers, and blood at various stages of thrombosis and organization often fills the thin-walled vascular caverns. CMs are grossly distinct from adjacent brain and have a lobulated appearance sometimes likened to a mulberry, with a characteristic dark red or purple color. Hemosiderin and gliosis often surround CMs of the brain and spinal cord; no neural tissue is present inside the lesion. Except for developmental venous anomalies (DVAs) present in ≈33% of CMs,1 no abnormal vascularity is typically seen on digital subtraction angiography, leading CMs to be termed cryptic or occult vascular malformations (Figure 1). Multiple small hemorrhage events lead to a pathognomonic popcorn appearance on magnetic resonance (MR) imaging because of hemosiderin staining from blood products of various ages. Calcifications may be present on computed tomographic imaging (Figure 2). Figure 1. A 48-year-old woman presented with headaches. A , Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain with T2-weighted imaging demonstrated a 1.1-cm lesion in the cerebellar vermis with mixed signal intensity. B – D , Susceptibility-weighted imaging demonstrated hemosiderin within the lesion’s core and a developmental venous anomaly associated with the cavernous malformation (arrowheads). Figure 2. A 28-year-old woman presented with partial seizures without secondary generalization. A , Noncontrast computed tomography of the head demonstrated a 1.4-cm right posterior cingulate hyperdensity, with evidence of mild hemorrhage and calcification. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain demonstrated the cavernous malformation to have a core of mixed signal intensity, heterogeneous enhancement, and a rim of hemosiderin consistent with a cavernous malformation, as evidenced on ( B ) susceptibility-weighted imaging, ( C ) T2-weighted …

The use of a virtual environment in managing risks associated with human responses in emergency situations on offshore installations

This paper presents the use of a virtual environment for investigating risks associated with human responses in emergency situations on offshore installations. The virtual environment and the risk management can be used to analyze risks associated with human responses by investigating the effectiveness of existing safety measures, identifying areas of improvement, and proposing new designs for safety measures. ProblemsDealing with emergency scenarios on offshore installations is a tremendous undertaking. The interaction of personnel using the safety measures in emergency situations can be affected by hazards, environment conditions, malfunctioning equipment, and inadequate emergency preparedness. Such factors have the potential to prevent personnel from arriving at a safe area, increase the level of risks, and consequently, cause injuries or fatalities to personnel. Risks associated with human responses in emergency scenarios are often unforeseen due to difficulties with modeling realistic emergency scenarios. ObjectiveThe objective of the research is to study demonstrate the use of virtual environments for investigating and managing risks associated with human responses in emergencies. MethodRisk management is employed to assess and manage risks associated with human responses in emergency scenarios. The risk management is tested using experimental data collected from past studies of human responses in virtual environments. ResultsRisks associated with human responses during emergency scenarios are determined by safety measures, the environment, and the egress route choices that have been taught. Participants’ performance and interaction with improved safety measures are better than the performance of participants without safety measures. ConclusionThis paper provides a demonstration of the utility of virtual environments to assess risks associated with human responses in emergency situations. ApplicationThe findings of this study may be useful for offshore energy operations.

Recognizing and Managing Bullous Descemet Detachment Secondary to Accidental Hydroseparation During Phacoemulsification/Cataract Surgery by Relaxing Descemetotomy.

To report a new technique called relaxing Descemetotomy for treatment of bullous Descemet detachment (BDD) secondary to accidental hydroseparation of Descemet membrane (DM) during stromal hydration in cataract surgery. A clear corneal keratome entry was created close to the limbus extending inward to create a relaxing cut (ab externo relaxing Descemetotomy) on taut DM, thus creating an egress route for supra-Descemetic fluid (SDF). This was followed by pneumodescemetopexy to drain SDF internally. Three patients with a history of unsuccessful pneumodescemetopexy and with planar or mildly convex separation of DM without break on anterior segment optical coherence tomography (ASOCT) underwent this procedure. All had successful reapposition of DM clinically and on ASOCT. All showed resolution of stromal edema and improved uncorrected and best-corrected visual acuity postoperatively. Rarely stromal hydration performed with an irrigating cannula positioned too close to the posterior stroma can result in hydroseparation of DM creating BDD, seen intraoperatively as a fluid wave propagating across the posterior aspect of the cornea. Large folds, free mobility, and DM tear classically seen with rhegmatogenous Descemet detachment are not seen clinically or on ASOCT in BDD. Pneumodescemetopexy alone cannot resolve BDD because without a DM tear, SDF cannot evacuate. Combining relaxing Descemetotomy with pneumodescemetopexy allows SDF to drain internally and Descemet detachment to resolve. This technique has numerous advantages over classical venting incisions in terms of ease, preferable limbal location, larger incision size, absence of complications such as visual axis scars, irregular astigmatism, epithelial ingrowth, infectious keratitis, etc.

