Eggshell Research Articles

The benefits of purple sweet potato waste flour in the ratio of maintaining the quality of Lohmann brown chicken eggs

Lohmann brown chickens are laying hens as a source of egg supply. However, eggs are easily damaged if stored, it is necessary to improve egg quality, one of which can be done by utilizing purple sweet potato waste. This research aims to determine the effect of using purple sweet potato waste flour in rations on the quality of Lohmann brown chicken eggs stored for 5 weeks, carried out in Candiksuma Village, Melaya District, Jembrana Regency Bali for 12 weeks. The design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 4 treatments and 4 replications. The treatment consisted of rations without purple sweet potato waste flour as a control (A), and rations containing 5% purple sweet potato waste flour (B), 10% (C), and 15% (D). Each experimental unit consisted of 10 chickens aged 65 weeks. After one month of treatment, 96 eggs were taken to be stored. The variables observed were egg weight, egg pH, egg specific gravity, egg yolk color, eggshell thickness, egg white percentage, egg yolk percentage, egg white index, egg yolk index, and haugh units (HU). The research results showed that giving purple sweet potato waste flour did not reduce egg quality in the variables of egg weight, egg pH, egg specific gravity, egg yolk percentage, egg white index, and egg yolk index during 5 weeks of storage. A decrease in egg quality occurs in egg yolk color, eggshell thickness, egg white percentage, and Haugh Units (HU). It can be concluded that providing purple sweet potato waste flour in the ration can maintain the quality of Lohmann brown chicken eggs stored for 5 weeks.

Synthesis and Characterization of K2O/ACT Catalyst for Biodiesel Production from Beef Fat Waste

The increasing use of petroleum as fuel has depleted fuel, so alternative fuels such as biodiesel are needed because they are environmentally friendly and come from vegetable and animal sources. Therefore, this article presents biodiesel production from beef fat using a K2O/ACT heterogeneous base catalyst derived from egg shells. The Eggshell becomes a CaO catalyst after 3 hours of calcination at 900°C. The K2O/ACT catalyst was synthesized by impregnating CaO with KOH and characterized using XRD and BET. The K2O/ACT catalyst was compared to the CaO catalyst for transesterification activity under appropriate conditions (reaction temperature 65°C, catalyst loading 3% by weight, oil to methanol molar ratio 1:12, and reaction time 3 hours). The catalytic activity of the catalyst was determined to be 98.40% Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME). The insertion of K2O into the CaO catalyst increases the basicity characteristics, thereby increasing the catalytic activity of transesterification.

Efficient degradation of ciprofloxacin by waste eggshells derived ES/CuS heterostructure under visible light

The transformation of discarded eggshells (ES) into high value-added materials through technological means and the realization of turning waste ES “stone into gold” are of great significance to the environment and sustainable economic development. CuS is a typical semiconductor with broad and powerful light absorption properties, which is widely used in photocatalytic wastewater remediation. However, the high recombination rate of CuS photogenerated electron-hole pairs limits its application. In this study, a novel waste eggshell-derived ES/CuS heterojunction photocatalyst is innovatively constructed using an adsorption-precipitation method to realize the efficient degradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP) under visible light. The results showed that the ES/CuS heterojunction photocatalyst, under visible light irradiation, could degrade CIP (20 mg/L) with a degradation efficiency of 93.7% at 5 h (including 1 h of dark reaction), which compared to the degradation efficiency of CuS (52.3%) its CIP removal was significantly increased by a factor of 1.78, and showed good stability and reusability. The superior CIP degradation performance is mainly attributed to the introduction of ES to improve the separation efficiency of CuS photogenerated carriers and can participate in redox reactions through the formation of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] on the surface of heterojunctions under visible light irradiation, which generation of oxidizing powerful ⋅[Formula: see text] radicals which can also directly oxidize CIP. This work provides a new perspective on the reuse of waste ES and the design of CuS catalysts.

