Egna Minnen Betraffande Uppfostran Research Articles

The influence of parental rearing style on the incidence of panic disorder, major depressive disorder and the comorbidity among Chinese college students

BackgroundPanic disorder (PD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and the comorbidity (PD&MDD) in college students have caused a heavy disease burden for individuals and families. However, little was known for the comorbidity, especially the impact of parental rearing style on the incidence of the PD&MDD comorbidity. MethodsA cohort study was conducted among 6652 Chinese college students. Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI-3.0) was used for disease diagnosis. The parental rearing styles were measured by the Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran (EMBU) scale and factor analysis was used to reduce the dimension of the EMBU scale. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to determine the relationships between parenting styles and disease incidence. SPSS version 26.0 was used for all statistical analyses. ResultsThe 1-year incidence of PD, MDD, and PD&MDD comorbidity was 0.27 %, 2.04 %, and 0.21 %, respectively. Emotional warmth mode (OR = 0.753, 95%CI: 0.631–0.899, P < 0.01) were only negatively correlated with major depressive disorder. However, punishment denial mode (OR = 1.857, 95%CI: 1.316–2.620, P < 0.01) and over-participation mode (OR = 1.862, 95%CI: 1.176–2.949, P < 0.01) were positively correlated with the comorbidity of panic disorder and major depressive disorder. LimitationsThe limited follow-up period was only 1 year in this study which had impacted the collection of new onset cases. ConclusionsParental rearing style has a long-term influence on the psychiatric status of college students. Parenting style interventions working as the second level of mental disorder prevention will play an important role in MDD, PD and comorbidity prevention.

Perceived parenting styles and incidence of major depressive disorder: results from a 6985 freshmen cohort study

BackgroundEven though a fair amount of studies focus on depression among college students, the effect of perceived parenting styles on the incidence of major depressive disorder (MDD) among representative freshmen in Chinese context is scarcely studied. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of parenting styles on MDD in Chinese freshmen.MethodsA total of 9,928 Chinese freshmen were recruited in 2018. 6985 valid questionnaires were collected at one-year follow-up. Composite International Diagnostic Interview 3.0 (CIDI-3.0) was used for the diagnosis of MDD. Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran (EMBU) questionnaire and Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) were used to assess parenting styles and baseline depressive symptoms, respectively. The associations between parenting styles and MDD incidence was analyzed with logistic regression.ResultsThe incidence of MDD in freshmen was 2.23% (95%CI: 1.91-2.60%). Maternal overprotection (OR = 1.03, 95%CI: 1.01–1.05) and disharmony relationship between parents (OR = 2.35, 95% CI: 1.42–3.89) increased the risk of new-onset MDD in freshmen, respectively. Mild depressive symptoms (OR = 2.06, 95%CI: 1.06–4.02), moderate (OR = 4.64, 95%CI: 2.55–8.44) and severe depressive symptoms (OR = 7.46, 95%CI: 2.71–20.52) at baseline increased the risk of new-onset MDD.ConclusionsMaternal overprotection, disharmony relationship between parents and baseline depressive symptoms are risk factors for new-onset MDD in Chinese freshmen.

Rural-urban differences in prevalence and correlates of suicidal ideation in adolescent patients with depression in a large sample of Chinese

BackgroundSuicidal ideation (SI) is severe comorbidity of depression that has been extensively studied in the past. Residence differences between SI have rarely been systematically studied, especially in parental rearing behavior. This large-scale explored the residence differences in the prevalence and correlation of SI adolescent patients with depression. MethodsA total of 1417 patients with depression were recruited, and their demographic data and clinical data were collected. The Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) and the Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran (EMBU) scale were used to assess depression, and parental rearing behavior, respectively. ResultsThe prevalence of suicidal ideation was higher in urban patients than in rural patients (43.7 % vs.37.7 %, P < 0.05). Patients with SI scored higher on total CDI scores, parental punishment, parental rejection, and paternal overprotection compared to their respective patients without SI. In the urban group, patients with SI had lower parental emotional warmth scores and higher parental intervention scores compared to patients without SI. Logistic regression analysis showed that total CDI score, gender, alcohol consumption, father's emotional warmth, father's rejection, and mother's intervention were significantly associated with SI in urban patients (P < 0.05); total CDI score and mother's rejection were significantly associated with SI in rural patients (P < 0.05). LimitationsNo causal relationship could be drawn due to the cross-sectional design. ConclusionsThe results of this study showed significant residential differences in risk and associated factors for SI among adolescents with depression. Focusing on the parenting styles of adolescent patients can help with the early identification and intervention of SI.