Learning and CRF-Induced Indecision during Escape and Submission in Rainbow Trout during Socially Aggressive Interactions in the Stress-Alternatives Model.

Socially stressful environments induce a phenotypic dichotomy of coping measures for populations in response to a dominant aggressor and given a route of egress. This submission- (Stay) or escape-oriented (Escape) dichotomy represents individual decision-making under the stressful influence of hostile social environments. We utilized the Stress-Alternatives Model (SAM) to explore behavioral factors which might predict behavioral phenotype in rainbow trout. The SAM is a compartmentalized tank, with smaller and larger trout separated by an opaque divider until social interaction, and another divider occluding a safety zone, accessible by way of an escape route only large enough for the smaller fish. We hypothesized that distinctive behavioral responses during the first social interaction would indicate a predisposition for one of the behavioral phenotypes in the subsequent interactions. Surprisingly, increased amount or intensity of aggression received had no significant effect on promoting escape in test fish. In fact, during the first day of interaction, fish that turned toward their larger opponent during attack eventually learned to escape. Escaping fish also learn to monitor the patrolling behavior of aggressors, and eventually escape primarily when they are not being observed. Escape per se, was also predicted in trout exhibiting increased movements directed toward the escape route. By contrast, fish that consistently remained in the tank with the aggressor (Stay) showed significantly higher frequency of swimming in subordinate positions, at the top or the bottom of the water column, as well as sitting at the bottom. In addition, a corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-induced behavior, snap-shake, was also displayed in untreated fish during aggressive social interaction, and blocked by a CRF1 receptor antagonist. Especially prevalent among the Stay phenotype, snap-shake indicates indecision regarding escape-related behaviors. Snap-shake was also exhibited by fish of the Escape phenotype, showing a positive correlation with latency to escape. These results demonstrate adaptive responses to stress that reflect evolutionarily conserved stress neurocircuitry which may translate to psychological disorders and decision-making across vertebrate taxa.

Mechanism of the Nitric Oxide Dioxygenase Reaction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Hemoglobin N.

Many globins convert •NO to innocuous NO3- through their nitric oxide dioxygenase (NOD) activity. Mycobacterium tuberculosis fights the oxidative and nitrosative stress imposed by its host (the toxic effects of O2•- and •NO species and their OONO- and •NO2 derivatives) through the action of truncated hemoglobin N (trHbN), which catalyzes the NOD reaction with one of the highest rates among globins. The general NOD mechanism comprises the following steps: binding of O2 to the heme, diffusion of •NO into the heme pocket and formation of peroxynitrite (OONO-), isomerization of OONO-, and release of NO3-. Using quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics free-energy calculations, we show that the NOD reaction in trHbN follows a mechanism in which heme-bound OONO- undergoes homolytic cleavage to give FeIV═O2- and the •NO2 radical but that these potentially harmful intermediates are short-lived and caged by the heme pocket residues. In particular, the simulations show that Tyr33(B10) side chain is shielded from FeIV═O2- and •NO2 (and protected from irreversible oxidation and nitration) by forming stable hydrogen bonds with Gln58(E11) side chain and Leu54(E7) backbone. Aromatic residues Phe46(CD1), Phe32(B9), and Tyr33(B10) promote NO3- dissociation via C-H···O bonding and provide stabilizing interactions for the anion along its egress route.

Mechanical, hormonal and metabolic influences on blood vessels, blood flow and bone.

