Eggshell Powder Research Articles

Effects of Chemical Stabilisation of Eggshells-Lime and Fly-Ash-Cement on the Structural Strength of Subgrade Soil in Rural Roads

This study examines the chemical compositions of eggshell powder (ESP) and lime as the soil stabilisers and compared with the compositions of cement and fly-ash to understand the optimal distribution of chemical stabilisers maximizing the bearing capacity and structural integrity of subgrade soil. Two chemical compositions of ESP-lime and fly-ash-cement with 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% of total mass of soil sample were mixed with 6% and 4% constant ratio of lime and cement, respectively.

Potensi Cangkang Telur Ayam dan Cangkang Telur Bebek sebagai Bioadsorben Logam Pb dari Limbah Cair Industri Farmasi

The pharmaceutical industry liquid waste is one of the wastes that have the potential to produce waste containing heavy metals. One of the highest metal contaminants originating from the pharmaceutical industry is lead (Pb). Pb metal can cause health problems and pollute the environment. One way to treat Pb waste is by the adsorption process using bioadsorbent. The eggshell waste can be used as an adsorbent to absorb heavy metals. The eggshell contains calcium carbonate, therefore it can be used as an adsorbent. This study aims to determine the optimum pH, optimum mixing time, and optimum mass of chicken eggshell powder and duck eggshell powder, and to determine the comparison of the effectiveness of adsorption between chicken eggshell powder and duck eggshell powder as bioadsorbent of heavy metal Pb in pharmaceutical industry wastewater by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) at a wavelength of 283.3 nm. The results showed that the eggshell samples had the optimum pH at pH 4, the optimum mixing time was 45 minutes, and the optimum mass was 125 mg, with the effectiveness of Pb adsorption of 92.75%. While the duck eggshell samples obtained the optimum pH at pH 2, the optimum mixing time was 30 minutes, and the optimum mass was 125 mg, with the effectiveness of Pb adsorption of 93.66%. Chicken and duck eggshells have the potential to be used as an alternative bioadsorbent in wastewater treatment.

Utilization of Chicken Eggshell Waste: A Potential Calcium Source for Incorporation into Vegetable Soup Mix

Calcium, an important mineral in bones, is widely available in the form of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) in eggshells. However, tonnes of eggshells have been wasted every year all around the globe. The current work was aimed at valorizing the eggshell waste and incorporating it as an alternative Ca source for calcium deficient people. Soup mixes (named 1-5) were formulated by varying the ratio of starch (4-12 g) and vegetables (2-10 g) along with the constant quantity of mushroom and eggshell powder. The formulated soup mix was assessed for physiochemical properties and proximate analysis. The results showed that the soup mix 4 with 4 g vegetables, 10 g corn starch, 1 g onion, and garlic, 2 g salt and sugar, 2 g mushroom, and 1 g eggshell powder was found similar to the commercial soup mix along with 3069.095 mg/kg calcium content which meets individuals' RDA requirement. The results suggest that the formulated soup mix can act as a proper preload for all individuals and is used as a supplement for commercial calcium foods. Further research is required to increase the soup's acceptability, its bioavailability, and shelf stability.

Recycling and Utilization Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Materials to Stabilize Aeolian Sand

Municipal solid waste management is a global concern due to the growth rate of population and urbanization. This paper aims to determine the possibility of utilization of municipal solid wastes such as fired clay brick powder (FCBP), eggshell powder (ESP), and recycled glass powder (RGP) for the stabilization of aeolian sand. Using such green binders can eliminate the perils associated with inappropriate waste disposal. Different combinations of FCBP, ESP, and RGP were added to the soil, and two activators (KOH and NaOH) were used to study the effects on its engineering and chemical properties. The effects of various parameters were investigated based on unconfined compression strength tests (UCS), pH tests, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests. The results revealed that using all of these three precursors leads to the co-existence of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel with the geopolymeric gel (N-A-S-H) and provides the highest UCS value. According to the obtained results, NaOH had a better ability to dissolve the precursors' particles than KOH, resulting in better polymerization. The optimum composites found in the research had a 91-day UCS of 5.32 MPa, which are suitable for the base material in pavement construction.