Life events and parent style for mental health in children: a cross-sectional study.

Life events and parenting styles might play an important role in children's mental health. This study aims to explore how life events and parenting styles influence children's mental health based on a Chinese sample. A total of 3535 participants had at least one mental disorder (positive group), while a total of 3561 participants had no mental disorders (negative group). The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Check List (ASLEC) and Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran (EMBU) were used for screening these two groups. CBCL total scores differed significantly by sex in the Positive group according to the Mann-Whitney tests (Z = -5.40, p < 0.001). Multiple regression analyses showed that the dimensions of punishment (p = 0.014) and other (p = 0.048) in the ASLEC scale can significantly predict CBCL total scores in the Positive group. Sex, age and overprotection from the father were risk factors (p < 0.001) according to binary logistic regression. Life events and parenting styles may have impacts on mental health. Fathers play a very important role in children's growth. Punitive education and fathers' overprotection might be risk factors for children's mental health. It is a large sample (3535) study of Chinese children and adolescents It provides evidence that life events and parenting styles have impacts on mental health and that fathers play a very important role in children's growth. It is conducive to the development of interventions for the mental health of children and adolescents.

Birth Cohort Changes in Chinese Primary School Students’ Perceptions of Parental Rearing Patterns: A Cross-temporal Meta-analysis, 1999–2017

Parental rearing patterns are important factors affecting children’s development. In recent decades, China has experienced dramatic social changes in family structures, which may influence parental rearing patterns. This research aims to examine the birth cohort changes in parental rearing patterns as perceived by Chinese primary school students. To examine the birth cohort changes in parental rearing patterns as perceived by Chinese primary school students, a cross-temporal meta-analysis was conducted on 71 studies (79 data points, N = 22,415). The results showed that Chinese primary school students’ scores on the Egna Minnen Betraffande Uppfostran (EMBU) scale changed significantly from 1999 to 2017. Data-collection year was significantly positively correlated with paternal severe punishment, paternal rejection, maternal overprotection and excessive interference and significantly negatively correlated with maternal rejection and maternal emotional warmth. The d values of the eleven scale dimensions varied from −0.93 to 1.09, indicating that the r squared varied from 0 to 23%. Furthermore, boys perceived more severe punishment, excessive interference, and rejection from fathers than girls.

Grandparenting styles, childhood food insecurity, and depression among Chinese rural left-behind children: A structural equation model

• 31.03% of the LBC surveyed in the study reported food insecurity. • Grandparenting featuring rejection associated with lower LBC food security. • Grandparenting featuring emotional warmth associated with higher LBC food security. • LBC food security partially mediated the rejection – depression association. • LBC food security partially mediated the emotional warmth – depression association. The present study aims to explore the associations between grandparenting styles and childhood depression, as well as the mediating role of childhood food insecurity on the focal associations among Chinese rural left-behind children. A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 1,360 rural students (Grade 5–9, mean age = 13.16 years) who reported one or both parents had migrated into the urban sector and were mainly cared by grandparents. The participants responded to the questions on the short form of the Egna Minnen Betraffande Uppfostran (s-EMBU, Swedish for “my memories of upbringing”), the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES), the Birleson Depression Self-Rating Scale (DSRS), and demographic information. Structural equation modeling was used to test the mediating role of food insecurity on the associations between childhood depression and three grandparenting styles, namely rejection, emotional warmth, and overprotection. Rejection by grandparents was positively ( p < .01) while emotional warmth was negatively ( p < .001) associated with childhood depression, and childhood food insecurity partially mediated the focal associations. Results of the present study give lights on how custodial grandparents influence children’s depression, providing a useful baseline from which future studies can further explore interventions on mental health of children in under-resourced regions featuring vast laborers migration and parent-children separation.

Perceived Parental Rearing in Paediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Examining the Factor Structure of the EMBU Child and Parent Versions and Associations with OCD Symptoms.

Parental rearing behaviours characterised by high levels of rejection and overprotection have been implicated in the development and maintenance of child psychopathology, including paediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran (EMBU) is a commonly used measure of perceived parental rearing. Using confirmatory factor analysis, the factor structure of the EMBU child and parent versions were examined in a sample of children and youth with OCD (n = 176), and their mothers (n = 162). Associations between rearing and clinical correlates of OCD were explored. For parents, a 4-factor model provided the best fit. For children, a higher order model was the best fit. Greater parent and child perceived negative rearing behaviours and lower perceived positive behaviours were associated with greater OCD severity, comorbid symptoms and impairment. The EMBU has a conceptually meaningful factor structure and provides a useful measure for assessing perceived rearing behaviours within paediatric OCD.