Bone tissue is highly vascularized due to the various roles bone blood vessels play in bone and bone marrow function. For example, the vascular system is critical for bone development, maintenance and repair and provides O2, nutrients, waste elimination, systemic hormones and precursor cells for bone remodeling. Further, bone blood vessels serve as egress and ingress routes for blood and immune cells to and from the bone marrow. It is becoming increasingly clear that the vascular and skeletal systems are intimately linked in metabolic regulation and physiological and pathological processes. This review examines how agents such as mechanical loading, parathyroid hormone, estrogen, vitamin D and calcitonin, all considered anabolic for bone, have tremendous impacts on the bone vasculature. In fact, these agents influence bone blood vessels prior to influencing bone. Further, data reveal strong associations between vasodilator capacity of bone blood vessels and trabecular bone volume, and poor associations between estrogen status and uterine mass and trabecular bone volume. Additionally, this review highlights the importance of the bone microcirculation, particularly the vascular endothelium and NO-mediated signaling, in the regulation of bone blood flow, bone interstitial fluid flow and pressure and the paracrine signaling of bone cells. Finally, the vascular endothelium as a mediator of bone health and disease is considered.

Thermodynamics of camphor migration in cytochrome P450cam by atomistic simulations

Understanding the mechanisms of ligand binding to enzymes is of paramount importance for the design of new drugs. Here, we report on the use of a novel biased molecular dynamics (MD) methodology to study the mechanism of camphor binding to cytochrome P450cam. Microsecond-long MD simulations allowed us to observe reaction coordinates characterizing ligand diffusion from the active site of cytochrome P450cam to solvent via three egress routes. These atomistic simulations were used to estimate thermodynamic quantities along the reaction coordinates and indicate diverse binding configurations. The results suggest that the diffusion of camphor along the pathway near the substrate recognition site (SRS) is thermodynamically preferred. In addition, we show that the diffusion near the SRS is triggered by a transition from a heterogeneous collection of closed ligand-bound conformers to the basin comprising the open conformations of cytochrome P450cam. The conformational change accompanying this switch is characterized by the retraction of the F and G helices and the disorder of the B′ helix. These results are corroborated by experimental studies and provide detailed insight into ligand binding and conformational behavior of the cytochrome family. The presented methodology is general and can be applied to other ligand-protein systems.

Fluid shear stress activates YAP1 to promote cancer cell motility

Mechanical stress is pervasive in egress routes of malignancy, yet the intrinsic effects of force on tumour cells remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that frictional force characteristic of flow in the lymphatics stimulates YAP1 to drive cancer cell migration; whereas intensities of fluid wall shear stress (WSS) typical of venous or arterial flow inhibit taxis. YAP1, but not TAZ, is strictly required for WSS-enhanced cell movement, as blockade of YAP1, TEAD1-4 or the YAP1–TEAD interaction reduces cellular velocity to levels observed without flow. Silencing of TEAD phenocopies loss of YAP1, implicating transcriptional transactivation function in mediating force-enhanced cell migration. WSS dictates expression of a network of YAP1 effectors with executive roles in invasion, chemotaxis and adhesion downstream of the ROCK–LIMK–cofilin signalling axis. Altogether, these data implicate YAP1 as a fluid mechanosensor that functions to regulate genes that promote metastasis.

Structure of the Catalytic Domain of the Class I Polyhydroxybutyrate Synthase from Cupriavidus necator

Polyhydroxybutyrate synthase (PhaC) catalyzes the polymerization of 3-(R)-hydroxybutyryl-coenzyme A as a means of carbon storage in many bacteria. The resulting polymers can be used to make biodegradable materials with properties similar to those of thermoplastics and are an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional petroleum-based plastics. A full biochemical and mechanistic understanding of this process has been hindered in part by a lack of structural information on PhaC. Here we present the first structure of the catalytic domain (residues 201-589) of the class I PhaC from Cupriavidus necator (formerly Ralstonia eutropha) to 1.80 Å resolution. We observe a symmetrical dimeric architecture in which the active site of each monomer is separated from the other by ∼33 Å across an extensive dimer interface, suggesting a mechanism in which polyhydroxybutyrate biosynthesis occurs at a single active site. The structure additionally highlights key side chain interactions within the active site that play likely roles in facilitating catalysis, leading to the proposal of a modified mechanistic scheme involving two distinct roles for the active site histidine. We also identify putative substrate entrance and product egress routes within the enzyme, which are discussed in the context of previously reported biochemical observations. Our structure lays a foundation for further biochemical and structural characterization of PhaC, which could assist in engineering efforts for the production of eco-friendly materials.