Effects of Moringa oleifera Leaf Meal on Local Guinea Fowl Breeder Hens Performance, Egg Quality, and Blood Parameters

Breeding local guinea fowl has the potential to address protein malnutrition and alleviate poverty in West African countries. The current study aimed to examine the effects of incorporating Moringa oleifera leaf meal into the diet on hematology and biochemical parameters as well as the productive performance of local guinea fowl breeders in Togo. Thus, 512 local guinea fowls (22 weeks of age with an average weight of 1176.7 ± 2.9 g), comprising 384 females and 128 males, were examined for 31 weeks. The fowls were randomly assigned to four dietary groups, namely M0, M1, M2, and M3 containing 0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% of Moringa oleifera leaf meal in diets, respectively. Each group had 4 replicates of 32 fowls. During the study, feed intake, body weight, egg-laying rate, and feed conversion ratio were weekly recorded. Blood samples for hematology and biochemical analysis were taken from 12 females (3/replicate) at 34 and 50 weeks of age. Eggs were collected for the quality evaluation. Results showed that feed intake was comparable across all groups during the rearing period (23 to 33 weeks of age). However, it significantly decreased in fowls of the M2 and M3 during the laying period (34 to 50 weeks of age). The live weight of fowls in M3 was significantly higher than other groups before the laying period. The egg production, yolk ratio, and shell ratio of the birds in the M1 were like that of M0 and higher than that of M2 and M3. The feed conversion ratio was not significantly different between groups during the laying period. However, the albumen ratio and haugh unit were improved by feeding Moringa leaves especially at level 1.5%. The level of white blood cells and lymphocytes decreased by feeding the Moringa leaves at 1%. Neutrophils and platelet levels were comparable across groups. Total proteins, albumin, and transaminases increased in Moringa groups (M1, M2, M3), especially in M3. It was concluded that the use of Moringa oleifera leaves at 0.5% improved egg-laying performance in local guinea fowl. Moreover, 1% and 1.5% of incorporation improved the quality of eggs. Keywords: Blood parameter, Breeder, Guinea fowl, Egg quality, Moringa oleifera

Low-cost eggshell-fly ash adsorbent for phosphate recovery: A potential slow-release phosphate fertilizer

Fly ash (FA) and eggshells (ES) are common solid wastes with significant potential for the recovery of phosphorus from water. This study focuses on synthesizing a low-cost and environmental-friendly phosphate adsorbent called eggshell-fly ash geopolymer composite (EFG) using eggshells instead of chemicals. The CaO obtained from the high-temperature pyrolysis of eggshells provides active sites for phosphate adsorption, and CO2 serves as a pore-forming agent. The phosphate adsorption performance of EFG varied with the eggshell-fly ash ratios and achieved a maximum of 49.92 mg P/g at an eggshell-fly ash ratio of 40 %. The adsorption process was well described by the pseudo-second-order model and the Langmuir model. EFG also exhibited a good regeneration performance through six-cycle experiments and achieved the highest phosphate desorption at pH 4.0. The results of the column experiment showed that EFG can be used as a filter media for phosphorus removal in a real-scale application with low cost. Soil burial test indicated saturated EFG has a good phosphate slow-release performance (maintained for up to 60 days). Overall, EFG has demonstrated to be a promising adsorbent for phosphorus recovery.

Toward the production of biopolyethylene‐based ecocomposites with improved performance: The potential of eggshell particles as an ecological additive

AbstractLow‐density biopolyethylene (BioLDPE) ecocomposites added with particles of eggshell (ES) residue were produced using linear low‐density polyethylene grafted with maleic anhydride (LDPE‐g‐MA) as a compatibilizing agent. BioLDPE/ES and BioLDPE/ES/LDPE‐g‐MA compounds were processed in a twin‐screw extruder, and the specimens were injection molded. Torque rheometry increased and melt flow index reduced more prominently for the BioLDPE/LDPE‐g‐MA biocomposite with 20 phr ES, suggesting higher viscosity. Consequently, there was a higher level of ES particles breakdown, generating greater distribution and dispersion, as verified in optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy images. This finding was supported by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, considering the intense absorption band at 871 cm−1 for BioLDPE/ES (20 phr)/LDPE‐g‐MA biocomposite, indicating a higher level of ES particles dispersion in BioLDPE matrix. Therefore, BioLDPE/ES (20 phr)/LDPE‐g‐MA biocomposite increased the elastic modulus, tensile strength, Shore D hardness, and heat deflection temperature by 51.4%, 16.9%, 16.4%, and 14, 6%, respectively, related to BioLDPE. Additionally, the flexibility was kept as seen in the elongation at break and impact strength, including not fractured during the impact test. Reported results for the biocomposites are valuable mainly for the polymer additive sector, since the ES has the potential to improve BioLDPE properties, expanding the range of applications.

