Eggshell Nanoparticles Research Articles

The influence of eggshell nanoparticles as a partial replacement of cement in concrete

The influence of eggshell nanoparticles as a partial replacement of cement in concrete

Development and characterization of PLA nanocomposites reinforced with bio-ceramic particles for orthognathic implants: Enhanced mechanical and biological properties

The clinical application of osteofixation materials is crucial for maxillofacial reconstruction and orthognathic surgeries. To overcome the limitations of traditional metallic implants, bioabsorbable materials are gaining popularity due to their ability to avoid secondary removal surgeries and reduce stress shielding. This study investigates third-generation biomaterials, focusing on polylactic acid (PLA) for its biocompatibility and biodegradability, and hydroxyapatite (HAP) for its bioactive osteoconductive and bioresorbable properties. Eggshell nanoparticles (ES-NP), HAP, and bioinert alumina particles coated with titanium dioxide (TiO2@Al2O3) were prepared using ball milling, co-precipitation, and sol-gel methods, respectively. PLA-based nanocomposites PLA/ESNP/Al2O3 (PEA), PLA/HAP/Al2O3 (PHA), PLA/ESNP/TiO2@Al2O3 (PEAT), and PLA/HAP/TiO2@Al2O3 (PHAT) were fabricated via solvent casting. Characterization techniques including X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) were used to analyze the developed nanoparticles and composites. Results indicated PEAT and PHAT composites exhibited tensile strengths of 33.59 ± 0.38 MPa and 32.46 ± 0.46 MPa, tensile moduli of 1756.17 ± 95.43 MPa and 2367.21 ± 158.84 MPa, and shore d hardness values of 84.10 ± 1.45 SHN and 78.00 ± 2.25 SHN, respectively. Both composites achieved a wettability angle of ∼65° and surface roughness below 2.19 μm, enhancing osteoblast adhesion. Additionally, MG63 cell viability was approximately 80 %, and hemolysis rates were below 2.17 %, demonstrating their potential for maxillofacial implant applications.

Bioceramic filled PLA based nanocomposites for biomedical application: An experimental investigation

Orthopedic implants require innovative biodegradable materials to eliminate the need for a second surgery post-healing and to counteract the stress shielding issues associated with conventional metallic implants. Polylactic acid (PLA) was chosen for its biocompatibility and biodegradability within the human body. Hydroxyapatite (HAP) and eggshell nanoparticles (ESNPs) were selected as bioceramics due to their similarity to the major constituents of human bone. In the present study, ESNPs were prepared through a ball mill. HAP and Mg particles coated with TiO2 (TiO2@Mg) were synthesized through chemical precipitation and the sol-gel technique, respectively. Subsequently, four samples were prepared: PLA/ESNP/Mg (PEM), PLA/HAP/Mg (PHM), PLA/ESNP/TiO2@Mg (PEMT), and PLA/HAP/TiO2@Mg (PHMT) using the solvent casting process. The addition of Mg demonstrated an enhancement of degradation rates, and TiO2@Mg served to eliminate hydrogen release from Mg. The confirmation of synthesized NPs and PLA nanocomposites was validated through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) analysis. The prepared PEMT and PHMT showed tensile strength (42.70 ± 7.55 MPa and 31.57 ± 3.84 MPa), tensile modulus (1624.49 ± 155.05 MPa and 1674.25 ± 87.04 MPa), and shore D hardness (79.41 ± 2.40 SHN and 77.81 ± 3.18 SHN), respectively. The findings showed that PEMT and PHMT composites exhibited enhanced surface roughness, hydrophilicity, degradation rate, and swelling behavior compared to PEM and PHM samples. Moreover, the viability of MG63 cells cultured in different diluted extracts of both samples reached approximately 80 %, indicating no observable cytotoxicity and a hemolysis rate of less than 1.4 %, indicating the potential for use in maxillofacial region implants.