Adaptive Evacuation Management System Based on Monitoring Techniques

In this paper we explore the implementation of a dynamic emergency system. The proposed system uses the already implemented sensors and cameras, supplemented with task oriented sensors, in a Distributed/Wireless Sensor Networks (DSN/WSN) architecture to gain knowledge of the building environment conditions such as fires, gas leaks, corridors usage among others. With the collected information, the system, by using routing algorithms, will generate, dynamically, the best routes to evacuate the premises. The route generation takes into consideration not only the data provided by the sensors but also the nature of the emergency. This approach avoids or minimize potential risk from, for example, stored goods or the, current, status of the emergency exits, maximizing the number of routes so the evacuation of attendees and ingress of emergency personal can be done in the safest and fastest way possible. The system will inform about the egress routes and ingress routes thought the use of dynamic visible signs. In order to clarify and illustrate the proposed solution a case study for a sport stadium is also presented.

Ligand tunnels in T. brucei and human CYP51: Insights for parasite-specific drug design

BackgroundCytochrome P450 sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) is an essential enzyme for sterol biosynthesis and a target for anti-parasitic drug design. However, the design of parasite-specific drugs that inhibit parasitic CYP51 without severe side effects remains challenging. The active site of CYP51 is situated in the interior of the protein. Here, we characterize the potential ligand egress routes and mechanisms in Trypanosoma brucei and human CYP51 enzymes. MethodsWe performed Random Acceleration Molecular Dynamics simulations of the egress of four different ligands from the active site of models of soluble and membrane-bound T. brucei CYP51 and of soluble human CYP51. ResultsIn the simulations, tunnel 2f, which leads to the membrane, was found to be the predominant ligand egress tunnel for all the ligands studied. Tunnels S, 1 and W, which lead to the cytosol, were also used in T. brucei CYP51, whereas tunnel 1 was the only other tunnel used significantly in human CYP51. The common tunnels found previously in other CYPs were barely used. The ligand egress times were shorter for human than T. brucei CYP51, suggesting lower barriers to ligand passage. Two gating residues, F105 and M460, in T. brucei CYP51 that modulate the opening of tunnels 2f and S were identified. ConclusionsAlthough the main egress tunnel was the same, differences in the tunnel-lining residues, ligand passage and tunnel usage were found between T. brucei and human CYP51s. General SignificanceThe results provide a basis for the design of selective anti-parasitic agents targeting the ligand tunnels.

English

Urban Land fill pavement drainage is one of the key components which need to be considered along with other parameters for urban land fill pavement management system. In which various issues related with integrating the urban land fill pavement roadway drainage with Land fill pavement Management System. It highlights the major ingress and egress routes of water in land fill pavement structure, methods to measure moisture and approaches to control the water entry. This paper reviews different software's for designing the drainage system and techniques for modeling the drainage conditions in land fill pavement deterioration models. The effect of poor surface and subsurface drainage on land fill pavement performance and its life-cycle are also discussed. The measures to manage the poor land fill pavement roadway drainage conditions are also presented. The need for a detailed field and laboratory studies related to land fill pavements drainage systems has been demonstrated.

Study into the Use of Signage on Exit Choice Behaviour in a Virtual Environment

The effectiveness of egress paths from a building could be attributed to good signage or intuitive Architecture but we know it is also influenced by human behaviour in fire. The extent to which human behaviour plays a role in the effectiveness of egress routes is not yet fully understood.The aim of this paper is to investigate human behaviour in a relatively simple study of exit choice. The study is conducted in a virtual environment by examining the effectiveness of additional floor-based chevron arrows when compared with conventional exit signage on the same escape routes.Fifty nine participants were asked to interact with the software to escape from a fire in the created virtual environment. Thirty two of the participants used a model with conventional exit signs only. Twenty seven of the participants used the model with exit signs and chevrons on the floor. After completing the virtual egress exercise the participants were given a questionnaire to help understand their behaviour during the task. This allowed the authors to compare results of the post experiment questionnaire with the video output of the test.This research is novel in that involves the use of already existing technologies for new purposes; in this case, commercial computer games engines, generally used for entertainment purposes. As technology reaches new levels it is inevitable that there will be overlap in functionality.This paper describes the experiments, analyses the information gleaned from the research and provides some conclusions for consideration by others in this field. By assessing exit choice behaviour and evacuation time it is possible to compare the effectiveness of the additional floor based signage as a fire protection measure provided above and beyond normal code requirements.