BIOLOGÍA REPRODUCTIVA DEL CHINCHERO ENANO O CHINCHERO EXCAVADOR XIPHORHYNCHUS FUSCUS

Despite recent advances, the knowledge scarcity on Furnariidae forest species reproduction continues to bias ideas and limit the understanding of avian life history. We studied the reproductive biology of the Lesser Woodcreeper (Xiphorhynchus fuscus; Dendrocolaptinae), which nests in tree cavities, to contribute observations toward ideas about evolution and ecology. In the Atlantic Forest of Argentina (2007–2022), we inspected 26 nests (total: 333 visits), color-banded nine adults, conducted 180 h of focal observations at 11 nests, and analyzed patterns of nest survival and parental care using linear models in R. Lesser Woodcreepers laid two or three white eggs (mean±SE = 2.8±0.1; N = 16) on a bed of bark flakes. One adult (possibly female) carried out construction, incubation, feeding, and nest hygiene, but we frequently observed a second adult (possibly male) singing from 'preferred' perches, sometimes approaching the nest tree in response to alarm calls from the nest. Attending adults brought bark to their nests throughout incubation (19 days) and occasionally during nestling (21 days; range: 20–23). In the absence of adults, eggs and young nestlings were left covered with bark. Nest attention (daytime percentage an adult was inside the cavity) was 63±3% during incubation, fell to 38±9% in the first 4 days after hatching, and approximately 0% after nestlings were 10 days old and had open pin feathers. Nestlings were fed almost exclusively arthropods, and the feeding rate increased as brooding declined. Nest survival was 0.984 (95% CI: 0.970–0.992) daily or 0.50 (0.26–0.70) for the nesting period. For four of six broods, when nestlings fledged, a second adult (possibly a male) participated minimally. Our observations cover the mating system and division of parental care in Furnariidae, the advantages of covering eggs and nestlings, and the possibility that males increase parental care during the vulnerable fledgling stage.

EVALUATING TIME SERIES PREDICTION MODELS: EGG PRICES IN MEXICO

Mexico is the world’s largest consumer of eggs, producing 3.05 million Mg in 2021. The high variation in wholesale prices is a feature of the egg production system, which is important to producers and government institutions that need to forecast future prices for activity planning. As a result, it is necessary to propose tools that can reliably predict egg prices. The goal of this paper was to compare the performance of various statistical models by analyzing the time series of egg prices using the Akaike index and forecast error to determine which model best predicts the wholesale price of white eggs. The models evaluated were the autoregressive integrated moving average model (ARIMA), ARIMA with interventions, ARIMA with transfers, and regression with ARIMA errors. Two time series were used: the wholesale price of white eggs, constructed with data from the National System of Information and Market Integration (SNIIM) and the Agrifood and Fisheries Information Service (SIAP), and egg imports, calculated with data from the Economic Information System. The latter was used as an exogenous variable to explain the price of eggs. Both cover the period from January 2006 to December 2021. According to the Akaike index, the model with the best adjustment was ARIMA (0,1,1)(1,0,1)[12] with interventions. In the evaluation of forecast error, the best models were the regression models with ARIMA (1,1,0)(1,0,1)[12] and ARIMA (1,1,0)(1,0,1)[12] errors with transfer.