How do Syrian refugee children in Turkey perceive relational factors in the context of their mental health?

Although there has been increasing attention on the impact of risk and resilience factors on refugee children's mental health, there has been limited evidence on the role of parental factors to inform interventions, and this predominantly relies on adult reports. The aim was to investigate the relationship between perceived parenting styles and attachment relationships and child mental health, as reported by 322 Syrian refugee minors aged between 8 and 17 years in Turkey. Child-rated scales included the Children Revised Impact of Event Scale-8 (CRIES-8), Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), Security Scale and Egna Minnen Betraffande Uppfostran for Children (EMBU-C), and were used as measures of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), general mental health problems, attachment relationships and perceived parenting styles, respectively. Children with secure maternal and paternal attachment perceived their parents as less rejecting, while children with secure paternal attachment also reported their parents as emotionally warmer. Attachment relationships significantly contributed in predicting PTSD after controlling for age and gender, while conduct problems were predicted by lack of emotional warmth, rejection and over-protection by both parents, in addition to insecure attachment relationships. Refugee children's views are essential in establishing their needs and planning interventions. These should address both the impact of trauma and current family relationships.

Sleep quality and its influencing factors among Tibetan adolescents from regions of different altitude: a comparison analysis

Objective To compare the sleep quality in the Tibetan adolescents from regions of different altitude and to explore impact factors of sleep quality in the Tibetan adolescents in high altitude regions for providing evidences to relevant interventions. Methods We conducted a self-administered questionnaire survey at two high schools in two counties of different altitude in Tibet Autonomous Region from August to October 2 016. The participants of the survey were 97 students randomly selected in a high school in the county of low altitude (2 800 meters, low altitude group) and 227 students in the same high school but originally from the regions of high altitude (4 300 meters, migrant group), and 306 students in a high school in the county of high altitude (4 300 meters, high altitude group). Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) - Tibetan Version was used to assess the sleep quality and the short form Egna Minnen Betraffande Uppfostran - Tibetan Version was adopted to measure parenting style in the participants. Results Compared to the students of low altitude group and migrant group, the students of high altitude group reported a significantly poorer subjective sleep quality (PSQI component score: 1.80 ± 0.62 vs. 1.55 ± 0.65 and 1.54 ± 0.60, both P Conclusion The sleep quality is affected by the altitude of residence and parenting style among Tibetan adolescent students in Tibet Autonomous Region.

Personality and Parental Rearing Practices as Predictors of Adolescent Emotional and Behavioral Problems: Gender Differences in Predictive Accuracy

Many models of psychological development are based on the assumption that parent’s actions are linked to, or the cause of, a child’s behavior. Information about childhood experiences, particularly parental rearing behaviour, is of importance in the clinical investigation of adjustment problems in adolescence. It has been well documented that adolescents run a heightened risk for emotional and behavioral problems when they feel rejected or overprotected by their parents and that parental rejection and overprotection has different effects for gender in developing emotional and behavioral problems. In general, the perceptions of early negative parental behavior are found to be connected to maladjustment and problem behaviors with internalizing as well as externalizing symptoms in adolescence. High perceived parental overinvolvment, rejection, and low emotional warmth correlates with low adjustment and low selfesteem, externalizing disorders, childhood depression, obsession-compulsion, and psychosomatic complaints, and parental control and absence of autonomy is connected with anxiety disorders. Adolescent delinquents perceived their parents as more rejecting, overprotecting, and less emotionally warm than normal adolescents. The perceptions of parental rejection and overprotection in the group of adolescent delinquents also correlated with attention and social problems and somatic complaints. Whether personality in combination with gender plays a role in the association between parental rejection and overprotection and emotional and behavioral problems has not yet received much attention. This study focuses on assessment of personality and parental rearing practices as predictors of adolescent emotional and behavioral problems and gender differences in predictive accuracy of emotional and behavioral problems. Data is used from longitudinal study on development of adjustment problems from childhood to adolescence. A total of 467 adolescent (251 girls and 216 boys), ages 16–17, completed questionnaires about parental rearing practices EMBU (The Egna Minnen Betraffande Uppfostran for Children, Arrindell et al., 1999). EMBU is a short 34-item questionnaire that intends to measure children and adolescents’ perception of three main aspects of parental rearing behaviour: Emotional Warmth, Rejection and Overprotection. Adolescents also completed questionnaires about their emotional and behavioral problems (YSR 11/18, Achenbach, 1991), and personality traits (NEO-FFI, Costa and McCrae, 1992). Girls scored higher on emotional problems (but not on behavioral problems) than boys. Parental behavior was more strongly associated with girls’ emotional and behavioral problems, in comparison to boys. Regression analysis revealed that parental rearing behavior is less significant predictors of emotional and behavioral problems in adolescence, than personality traits. Furthermore, parental rearing behavior and personality traits (namely, neuroticizm) were stronger predictors of emotional and behavioral problems for girls in comparison to boys. Overall, parental rearing practices and personality traits of adolescents are better predictors for emotional and behavioral problems of girls in comparison to boys.