Neighbor influence on evacuation behavior in virtual and real environments

Virtual reality (VR) enables the study of visually-guided behavior in situations that are otherwise not amenable to laboratory research. An example is a fire evacuation scenario, in which building occupants have to find their way to safety through smoke and flames, identify safe egress routes, and avoid threats. First, however, it must be determined whether evacuation behavior in VR is comparable to that in a real environment. We are thus initially studying participant responses to a fire alarm in matched virtual and real environments. The present experiment investigates how the decision to evacuate is influenced by visual cues about a neighbor's behavior. In the Control group, a lone participant is exposed to a fire alarm while performing a bogus task. In the Passive group, a participant performs the same task with a confederate who ignores the fire alarm. In the Active group, the confederate immediately leaves the room when the fire alarm sounds. The gender of the participant is crossed with the gender of the confederate. 75 participants experience the scenario in a real environment (25 per group), and 75 others in a matched virtual environment presented in a wireless head mounted display (HMD), with avatars of the confederates. In the real environment, two-thirds of participants in the Control group evacuated the room. In the Active group, nearly all did so, whereas in the Passive group all but one did. More female than male participants evacuated in the Control group, but there were no other gender effects. Data collection in the virtual environment is in progress, and will be completed by spring. The findings thus far demonstrate a very strong influence of neighbor behavior on a participant's evacuation decision. The results will provide answers to the much-debated question of whether evacuation behavior is similar in virtual and real environments. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015. Language: en

경로선택특성 분석을 통한 교차경로 통과시간 예측 모형 개발

Recently, the buildings are the trend of enlargement and manhattanization. Particularly in case of multi-use facilities, it has the majority of maze structure and utilized for unspecified individuals who understand the space a little as their stakes are high to expose in fire and disaster. To prevent the fire and disaster, Republic of Korea implements Performance Based Design (PBD) but the simulation tool for required safe egress time analysis of PBD doesn't consider the way-finding characteristic though the junction routing selection or decision making time of occupants. Therefore, this paper organizes a mock-up set and analyzes human behavior characteristics of pedestrian targeting 70 people. The test was compartmentalized normal & smoke-filled condition and inquired into the behavior characteristics such as evacuation time, travel distance, walking speed though the experiment. Additionally, decision making time and characteristics of choosing the egress route in the junction were analyzed. Finally, based on the mock-up test results, suggest the junction-travel time prediction considering junction routing selection and decision making time of the pedestrian. Through this paper, the required safe egress time can be analyzed reflecting the decision making of pedestrian.

Exploiting translational stalling peptides in an effort to extend azithromycin interaction within the prokaryotic ribosome nascent peptide exit tunnel

The ribosome is the primary protein synthesis machine in the cell and is a target for treatment of a variety of diseases including bacterial infection and cancer. The ribosomal peptide exit tunnel, the route of egress for the nascent peptide, is an inviting site for drug design. Toward a rational engagement of the nascent peptide components for the design of small molecule inhibitors of ribosome function, we designed and disclosed herein a set of N-10 indole functionalized azithromycin analogs. The indole moiety of these compounds is designed to mimic the translation stalling interaction of SecM W155 side-chain with the prokaryotic (Escherichia coli) ribosome A751 residue. Many of these N-10 functionalized compounds have enhanced translation inhibition activities against E. coli ribosome relative to azithromycin while a subset inhibited the growth of representative susceptible bacteria strains to about the same extent as azithromycin. Moreover, the inclusion of bovine serum in the bacterial growth media enhanced the anti-bacterial potency of the N-10 functionalized azithromycin analogs by as high as 10-fold.

Macrolide-peptide conjugates as probes of the path of travel of the nascent peptides through the ribosome.