Productive Performance of Layer Chickens Fed Diets Containing Enzyme Fortified Feather Meal

The research was conducted to investigate the replacement value of enzyme fortified feather meal (EFFM) for fish meal in the layer chicken diets. A total of one hundred and fifty (150) ISA Brown birds of thirty-five (35) weeks old were used for this study. The birds were randomly assigned to five treatment groups in a completely randomized design. Each treatment was replicated three times. In each experiment, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 layer diets were formulated such that diet one (1) contained 0% of enzyme fortified feather meal, while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 contain 1, 2, 3 and 4% levels of EFFM respectively. Each level of EFFM was used to partially replace fish meal in the experimental diet, while treatment effects were assessed over the experimental period. Results obtained showed that the initial weights were similar (P>0.05) between the treatment groups. However, final weight, weight gain and average daily feed intake differed significantly (P<0.05) between treatment groups. Birds on diet T5 had significantly lower egg number than the control, while maintaining similar egg length and shell weight with the control. The egg internal quality characteristics showed that the treatment effects for the yolk height and albumen weight were significantly (P<0.05) reduced in T5 and T4 birds compared to the other groups, while the rest were similar (P>0.05) with each other. Feeding of EFFM forced down (P<0.05) the cost of producing the layer diet per kg of feed with the lowest cost being recorded for T5 (4.00% EFFM). Similar trend was also observed for feed cost/kg of egg produced which was also reduced with increasing inclusion of EFFM in the diets. Thus, the returns from sales were increased as EFFM increased in the poultry diet.

An Experimental Study on Partial replacement of cement with Egg Shell powder in Concrete.

An Experimental Study on Partial replacement of cement with Egg Shell powder in Concrete.

Eggshell microstructure, shell quality indices, mineralogy, and UV–Vis absorbance of domestic eggs of Iran

The structure and quality of eggshells (ES) vary around a mean value depending on different items, and these variations are important in their many industrial and technological applications as will be mentioned (vide infra). Five commercial egg brands of different laying hens are examined and their quality indices, morphological microstructure, elemental composition, and light absorbance at 200–700 nm UV/Vis spectra were compared. The ES layers include a limiting membrane, inner and outer shell membranes, a mammillary layer, a palisade layer, a surface vertical crystal layer, and a bilayer cuticle. The elemental composition of each layer reflects the proteinous or calcified nature of the layers, and various elements, C, O, N, Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, Pb, Sr, Sc, Hf, Co, and La, were found. The weight difference between egg brands was significant, as well as the difference in ES percentage between white and colored eggs. ES weight possessed a positive relationship with the thickness of the calcified layer. So, the ES is heavier and the egg is larger and heavier when the calcified layer is thicker. The calculated average ES index was 7.99% ± 0.16 SE. In all ES samples, the absorbance in UV wavelength spectra (300–350 nm) was slightly higher than in Vis spectra (400 - 700 nm) and their difference was significant. The difference in absorbance of various treatments was significant and mean absorbance was the highest in the after-furnace (ash) samples and was the lowest for acid-treated ones. It seems that turning the ES into ash can improve the absorbance capability, especially in white ESs.

Effects of replacing Na selenite in laying hen feed with selenized glucose on production performance, egg quality, egg selenium content, microbial population, immunological response, antioxidant enzymes, and fatty acid composition

This study aimed to explore the effects of selenized glucose (SeGlu) and Na selenite supplementation on various aspects of laying hens such as production performance, egg quality, egg Se concentration, microbial population, antioxidant enzymes activity, immunological response, and yolk fatty acid profile. Using a 2 × 2 factorial design, 168 laying hens at 27-wk of age were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups with 7 replications. Se source (Na selenite and SeGlu) and Se level (0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg) were used as treatments. When 0.3 mg SeGlu/kg was compared to 0.3 mg Na selenite/kg, the interaction findings revealed that 0.3 mg SeGlu/kg increased egg production percent and shell ash (P < 0.05). When compared to 0.3 mg Na selenite/kg, dietary supplementation with 0.3 and 0.6 mg SeGlu/kg resulted in an increase in albumen height, Haugh unit, and yolk color of fresh eggs (P < 0.05). SeGlu enhanced albumen height, Haugh unit, shell thickness (P < 0.01), albumen index, yolk share, specific gravity, shell ash (P < 0.05) of fresh eggs and shell thickness (P < 0.05) of stored eggs as compared to Na selenite. The interaction showed that 0.6 mg SeGlu/kg enhanced yolk Se concentration while decreasing malondialdehyde levels in fresh egg yolk (P < 0.05). SeGlu enhanced Se concentration in albumen and glutathione peroxidase activity in plasma (P < 0.05) as compared to Na selenite. 0.6 mg Se/kg increased lactic acid bacteria, antibody response to sheep red blood cells, and lowered ∑n-6 PUFA/ ∑n-3 PUFA ratio (P < 0.05). As a result, adding SeGlu to the feed of laying hens enhanced egg production, egg quality, egg Se concentration, fresh yolk lipid oxidation, and glutathione peroxidase enzyme activity.