Ground palm oil fuel ash and calcined eggshell powder as SiO2–CaO based accelerator in green concrete

Some applications in the construction industry such as precast concrete demand for early strength development. This is normally achieved using accelerator, but most accelerators in the market contain chemicals that adversely affect the environment. This study proposes the incorporation of ground palm oil fuel ash (GPOFA) and eggshell powder (ESP) derived from agriculture and aviculture wastes as bio-accelerator. GPOFA contains high level of silicon dioxide (SiO2) while ESP has high calcium oxide (CaO) content that are responsible for early and later strength development in concrete, respectively. The engineering, chemical and mineral properties of the resultant green concrete were evaluated and discussed. The GPOFA-ESP accelerator had enhanced the mechanical and durability of the concrete when compared to a normal concrete mix. Three types of ESP had been prepared and blended with GPOFA, namely the uncarbonized eggshell powder (UC-ESP), carbonized eggshell powder (C-ESP) and decarbonized eggshell powder (DC-ESP). The combination of 15% GPOFA and 5% DC-ESP resulted in a concrete with the highest average compressive strength, flexural strength and splitting tensile strength consistently over a 90-day curing period. The concrete also had the smoothest surface, highest resistance to chloride and sulphate attack. Thus, this study strongly proposes further research into this GPOFA-ESP combination as concrete accelerator to contribute towards a more sustainable future.

INFLUENCE OF CHICKEN EGGSHELL POWDER AS AN ALTERNATIVE COAGULANT ON THE YIELD AND TEXTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TOFU

Daily consumption of chicken eggs produces a vast number of eggshells byproducts which are a rich source of calcium salt. This paper investigated the potential of eggshell powder from eggshell byproducts as an alternative coagulant in the tofu preparation process. The eggshell powder was successfully obtained and analyzed with calcium salt (CaCO3) of 74.7% followed by calcium of 17.48%. Liquid nigari as a coagulant was evaluated and showed better tofu yield (143.24 ± 1.68 g/ 100 g) at 2% of addition to the soybean milk. The tofu prepared with 2% liquid nigari and 0.25% eggshell powder showed a higher yield (154.79 ± 3.56 g/100 g) as well as the improvement of texture profile of resulting tofu with hardness of 19.1 ± 2.02 N, cohesiveness of 0.26, and springiness of 13.5 ± 0.06 mm. The studied tofu was obviously observed to have better textural characteristics than two samples of tofu prepared by traditional methods. The result suggested that eggshell powder could be a promising alternative coagulant for tofu preparation.

An automated software development for analysis of the morphological-tensile property relationship in egg shell bio-based particulate composites using machine learning algorithms

This work explored the importance of quantitative observation through imaging methods of optical and electron microscopies on the mechanical properties of particulate polymeric composites. Egg shell powder (ESP) reinforced polypropylene carbonate (PPC) polymeric composites with different filler weight percentage (wt.%) from 1 to 5 wt.% were considered. A cost-effective Image Analysis Software (IAS) was developed to extract black particles from the original optical images. During this process, the optimal image can be reproduced based on its originality by controlling the threshold values from 0.1 to 0.6 in real time situation. Using one-dimensional (1D) Gaussian distribution analysis, the authentication of the particle distribution data was studied and linked to the tensile strength of the composites. The mean value of the particle area collected from the left and right side of the scattered curves has a significant effect on the tensile strength of the composites. The proposed model was validated by comparing the predicted statistical results with the measured tensile strength for different wt.% of ESP composites. From the results obtained, a close agreement of 99% accuracy was observed between the experimental results and the proposed model for the tensile strength of the composites. The innovative study provides more practical and quantitative knowledge on improved particulate polymeric composites, in addition to the detection of failure processes through optical/electron microscopic examination of images. Evidently, the proposed cost effective, accurate and less stressful model can be employed by several composite-based industries to correlate the tensile strengths of particulate polymeric composites with their morphological properties.

Mechanical Behaviour and Impact of Various Fibres Embedded with Eggshell Powder Epoxy Resin Biocomposite.