Despite decades of research on the bacterial ribosome, the ribosomal exit tunnel is still poorly understood. Although it has been suggested that the exit tunnel is simply a convenient route of egress for the nascent chain, specific protein sequences serve to slow the rate of translation, suggesting some degree of interaction between the nascent peptide chain and the exit tunnel. To understand how the ribosome interacts with nascent peptide sequences, we synthesized and characterized a novel class of probe molecules. These peptide–macrolide (or “peptolide”) conjugates were designed to present unique peptide sequences to the exit tunnel. Biochemical and X-ray structural analyses of the interactions between these probes and the ribosome reveal interesting insights about the exit tunnel. Using translation inhibition and RNA structure probing assays, we find the exit tunnel has a relaxed preference for the directionality (N → C or C → N orientation) of the nascent peptides. Moreover, the X-ray crystal structure of one peptolide derived from a positively charged, reverse Nuclear Localization Sequence peptide, bound to the 70S bacterial ribosome, reveals that the macrolide ring of the peptolide binds in the same position as other macrolides. However, the peptide tail folds over the macrolide ring, oriented toward the peptidyl transferase center and interacting in a novel manner with 23S rRNA residue C2442 and His69 of ribosomal protein L4. These data suggest that these peptolides are viable probes for interrogating nascent peptide–exit tunnel interaction.

Including ligand-induced protein flexibility into protein tunnel prediction.

In proteins with buried active sites, understanding how ligands migrate through the tunnels that connect the exterior of the protein to the active site can shed light on substrate specificity and enzyme function. A growing body of evidence highlights the importance of protein flexibility in the binding site on ligand binding; however, the influence of protein flexibility throughout the body of the protein during ligand entry and egress is much less characterized. We have developed a novel tunnel prediction and evaluation method named IterTunnel, which includes the influence of ligand-induced protein flexibility, guarantees ligand egress, and provides detailed free energy information as the ligand proceeds along the egress route. IterTunnel combines geometric tunnel prediction with steered molecular dynamics in an iterative process to identify tunnels that open as a result of ligand migration and calculates the potential of mean force of ligand egress through a given tunnel. Applying this new method to cytochrome P450 2B6, we demonstrate the influence of protein flexibility on the shape and accessibility of tunnels. More importantly, we demonstrate that the ligand itself, while traversing through a tunnel, can reshape tunnels due to its interaction with the protein. This process results in the exposure of new tunnels and the closure of preexisting tunnels as the ligand migrates from the active site.

Ensemble generation and the influence of protein flexibility on geometric tunnel prediction in cytochrome P450 enzymes.

Computational prediction of ligand entry and egress paths in proteins has become an emerging topic in computational biology and has proven useful in fields such as protein engineering and drug design. Geometric tunnel prediction programs, such as Caver3.0 and MolAxis, are computationally efficient methods to identify potential ligand entry and egress routes in proteins. Although many geometric tunnel programs are designed to accommodate a single input structure, the increasingly recognized importance of protein flexibility in tunnel formation and behavior has led to the more widespread use of protein ensembles in tunnel prediction. However, there has not yet been an attempt to directly investigate the influence of ensemble size and composition on geometric tunnel prediction. In this study, we compared tunnels found in a single crystal structure to ensembles of various sizes generated using different methods on both the apo and holo forms of cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP119, CYP2C9, and CYP3A4. Several protein structure clustering methods were tested in an attempt to generate smaller ensembles that were capable of reproducing the data from larger ensembles. Ultimately, we found that by including members from both the apo and holo data sets, we could produce ensembles containing less than 15 members that were comparable to apo or holo ensembles containing over 100 members. Furthermore, we found that, in the absence of either apo or holo crystal structure data, pseudo-apo or –holo ensembles (e.g. adding ligand to apo protein throughout MD simulations) could be used to resemble the structural ensembles of the corresponding apo and holo ensembles, respectively. Our findings not only further highlight the importance of including protein flexibility in geometric tunnel prediction, but also suggest that smaller ensembles can be as capable as larger ensembles at capturing many of the protein motions important for tunnel prediction at a lower computational cost.

Uukuniemi Phlebovirus assembly and secretion leave a functional imprint on the virion glycome.

Uukuniemi virus (UUKV) is a model system for investigating the genus Phlebovirus of the Bunyaviridae. We report the UUKV glycome, revealing differential processing of the Gn and Gc virion glycoproteins. Both glycoproteins display poly-N-acetyllactosamines, consistent with virion assembly in the medial Golgi apparatus, whereas oligomannose-type glycans required for DC-SIGN-dependent cellular attachment are predominant on Gc. Local virion structure and the route of viral egress from the cell leave a functional imprint on the phleboviral glycome.