The suitability of eggshell for improving the performance of water-based drilling mud in a high-temperature well

The selection of water-based mud for drilling a high-temperature and high-pressure (HTHP) well is the choice of many drilling mud engineers. This choice of mud is more attractive because it is cost-effective, eco-friendly, and easy to prepare but its reliability for drilling shale formations and geothermal resources optimally depends on the design and inclusion of the necessary additives to the drilling fluid. An HPHT-resistant deficiency of the drilling mud has been an age-long jeopardy of the development of a harsh elevated temperature reservoirs such as geothermal formation. Consequently, it has become imperative to innovate a thermal resistance material that is capable of serving as an additive and ensuring thermal stability for drilling mud through the drilling operation at the desired temperature ranges. Studies reported in the literature have revealed that, eggshell nanoparticles (ESN) withstand a lot of heat and at the same time retain their properties under extreme conditions. This study examines the viability of employing eggshells to enhance the efficiency of water-based drilling fluid in elevated-temperature wells. ESN was added at various weighted amounts to the petroleum industry's approved mud composition for an elevated temperature well to design eggshell-boosted water-based mud samples. In accordance with the American Petroleum Institute (API) mud test technique, evaluation of the prepared mud samples was done by performing filtration, and rheological tests under HPHT conditions. The outcomes of the study show how ESN helps water-based drilling mud to withstand drilling operations in elevated temperature formations by delaying thermal degradation up to 270 °C. Specifically, the Fluid sample with 5 lb./bbl of ESN exhibited an 8 % reduction in HPHT filtrate vol when compared with an equal volume of commercial calcium carbonate (CCC), while a larger quantity of ESN (6 lb./bbl) yielded a 17 % reduction. Additionally, the inclusion of 5 lb./bbl of ESN was observed to be more effective than an equal quantity of CCC at 250 °C as it yielded a 28 % increase in 10 min gel strength. However, the rheological properties of 5 lb./bbl of ESN were not as effective as CCC at low-pressure low-temperature (LPLT) conditions which may be due to the presence of organic matter as a constituent of ESN at any temperatures below 200 °C.

The Effect of Eggshell Nanoparticles Combined with Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Permeability of Dentinal Tubules After Exposure to Wear Challenges

The Effect of Eggshell Nanoparticles Combined with Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Permeability of Dentinal Tubules After Exposure to Wear Challenges

Method of Producing Eggshell-Derived Nanoparticles for Various Applications: A Review

The utilization of eggshells as an adsorbent material for diverse applications has garnered considerable attention among researchers. The incorporation of eggshell nanoparticles holds promise in enhancing reaction efficiency by virtue of their increased surface area. Consequently, this review focuses on the fabrication of materials at the nanoparticle scale in general, with a specific emphasis on eggshells. Two primary approaches for nanoparticle synthesis, namely top-down and bottom-up methods, exist. Within this review, particular attention is given to the top-down method, which encompasses mechanical milling, sputtering, and laser ablation method. Notably, despite the superior nanoparticle sizes produced through the laser ablation method, most researchers currently opt for ball milling, ultrasound, and microwave irradiation to synthesize eggshell nanoparticles. A comparative analysis of each method’s efficacy in preparing eggshell nanoparticles is also presented. In conclusion, eggshell waste exhibits potential as an environmentally valuable material, amenable to various synthesis methods.

Recycled eggshell waste in zinc-rich epoxy coating for corrosion protection of mild steel in a controlled elevated temperature saline environment

Eggshell wastes have attracted interest in the fabrication of anticorrosion coatings due to chemical compositions (high calcite content) and widespread availability. This study presents the use of chemically and thermally treated eggshell nanoparticles as fillers in a zinc-rich epoxy matrix in corrosion protection of mild steel in sodium chloride solution at an elevated temperature. Three samples of zinc-rich coatings containing “as ball-milled” eggshell, chemically and thermally treated eggshell nanoparticles were fabricated to form zinc-rich eggshell nanoparticles epoxy (ZENE) coatings. The structural characterizations indicated that chemical and thermal treatment removed the protein materials from eggshell nanoparticles, leading to a 10-fold increase in electrical conductivities and prolonged the cathodic sacrificial behaviour of the ZENE coatings throughout the immersion period. The electrochemical impedance study of these coatings after immersion in an elevated-temperature corrosive environment showed that chemically-treated eggshells in comparison with thermally-treated ones could effectively remove protein materials from the eggshell nanoparticles. These nanoparticles as fillers in the zinc-epoxy matrix significantly enhanced the anticorrosion performance by improving the cathodic as well as barrier protection properties of the coating. A proposed corrosion protection mechanism of the ZENE coatings in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution revealed that the improved electrical conductivity of the treated eggshell nanoparticles enhanced the galvanic contact at the interstitial spaces between the zinc particles while prolonging the zinc cathodic sacrificial behaviour. Thus, this study demonstrated the sustainable use of eggshell wastes in enhancing the anticorrosion properties of zinc-rich epoxy coatings.