The Short-EMBU in Australia, Spain, and Venezuela

Abstract. The short(s)-EMBU (Swedish acronym for Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran [My memories of upbringing]) consists of 23 items, is based on the early 81-item EMBU, and was developed out of the necessity of having a brief measure of perceived parental rearing practices when the clinical and/or research context does not adequately permit application of time-consuming test batteries. The s-EMBU comprises three subscales: Rejection, Emotional Warmth, and (Over)Protection. The factorial and/or construct validity and reliability of the s-EMBU were examined in samples comprising a total of 1950 students from Australia, Spain, and Venezuela. The data were presented for the three national groups separately. Findings confirmed the cross-national validity of the factorial structure underlying the s-EMBU. Rejection by fathers and mothers was consistently associated with high trait-neuroticism and low self-esteem in recipients of both sexes in each nation, as was high parental emotional warmth with high femininity (humility). The findings on factorial validity are in keeping with previous ones obtained in East Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, Italy, and Sweden. The s-EMBU is again recommended for use in several different countries as a reliable, functional equivalent to the original 81-item EMBU.

Self-defeating personality and memories of parents' child-rearing behaviour.

A group of 132 nonclinical volunteers was given the Self-defeating Personality Scale and a short version of the Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran (EMBU) scale to explore correlations of scores for adults' self-defeating traits with memories of parents' child-rearing behaviours. For men, the recall of two rejecting parents and, for women, the memory of a nonsupportive father were significantly correlated with scores of self-defeating traits. The latter scores correlated positively with memories of both overinvolved mother and father for men, while no significant correlation was found among women.

Panic disorder and perceived parental rearing behavior investigated by the Japanese version of the EMBU scale.

Although recent studies have found dysfunctional parental rearing behaviour is associated with certain aspects of psychopathology of panic disorder (PD), the results are not in complete agreement. By using a translated Japanese version of the EMBU (Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran), we investigated the parental rearing behavior perceived by 103 normal subjects, 71 PD patients with agoraphobia, and 32 PD patients without agoraphobia. The PD patients scored both parents as more rejecting and overprotective than did the controls. However, subgroup analysis showed that the patients with agoraphobia reported significantly more rejection from both parents and less emotional warmth from mothers, while the patients without agoraphobia, by contrast, reported more overprotection from both parents and more favouring subject from fathers than did the controls. Interestingly, these results were consistent with those documented in the Western literature, which reported "affectionless control" as a parenting style in PD, and, furthermore, indicated a cross-cultural similarity of parental rearing factor. In addition, it was suggested that a lack of care might be associated with the development of agoraphobia in Japan.

Panic disorder and perceived parental rearing behavior investigated by the Japanese version of the EMBU scale

Although recent studies have found dysfunctional parental rearing behaviour is associated with certain aspects of psychopathology of panic disorder (PD), the results are not in complete agreement. By using a translated Japanese version of the EMBU (Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran), we investigated the parental rearing behavior perceived by 103 normal subjects, 71 PD patients with agoraphobia, and 32 PD patients without agoraphobia. The PD patients scored both parents as more rejecting and overprotective than did the controls. However, subgroup analysis showed that the patients with agoraphobia reported significantly more rejection from both parents and less emotional warmth from mothers, while the patients without agoraphobia, by contrast, reported more overprotection from both parents and more favouring subject from fathers than did the controls. Interestingly, these results were consistent with those documented in the Western literature, which reported “affectionless control” as a parenting style in PD, and, furthermore, indicated a cross-cultural similarity of parental rearing factor. In addition, it was suggested that a lack of care might be associated with the development of agoraphobia in Japan. Depression and Anxiety 11:158–162, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Quality of rearing practices as predictor of short-term outcome in adolescent anorexia nervosa.