DYNAMIC MECHANICAL AND STATIC ANALYSIS OF KEVLAR FIBER REINFORCED EPOXY COMPOSITES INCORPORATED WITH EGG SHELL PARTICLE

Research on composite material has been carried out stringently by using various reinforcing elements in the matrix with an intend to replace traditional monolithic materials eventually. In this regard, the Calcium-rich egg shell, which is abundantly available as a solid waste, can be used as a possible filler material for reducing material cost, improving processability, and refining the requisite properties of composite for specific applications with simultaneous reduction of the waste. In this study, the static and dynamic mechanical characteristics of eggshell particle-filled Kevlar/epoxy composites have been investigated. Through stirring with the aid of an Ultrasonicator, different weight percent of NaOH-treated eggshell particles (0, 10, 20 wt. %) of 90 micron sizes are mixed with epoxy to fabricate the composite using the traditional hand-layup method. In comparison to the hybrid composites, the mechanical properties of Kevlar/epoxy (0 wt. % filler) composite demonstrate superior tensile and flexural strength and modulus. However, when the Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and the Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) are accomplished for evaluating the thermal deterioration and viscoelastic characteristics, the hybrid composites demonstrated improvement in overall damping properties including storage modulus and loss modulus along with the thermal stability characteristics. Also, the elongation before failure is more for composite with 10 wt. % (71%) as well as 20 wt.% (18%) filler content with substantial improvement in Inter Laminar Shear Strength. Thus, the presently prepared composite is recommended for weight-sensitive and high-performance engineering applications under elevated temperatures and intense dynamic loading.

Comparative Evaluation of Bioavailability, Efficacy and Safety of MICROCORE NESC® with Calcium Carbonate and Calcium Citrate Malate in Osteopenic and Osteoporotic Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease characterized by loss of bone mass, reduced bone strength and increased bone fragility predisposing to fractures. This study was planned to evaluate the efficacy, safety and relative bioavailability of Microcore NESC® (Natural Egg Shell Calcium) in osteopenia and osteoporotic patients. This was a randomized, open label, parallel group interventional clinical trial which included 60 study participants with osteopenia and osteoporosis who were randomized into three groups (20 each). Group 1-Microcore NESC®, Group 2-Shelcal and Group 3-CCM with 12weeks treatment period. The participants were evaluated for relative oral bioavailability, bone mineral density (BMD), serum osteocalcin, change in VAS pain scale and quality of life-Questionnaires. There was significant improvement in the BMD T scores-post-treatment with MICROCORE NESC® and Shelcal. Higher percentage of improvement in calcium absorption as depicted by an increase in serum calcium levels (10.23%) in the MICROCORE NESC®-treated group when compared to Shelcal (7.7%) and CCM (7.2%). The relative bioavailability of MICROCORE NESC® with respect to Shelcal was 93%. MICROCORE NESC®, has shown a better oral relative bio availability of calcium (93%), better improvement of BMD T score compared to Shelcal and CCM. The general health status has improved to very good/excellent in 83% of patients in MICROCORE NESC®-treated group. Thus, MICROCORE NESC® can be considered a better and safe calcium supplement, as there are very few side effects observed without any clinically significant abnormalities in lab parameters.