A comparative study of the biological and histological response of eggshell nanoparticles, hesperidin, and calcium hydroxide as direct pulp capping materials: An in vivo study on rat molars

A comparative study of the biological and histological response of eggshell nanoparticles, hesperidin, and calcium hydroxide as direct pulp capping materials: An in vivo study on rat molars

Biofabrication and Characterization Using Egg Shell Nanoparticles and their Haemolytic Analysis: An in-vitro Study

Abstract: Aim/Background: Hydroxyapatite is a bioactive, biocompatible, and osteoconductive component having similar chemical characteristics to bone and tooth mineral components. Due to its porous structure and resistance to high temperatures, hydroxyapatite is commonly used as a catalyst and adsorbent. Eggshells are abundant in calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, and other organic chemicals, making them excellent for CaO production. Materials and Methods: ES-Hap NPs from eggshell through an oil-bath-mediated precipitation technique. Egg shell nanoparticles were manufactured using chemical reagents like ammonia in a silicone oil bath. Preparation using a series of chemical reagents and characterization were done; functional groups were analysed using FTIR; and morphological analysis was analysed using FESEM. Hemolysis analysis was also done. Results: FTIR analysis showed functional PO4 groups, for the ES-Hap NPs at 1015 cm-1 and 563 cm-1, respectively. The XRD results based on crystallinity demonstrated Hap NPs of 20.86 nm. A FESEM investigation established the dimensions of NRs to be 78.15 nm and 221.62 nm, respectively. Crystallite size demonstrated that Hap NPs are comparable to normal human bone and may be employed as regenerative therapies. In addition, the hemolysis testing demonstrated superior blood compatibility compared to chemically manufactured, traditional Hap. Conclusion: These biogenic ES-Hap NPs can be further analysed for antimicrobial properties and in vivo studies, which could be highly beneficial for medical applications. Keywords: Egg shell, Nanoparticles, Hemolytic analysis, XRD, FTIR, FESEM.

Starch wall of urea: Facile starch modification to residue-free stable urea coating for sustained release and crop productivity

Quick leaching of urea fertilizer encourages different coatings, but achieving a stable coating without toxic linkers is still challenging. Here, the naturally abundant bio-polymer, i.e., starch, has been groomed to form a stable coating through phosphate modification and the support of eggshell nanoparticles (ESN) as a reinforcement agent. The ESN offers a calcium ion binding site for the phosphate to cause bio-mimetic folding. This coating retains hydrophilic ends in the core and gives an excellent hydrophobic surface (water contact angle 123°). Further, the phosphorylated starch+ESN led the coating to release only ∼30 % of the nutrient in the initial ten days and sustained for up to 60 days to show ∼90 % release. The stability of the coating has been attributed to its resistance to major soil factors viz., acidity and amylase degradation. The ESN also increases elasticity, cracking control, and self-repairing capacity by serving as buffer micro-bots. The coated urea enhanced the yield of rice grain by ∼10%.

Farm waste-eggshell nanoparticles constitute gel for safe navigation of probiotic across the stomach

Gut microbiota plays an important role in gastrointestinal health, whose colonization through oral application as probiotic faces a major challenge due to harsh acidic conditions in the stomach. Hence, an edible gel constituted of agricultural waste like eggshell particles and pectin is developed to carry the probiotic safely. The eggshell shares the surface calcium ions for gelation, core particle as gel strength reinforcement agent and calcite to neutralize the gastric pH. This robust carrier shows 60% more viability compared to the control. Interestingly, the mechanism of this compact gel formation has been found to involve the structure-directing and functional eggshell proteins. Significant improvement in the polyphenol metabolism has also been observed by this formulation. Scheme: Schematic shows Lactobacillus plantarum navigating across the stomach safely in the eggshell nanoparticles + pectin prebiotic gel.

Effect of Seashell and Eggshell Nanoparticles on Tooth Color Changes after Bleaching Using CIE L*C*H Color Space