Natural fiber composites are becoming an alternate material to synthetic fiber composites, and the use of eggshell bio-filler has been explored in polymer composites as environmental protection. Jute, coir, and sisal fibers were utilized in this research to make composites out of natural fibers. Polymer composites were made using epoxy resin with different amounts of eggshell powder (ESP) as fillers (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% of weight). The mechanical and biodegradability properties of the synthesized composites were investigated. The testing results showed that composites with an optimum percentage of 6% ESP as filler improved mechanical characteristics significantly in all three fiber composites. Among the three fibers, coir fiber with 6% ESP added showed a substantial increase in tensile, flexural, impact, and hardness strength properties by 34.64%, 48.50%, 33.33%, and 35.03%, respectively. In addition, the percentage weight loss of coir fiber composites at 9 weeks is noteworthy in terms of biodegradability testing. As a result, epoxy composites containing eggshell fillers could be employed in applications requiring better tensile, flexural, impact, and hardness strength.

Thermoluminescence of hydroxyapatite from eggshell powders doped with Dy synthesized by the sonication chemical method: Effects of doping concentration and heating rate

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) was selected as the host material and synthesized using a sonication chemical method. The effect of Dy3+ ion doping concentrations (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 10 wt%) on the structure and thermoluminescence was examined. The TL properties of Dy3+ doped HAP were also studied, including dose response, repeatability, and heating rate. Based on the glow curves of samples with a heating rate of 2 °C/s after beta irradiation to 20 Gy, three effective peak maxima appeared to make up the glow curves located at around 84, 190, and 318 °C. However, four levels of activation energy were observed by Tm-Tstop analysis. The kinetic analysis of four peaks obtained via computerized glow curve deconvolution revealed trap depths of 0.80, 0.95, 1.20, and 1.51 eV, with corresponding frequency factors of 1010, 1011, 1012, and 1011 s−1, respectively. Parallel investigations using the initial rise and variable heating rate approaches yielded comparable trap depth estimates. The dose dependence of the glow curves was determined to be linear across the 0.1–20 Gy range.

Analysis and prediction of abrasion wear properties of glass–epoxy composites filled with eggshell powder

Eggshell is a by-product of the poultry industry and a common kitchen waste. Being rich in calcium, it can be used as a potential reinforcing agent for fabricating wear-resistant polymer composites. The present research uses the conventional hand-lay-up technique to fabricate hybrid glass-epoxy composites consisting of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt.% of eggshell powder, respectively. The prepared composites are characterized by their physical and mechanical properties. Dry-sliding wear trials on the composite samples are conducted as per Taguchi's L25 design following ASTM G99 05. The results revealed that while the density and volume fraction of voids and resistance to wear of the glass-epoxy composites increase with the eggshell content, the mechanical strength values decrease. The analysis of wear test results concluded that the control factors like filler content and sliding velocity significantly affect the wear rate, but the effect of abrasion distance and normal load is very marginal. Based on the experimental outcomes, a predictive model working on fuzzy logic is implemented to predict the specific wear rate (SWR) of the composites at a wide range of significant control factors within the test domain. It is observed that the SWR increases with sliding velocity and decreases with filler content. The analysis resulted in the optimal factor setting as sliding velocity 30 cm/s, abrasion distance 300 m, normal load 5 N, and eggshell content 20 wt.%, which are responsible for the minimum wear. Further, the mechanisms of wear loss have been studied using a scanning electron microscope.

Development of Eco-Friendly Mortars Produced with Blast Furnace Slag, Calcined Eggshell and Brick Waste: Mechanical Behavior and Microstructure Assessment

The granulated blast furnace slag exhibits pozzolanic reactivity when combined with appropriate activator and can be used in a wide range as cement replacement. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect on the mechanical and microstructure properties of incorporating admixture composed by granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS), calcined eggshell (CES), and brick waste (BW), as replacement of cement in the formulation of mortar. Ten different mixes of mortar prismatic specimens were tested with different replacement levels of raw materials (50, 75, and 100%). The results show that the increase in the proportion of raw materials decreases significantly drying shrinkage, dry unit weight and strengths of mixtures mortar compared to control mortar at early age. The decrease in strengths is less important in the long term due the development of pozzolanic reaction. Moreover, the water absorption and open porosity were increased for all cases. The microscopic analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) shows that the proportion of 15% of calcined eggshell powder in admixture, provides more Calcium Silicate Hydrate gel (C-S-H) in the internal cementitious matrix of the mortar, which explains the best mechanical strength provided by this mixture.