Eggshell as a biotemplate for the synthesis of layered porous carbon by co-pyrolysis with eucalyptus leaves

Based on its substantial specific surface area (SSA), quick ion transport path, and excellent pore structure, biomass carbon is a common ingredient in energy storage materials. In this study, hierarchical porous carbon was fabricated by the hard template method, using eucalyptus leaves (EL) as raw material, eggshells (ES) obtained from biomass waste act as a green biotemplating agent, and through co-pyrolysis technology to acquire high-value biomass carbon materials. A large SSA with a hierarchical porous structure displayed a honeycomb appearance obtained by adding eggshells in appropriate proportions. The ELES0.25 electrodes demonstrated a specific capacitance (Cs) of 310 F g−1 (0.5 A g−1) and 232 F g−1 (20 A g−1) in a three-electrode system, which displayed a capacitance retention of 74.8% with an outstanding electrochemical stability. The assembled ELES0.25//ELES0.25 symmetric supercapacitor displays a desirable energy density of 7.35 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 65 W kg−1 and preserves a capacitance retention of 97.38% after a charge/discharge cycle for 10,000 times. This research on ES acts as the biological template for assisted pyrolysis synthesis of porous carbon and proposes a novel approach for the clean and effective use of biomass waste.

Production Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils Using Duck Egg Shell Catalyst

Population growth causes energy needs to increase. Energy needs in Indonesia currently still depend on petroleum fuel. This research aims to determine the effect of the concentration of adding catalyst from egg shells on the production of biodiesel and determine the quality of biodiesel produced using egg shell catalyst. This research was carried out in 2 stages, namely catalyst preparation and the biodiesel manufacturing process. In catalyst preparation, egg shells that have been washed clean are then dried and crushed, then calcined using a furnace at a temperature of 1000°C for 7 hours. Next is the stage of making biodiesel using the conventional method which is carried out with variations in catalyst concentration of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% (w/w). The research results showed that the best product yield was 78% at a concentration of 3% in 2 hours with a specific gravity of 0.889 gr/cm3 and a viscosity of 5.74 cSt.

Effect of Storage Period on the health of Selected Eggs of Domestic Birds in Bayelsa State, Nigeria

The marketing of eggs must follow a standard that will check production and storage against the expiration date. There is a need to evaluate the storage period and the health nature of the eggs of domestic birds from different poultry farms in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. A total of 135 eggs were collected aseptically, 3 each from 5 domestic birds in 3 different poultry farms. These eggs were collected on different storage days (1–7, 8–14, and 15–21) and weighed to ensure their healthy nature. The weight of the different eggs was weighed with an electronic weighing balance and compared among storage days. The result showed that the weight of eggs collected from days 1–7 recorded a mean value, ranging from 54.5±1.0-70.6±0.7g for whole egg, 27.0±0.6-37.5±0.9g for Albumin, 20.1±1.2- 24.7±0.3g for egg York and 5.4±0.3-11.2±0.9g for egg shell. For days 8-14, the weight ranging from 48.8±0.4-64.1±0.4g for whole egg, 24.4±0.1-33.0±1.1g for Albumin, 18.2±0.5-24.3±0.3g for egg York and 6.0±0.2-9.5±0.4g for egg shell. The weight of egg recorded for days 15-21, ranges from 43.5±0.6- 60.6±0.9g for whole egg, 20.8±0.6-30.5±0.8g for Albumin, 16.3±0.6-23.6±0.7g for egg yolk and 5.3±0.1-8.9±0.1g for egg shell. The effects of egg weight and qualities do not significantly decrease within days 1–7, but dramatically decrease from days 8–14 and days 15–21 of storage. The weight of eggs increases with egg size and decreases with an increase in storage period

Omega-3 content and sensory evaluation of scrambled eggs from two strains of laying hens fed diets enriched with alpha-linolenic acid