BackgroundDemineralization of dental structures is one of the post-bleaching effects. Remineralizing agents are recommended to overcome this problem. Synthesis of biomaterials from natural sources rich in calcium remains a viable and more economical option. Post-remineralization discoloration caused by such materials could disappoint patients who prefer whiter teeth; therefore, the color changes caused by such materials should be a concern during selection of the remineralizing protocol after bleaching.AimThis study aimed to evaluate the effect of seashell and eggshell nanoparticles on tooth color changes after bleaching using CIE L*C*H color space.Materials and MethodsForty natural maxillary incisors were enrolled in this study. Teeth were divided into four groups according to the applied treatment, G1: seashells paste for 2 minutes, G2: eggshells paste for 2 minutes, G3: 2% NaF gel for 1minute, and G4: received no treatment (control), then all specimens were stored in artificial saliva for 24hrs. The color of the specimens was determined according to the CIE L*C*H color space using a spectrophotometer at baseline, after bleaching, and after remineralization. Colors were compared using the ΔL*, ΔC*, and ΔH* parameters as well as the total color difference (ΔE) after bleaching and remineralization.ResultsAfter bleaching; there was a statistically significant difference between the experimental groups for ∆C, ∆H, and ∆E. After remineralization, there was a statistically significant difference in the mean values of ΔL, ΔC, ΔH, and ΔE between groups, the lowest mean value of (ΔE) recorded with eggshells, followed by 2% NaF gel, then seashells, while the highest mean value of ΔE was recorded with the control group.ConclusionsAfter bleaching, nano-eggshells and 2% NaF maintained the post-bleaching color, indicating the recovery of the damaged enamel surface. Enamel treatment using seashells could negatively affect the effectiveness of whitening.

Study of gellan gum films reinforced with eggshell nanoparticles for the elaboration of eco-friendly packaging

Development of eco-friendly materials based on biopolymers and agro-food waste has increased due to severe pollution caused using plastic materials. The aim of this work was to obtain nanoparticles by high-energy milling at different times (1–3 h) from eggshells as they are a source of calcium carbonate and was study using microscopy and spectroscopy techniques. Particle size distribution and mean particle size were determined. After 2 h of milling, the smallest particles (84 ± 40 nm, with 91 % ≤ 100 nm) were obtained. The effect of the addition of eggshell nanoparticles (ENP) at different concentrations (1–3 wt%) on different functional properties of gellan gum (GG) films was studied. The results indicated that addition of ENP (3 wt%) improves hydrophobic, water barrier, mechanical, and thermogravimetric properties of the ENP/GG film in comparison with GG film. X-ray diffraction analysis and infrared spectroscopy provided information to propose a descriptive model to explain the chemical interactions between ENP and GG. Consequently, the films could be used to fabricate eco-friendly materials for use in the food sector in the elaboration of dishes and shockproof protective netting for delicate fruits. • High-energy milling allowed obtaining a large amount of eggshell nanoparticles. • Obtained nanoparticles are mainly constituted of calcium carbonate in the form of calcite. • Chemical interactions between gellan gum and nanoparticles were elucidated. • Eggshell nanoparticles improved the structure-function of gellan gum films.

Eggshell Nanoparticles and Their Effect on Moisture Barrier Properties of Gellan Gum Films by Morphological Analysis

Eggshell Nanoparticles and Their Effect on Moisture Barrier Properties of Gellan Gum Films by Morphological Analysis

Decontamination of Cd2+ and Pb2+ from aqueous solution using a magnetic nanocomposite of eggshell/starch/Fe3O4

In the present study, to remove heavy metal ions Cd2+ and Pb2+ from aqueous solution and industrial effluent, a new magnetic nanocomposite based on eggshell/starch/Fe3O4 nanoparticles was used as an effective adsorbent. FTIR analysis showed that the magnetic composite is well synthesized and has different functional groups that can be effective in the adsorption process. In addition, the VSM test showed that the magnetic nanocomposite had a superparamagnetic property. The BET value for magnetic nanocomposite of eggshell/starch/Fe3O4 nanoparticles was determined to be 35.648 m2/g, higher than eggshell nanoparticles. The maximum decontamination efficiency of Cd2+ (96.38%) and Pb2+ (97.86%) was obtained at pH 7 and 6, respectively, temperature 25 °C, contact time of 60 min, metal concentration of 10 mg/L, and adsorbent dose of 1 g/L. The results showed that the adsorption process of the desired ions using eggshell/starch/Fe3O4 nanoparticles follows a pseudo-second-order and the Langmuir models. The Langmuir capacity for Cd2+ and Pb2+ adsorption using eggshell/starch/Fe3O4 was computed at 48.54 and 57.14 mg/g, respectively. The value of the ∆G° parameter for the adsorption process of Cd2+ and Pb2+ was determined in the span of −20 < ∆G° < 0 kJ/mol, which suggests that the adsorption process was performed physically and spontaneously. The value of the parameter ∆H° was also negative, which confirms the exothermic of the process and indicates that the increase in temperature harms the adsorption process. The adsorbent of this study had vital properties like being economical (due to its recyclability) and practicality for wastewater treatment.

Effect of Eggshell Nanoparticles on Healing Bone Fracture.