Testing and modeling methods to experiment the flexural performance of cement mortar modified with eggshell powder

Sustainable development might be promoted if waste eggshells are used in cement-based materials (CBMs) by decreasing waste disposal problems, CO2 emissions, and material costs. In this regard, experimental and machine learning (ML) strategies were used to assess the flexural strength (FS) of CBMs comprising waste eggshell powder (ESP). Initially, experimental methods were carried out to evaluate the FS of ESP-based CBMs. The acquired data was utilized to predict the FS by applying ML algorithms like a decision tree and an AdaBoost regressor. The efficacy of ML techniques was measured by comparing experimental and predicted FS and applying statistical checks and k-fold evaluations. The experiment outcomes demonstrated that the FS of CBMs was improved by the inclusion of ESP at lower replacement ratios. Additionally, based on the assessment of modeling results, the AdaBoost regressor model demonstrated a higher exactness in estimating the FS of CBMs containing ESP compared to the decision tree model. The assessment of error readings also indicated the higher precision of the AdaBoost regressor model than the decision tree. According to the feature importance analysis, the fine aggregate was the component with the lowest impact for FS, whereas cement had the prime impact. The findings showed that as opposed to using ESP as a cement replacement, using ESP as an FA replacement to keep FA in less quantity and cement in larger quantity would result in enhanced strength. The construction industry can gain from ML techniques since they allow for more time- and cost-effective approaches to assessing material attributes.

Pengaruh Penggunaan Serbuk Kulit Cangkang Telur Sebagai Subsitusi Parsial Semen Terhadap Kuat Tekan Beton

Concrete is a construction material that is the result of a combination of cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and water mixed together. The work of making concrete can be added an additional material for the benefit of construction work. In this study, 12 test objects (BU) were made using a mold in the form of a cylindrical diameter of 15 cm and a height of 30 cm. The tests carried out were in the form of testing the compressive strength of concrete at the age of 20 days, data analysis, simple linear regression analysis and hypothesis testing f, t test, significance test. The results showed that the variation of eggshell powder, the percentages of 0%, 5% and 10%, increased with an average value of the compressive strength of concrete by and while the variation of 20% experienced a decrease in the simple regression equation Y = 14210.600 + (- 2,957) from In the equation, the variable (X) is the higher the variation of eggshell powder, the (Y) will decrease the compressive strength obtained.

Morphology and microstructure of waste material-based geopolymer with flyash, eggshell powder, and soft soil

The morphological and microstructural evolution of flyash (FA), eggshell powder (ESP), and soft soil (S) geopolymer was studied. The variable parameters for synthesis was precursor concentration (10 %, 20 %, 30 %, 40 %, and 50 %) in soft soil, whereas ESP:FA ratio as 50:50, Na2SiO3:NaOH ratio as 70:30, and curing condition as 50 °C for 7 days were the fixed parameters. The effect of these parameters on the geopolymerization was explained using field emission gun-scanning electron microscopy including an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer and mapping. The calcium aluminate silicate hydrate gel co-existed along with the highest cementitious product. The geopolymeric gel structure filled the voids between soft soil particles and reinforced the whole matrix.

A review on the scope of using calcium fluoride as a multiphase coating and reinforcement material for wear resistant applications

Solid lubricants play a vital role in the smooth and safe operation of many tribological industrial applications like cutting and forming tools, rolling and sliding contact bearings, gears, cams and protective coating in gas turbine engines for aerospace applications. Generally liquid lubricants are widely used for reducing the friction between the contacting parts which reduce the wear rate and increase the life of the parts. However, these liquid lubricants become useless when they are exposed to high temperature, high pressure and vacuum environmental conditions. Solid lubricants are those materials that can suitably reduce the friction and wear between the contacting or sliding surfaces that are in extreme environments like low and high temperature and pressure. Among the different types of solid lubricants, calcium fluoride is widely used owing to its excellent lubricity at elevated temperature. This paper initially describes the criteria for selecting solid lubricant and provides a comprehensive summary on calcium fluoride solid lubricant which can be used as a coating material in various high temperature metal and ceramic matrix composites for wear resistant applications. Further, investigations related to the selection of optimized coating parameters, synerging multiphase solid lubricants and soft metals with optimal percentage, selection of filler materials, mismatch in coefficient of thermal expansion and its impact on coating life are summarised and discussed. Finally, the scope of synthesizing calcium fluoride solid lubricant from discarded eggshell powders is explored.