The objective of the study was to assess the accumulation of omega-3 (n-3) fats and the sensory quality of scrambled eggs from two strains of laying hens (brown and white) given omega-3 enriched diets. The design of this research was a completely randomized block design, with a 3 × 2 factorial. A total of 24 Hy-Line brown and 24 Hy-Line white were fed three experimental diets. The alphalinolenic acid (18:3n3, ALA) levels of the dietary treatments were either low (0.3%), moderate (3.0%), or high (6.0%) with the linoleic acid (18:2n6, LA) level kept constant at approximately 4%en. The results showed that dietary supplementation of ALA enhanced n-3 fats and had no impact (P&gt;0.05) on sensory properties including oily odour, butter aroma, sulphur aroma, taste, flavour, or off-flavour of scrambled eggs. Diets high in ALA resulted in Scrambled eggs with less intense egg aroma compared to those given diets with low or moderate ALA. Eggs of brown hens had a significantly stronger egg aroma, butter flavour, and sulphur flavour (P&lt;0.05) compared to white eggs. In conclusion, the dietary inclusion of 3.0% ALA was discovered to be optimum with respect to the accumulation of n-3 fats and the sensory properties of the eggs.

Karakteristik Sensorik Telur Asin dengan Pemberian Tepung Daun Jeruk Purut (Citrus Hystrix)

Eggs are a food ingredient with a relatively high protein content and have complete amino acids, unsaturated fats, vitamins and minerals that the body needs and are easy to digest. Eggs are always available throughout the year, but the fact is that egg shells crack easily, relative humidity and temperature in the storage room can affect the quality of eggs and cause chemical and microbiological changes so preservation efforts are needed to maintain the quality of the eggs. Salted eggs are a way to preserve eggs which has the benefit of improving the taste and the texture of the egg yolk. The addition of kaffir lime leaf flour is one of the diversification methods for processing salted eggs. The aim of this research was to determine the sensory characteristics of salted eggs by administering kaffir lime leaf flour. The experimental research used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments, namely S0: 0% kaffir lime leaf flour, S1: 15% kaffir lime leaf flour, S2: 20% kaffir lime leaf flour, S3: 25% kaffir lime leaf flour, and S4: 30% kaffir lime leaf flour with 5 repetitions. he results of the research showed that salted eggs with 25% kaffir lime leaf flour produced salted eggs that were liked by the panelists in terms of sensory characteristics.

Evaluation of Egg Quality and Performance in Late-Lay Hens Fed Different Combinations of Copper, Manganese, and Zinc Complexed with Sulfate or Amino Acid Ion

Dietary inclusion of copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) can improve egg shell quality through changing the membrane structure. This study aimed to compare the responses of egg shell to different mineral sources. In this study, 60-week-old laying hens (n = 378) were assigned to one of seven treatments with 18 replicates each in an RCBD. Treatments included the following: control (basal + sulfated minerals (CuSO4, MnSO4, and ZnSO4)), and basal + amino acid complexed (AAC) minerals (AAC Cu, AAC Mn, AAC Zn, AAC Cu + Mn, AAC Mn + Zn, AAC Zn + Cu). Trace minerals were added to a basal diet containing 20 ppm MnSO4 and 20 ppm ZnSO4 to achieve overall target concentrations of 20 ppm Cu, 60 ppm Mn, and 60 ppm Zn. The hens were fed the treatment diet for 15 weeks, and egg production and egg quality were assessed during weeks 5, 10, and 15 of the experiment. Egg shells, egg contents, and excreta were analyzed for Cu, Mn, Zn, Ca, and P during weeks 10 and 15. No treatment differences (p &gt; 0.05) were observed for production or egg quality. Differences between excreta mineral content were observed. The mineral content of egg shells and egg contents did not differ (p &gt; 0.05) at any time point. The mineral source did not affect egg mineral deposition and egg quality measures (p &gt; 0.05). Some AAC trace minerals enhanced retention of zinc, calcium, and manganese, although AAC Cu increased Cu excretion. Taken together, feeding AAC trace minerals does not significantly affect egg production or egg quality during the late-lay period. More research is needed to demonstrate whether Cu excretion is increased when feeding AAC Cu due to increased bioavailability or other factors.