Studies of family relationships in anorexia nervosa have produced conflicting results. Some authors claim that family factors are related to short-term outcomes. Perceived rearing practices, as measured by the EMBU (Egna Minnen Betraffande Uppfostran: 'My memories of Upbringing') were examined in a sample (N = 158) of adolescents with anorexia nervosa and compared with the perceptions of adolescents (N = 159) from the general population. A further comparison was made between the groups of patients with good and bad short-term outcomes. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the predictive value of different variables on short-term outcome. Overall, small differences were observed in the perceptions of rearing practices as expressed by the controls and the anorexic patients. Patients with bad short-term outcome perceived more rejection and control-overprotection from both parents than those with good outcome. In the logistic regression analysis only Rejection from father and the EAT (Eating Attitudes Test) total score gave independent prediction of treatment response. Taken as a whole, these results do not support the idea of altered rearing practices in anorexic patients, at least in young patients with a short evolution of the disease. Perceived rearing practices, especially 'rejection', appear to have an appreciable effect on the short-term outcome.

Perceived parental rearing behaviours: a confirmatory factor analytic study of the Dutch EMBU for children

The Egna Minnen Betraffande Uppfostran for Children (EMBU-C; Castro et al., 1993) is a short 34-item questionnaire that intends to measure children and adolescents' perception of three main aspects of parental rearing behaviour: Emotional Warmth, Rejection and Overprotection. However, in the literature, there is circumstantial evidence that the EMBU-C can best be regarded as a 2-factor instrument measuring Positive Rearing Behaviours and Negative Rearing Behaviours. To examine what factor structure is most satisfactory, confirmatory factor analyses were carried out on EMBU-C data of two independent samples of Dutch school children ( N = 929 and N = 416). These analyses consistently revealed that the original 3-factor model provides a better fit than the 2-factor model.

Assessing rearing behaviour from the perspectives of the parents: a new form of the EMBU.

The EMBU (Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran) is a self-reporting questionnaire developed to assess memories of adults about their parents' rearing practices. In the present study, an exploratory factor analysis was carried out on items of the EMBU-P, a new version of the EMBU especially designed to obtain ratings from parents about their own rearing behaviour with their children. The factor analysis yielded a structure similar to that obtained with the original EMBU (Rejection, Emotional Warmth, Control Attempts and Favouring Subject), but composed of fewer items. The internal consistency was adequate for the three major scales. Some significant correlations emerged between the EMBU-P scales. The Rejection scale correlated negatively with the Emotional Warmth scale and positively with the Control Attempts scale. The latter also correlated positively with Emotional Warmth. There were no significant correlations between the scales and the age of the parents. The sex of the parents was significantly associated with the EMBU-P scores.

Parenting and Psychopathology

Linking Negative Parenting With Pathology Parenting and Psychopathology C. Penis, W. A. Arrindell, and M. Eisemann (Eds.). Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons, 1994, 338 pp. (hardcover). This edited book represents the first compilation of a series of ongoing collaborative research efforts by authors from 19 countries who are studying the possible connection between negative parenting practices and psychopathology. The editors state that previous research in this area is methodologically flawed, lacks generalizability, provides only a superficial examination of a relationship between parental attitudes and psychopathology, and is in need of a reliable and valid instrument to assess parental rearing attitudes across different cultures. Therefore, the primary purpose of this book (and forthcoming volumes) is to remediate these issues. Parenting and Psychopathology is divided into two sections. Part I is devoted to theoretical issues, the development of assessment instruments, and a review of past and present research methodology. Part II is a compilation of research that is designed to explicate a linkage between persons' different parental rearing experiences and specific pathological disorders. In chapter 1, Perris presents a comprehensive theoretical framework that incorporates both (a) the interaction of cultural, biological, and psychological variables in the development of a person's vulnerability to psychopathological disorders, as well as (b) the interplay of the vulnerable person with his/her environment. Thus, it is important to note (as Perris emphasizes) that the purpose of studying parental rearing practices and psychological disorders is not to support the scapegoating of parents by the psychological profession, but rather to suggest to clinicians and researchers that poor parenting is only one of the many possible etiologic factors underlying psychopathology. Chapter 2 is completely devoted to introducing the Egna Minnen Betraffande Uppfostran (EMBU) "My Memories of Upbringing," a self-report measure developed by Perris and his colleagues in 1980 and translated into English by Ross, Campbell, and Clayer in 1982. The authors discuss the structure and value of the English-language version of the EMBU, provide a shortened version (27 items versus the original 81 -item version), and provide data on the reliability and validity of the instrument. The 27-item EMBU assesses many negative behaviors subsumed under three scales: supportive, rejecting, and overinvolved. Chapter 3 (Gerlsma & Emmelkamp) is a meta-analysis of studies using various measures of parental rearing styles including the EMBU, the Children's Reports of Parental Behavior Inventory (CRPBI), and the Parental Bonding Inventory (PBI) over the years 1970-1991. …