Experimental investigation of pineapple fiber and calcinated poultry egg shell powder epoxy composites

Experimental investigation of pineapple fiber and calcinated poultry egg shell powder epoxy composites

Experimental Investigation on combined effect of eggshell powder and sugarcane bagasse ash as mineral admixture in concrete

Today, the world needs a substitute material for cement because the Co2 emission is high while the production of cement. This research presents the test results of the combined effect of eggshell powder (ESP) and sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) as a partial substitute for cement in concrete. It includes properties of the concrete in compressive strength, work efficiency and setting time. The utilization of poultry-industrial and agro-industrial waste in construction supports both material waste manipulation environmental protection. This research was carried out to determine the optimum replacement percentage of SCBA and ESP in concrete. It focuses on the behaviour of high-strength concrete with life analysis with SCBA and ESP as an alternative pozzolanic substance. SCBA added with a control ratio of 10%, 20%, 30% and ESP added with 5% in all mix proportions and the mechanical properties, the microstructure compared with control mix. Obtained for the two compounds and shows that 20% SCBA and 5% ESP replacement can be done to some extent to get the best output when compared to control mix results. Therefore, numerous tests were performed toward the samples, including the compression test, split tensile and flexure test. Based on previous research, the strength of concrete decreased as it was replaced with a higher replacement of eggshell powder. Partial replacement of SCBA and ESP in cement also helps to minimize environmental degradation.

Vermicomposting of cow dung amended with eggshell powder: Possible roles of eggshell powder on the growth models of Serendipita indica, wheat growth and performances and soil enzymes activity

Vermicomposting of cow dung amended with eggshell powder: Possible roles of eggshell powder on the growth models of Serendipita indica, wheat growth and performances and soil enzymes activity

The effectiveness of polypeptides from phosvitin and eggshell membrane in enhancing the bioavailability of eggshell powder calcium and its accumulation in bones

The low-calcium-specific pathogen-free C57BL/6 (SPF–C57BL/6) mice were used to explore the effectiveness of phosvitin phosphopeptides (PPPs) and eggshell membrane peptides (EMPs) in improving the intestinal calcium absorption and promoting bone deposition of eggshell calcium (ESCa). Intake of ESCa + PPPs + EMPs significantly down regulated the abnormal elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) induced by calcium deficiency. The CaCO3 group had lower calcium absorption rate (34.34%) and femur bone mineral density (BMD) (0.13 g/cm3), while the ESCa + PPPs + EMPs treatment significantly improved calcium absorption rate (55.01%) and femur BMD (0.15 g/cm3). The three-dimensional reconstruction images of mice femur showed that the ESCa + PPPs + EMPs group had a more complete, compact, and thicker trabecular structure than the low-calcium, CaCO3, and ESCa groups. These results indicated that the ESCa is a low-cost alternative calcium supplement to achieve adequate calcium intake, and the presence of polypeptides, such as PPPs and EMPs, is more beneficial to calcium absorption and deposition than the ESCa.

Ensiling water hyacinth for enhanced biomethane production: effect of co‐ensiling with maize straw and eggshell powder as additive

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe invasion of water hyacinth (WH) on water bodies comes with adverse consequences for humans and the environment. Using WH as a substrate for affordable and clean energy production is one way of controlling the invasiveness of the aquatic plant. In this study, ensiling was carried out with and without the addition of maize straw (MS) and eggshell powder (ES) to determine the effect of higher total solids (TS) and butyric acid contents on the biomethane potential (BMP) of WH. The silages were stored at ambient temperature for 210 days. The kinetics of biomethane production was determined using three different kinetic models.RESULTSEnsiled WH without MS and ES had a reduced BMP after 210 days. However, a combination of higher TS (40%) and butyric acid contents, resulting from the addition of MS and ES, significantly increased the BMP of WH by 64% after 210 days of ensiling. The kinetic study showed that the dual‐pool kinetic model described the BMP of ensiled and co‐ensiled WH better than the first‐order and modified Gompertz models.CONCLUSIONSIncreasing TS and butyric acid contents by co‐ensiling with MS and ES is a low‐cost and sustainable method of enhancing biomethane production from WH. In this way, the invasive nature of WH can be effectively controlled (since a large quantity can be harvested and stored) and circular economy can be enhanced through the effective utilization of waste. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).