Eggshell waste is considered the most abundant waste material from food processing technologies. Despite the freakish features that its components possess, it is very often discarded without further application. Nowadays, most researchers are focusing their research on pollution-free environment, biodegradable character, and balanced ecological aspects while fabricating the composite materials rather than mechanical strengths, costs, and processing methodologies. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the eggshell nanoparticles on the enhanced treatment of a bone fracture. The samples included 10 healthy female New Zealand white rabbits with an average body weight of 3 kg and age of 4 months years old. The animals were kept in an open place. All these ten rabbits had a fracture by making a surgical operation conducted by opening and excluding the muscle and anther tissue, followed by cutting the bone using a special small saw. After the operational step, the animals were divided into two groups (n=5). The fractures were checked by X-ray. The negative control group was left without treatment, however, was given 0.2 mL intraperitoneal saline injection weekly. The experimental group underwent treatment with 200 mg/kg of calcium carbonate nanoparticles (CaCO3-NPs) for 4 weeks. The animals were sacrificed at the end of the study period to collect organs for histological studies. Considering the results of the radiographic examination before and after treatment with CaCO3-NPs, the recorded data showed the speed of healing in the experimental group, compared to the control group. Regarding the histological study that was carried out on the vital organs, such as the liver, kidneys, heart, and lung, no side effects appeared when comparing the treatment group with the control group, except for some slight changes. In conclusion, the recorded data in the current study demonstrated that CaCO3-NPs had a beneficial effect on the pace of fracture recovery.

Calcium carbonate nanoparticles of quail’s egg shells: Synthesis and characterizations

Abstract Avian eggshell is a natural biomaterial that has been used as an alternative natural source of CaCO3 and is accessible in big amounts from egg manufacturing. This study was planned to estimate CaCO3 in quail’s eggshell because it has a probable use in the progress of a novel choice of many applications. Physical properties: mineralogical documentation of the natural eggshell nanoparticles were approved using XRD and FTIR to explore the chemical bond or molecular structure of the materials. Micrographs were obtained using FESEM/EDX and TEM to identify the morphology and size of nanoparticles. The results showed that quail eggshell was soft, with white to light sand color, and a smooth texture which allows good deposition of different color spots, from black to brown spots. The resulted of eggshells signifies almost 8.4% w/w of the overall weight (12.2) gram of quail egg and 91.60% w/w of the micropowder to the full weight of (0.94) gram of quail eggshell. The results presented that calcium is the main element in an eggshell; frequently occurs in a formula of CaCO3 and the crystal construction was almost pure calcite. FTIR spectra for quail eggshell demonstrated the existence of the out of plane bending, the asymmetric stretching, and the plane bending styles of the carbonate groups, specific of normal dolomite, situated at 873 cm–1, 1405 cm–1, and 710 cm–1, respectively. The FESEM and TEM for nanoparticles were shown calcite CaCO3 nanoparticles with an ordinary size of ≤ 100 nm for FESEM and with a variety size of ≤ 50 nm for TEM. Unfortunately, eggshell is an egg product manufacturing deposit. These incomes will let fast developments in proportional studies of the organic elements of avian eggshell and their purposeful consequences by usages of eggshell in nourishment and medicine which can be applied for many resolutions that diminish their consequence on environmental contamination.

Antibacterial activity with eggshell nano-particles activated by microwave plasma

The eggshell cuticle is the proteinaceous outermost layer of the eggshell which regulates water exchange and protects against entry of micro-organisms. Outer eggshell and cuticle protein was extracted from domestic chicken. The aim of the research is to find out the effect of the treated and untreated nano particles of egg shells with micro wave cold plasma on the effectiveness of E. coli (negative bacteria) that infect the skin and measure the diameter of bacterial inhibition zone, the eggshell has been prepared by a chemical method (sol gel) and measure the level of acidity and the PH is neutral. The result of Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) shows that the particles diameters become smaller with nano-particles solution than for egg shell tests (powder). The nano-particles solution for egg shell exposed to cold plasma. The microwave plasma used in this search has voltage "175v" and the gas flow at " 5liter /min " and frequency (2.45 GHz) at the room temperature for five minutes’ time. The E. coli bacteria were treated with nano-particles solution egg shells. The results indicated that after 24 hours of placing the bacteria in the incubator, the inhibition zone for the nano-particles eggshell that for the is greater than that for nano-particles eggshell exposed to the plasma, and in both cases there were a good response.

Eggshell nanoparticle reinforced recycled low-density polyethylene: A new material for automobile application

Waste from low-density polyethylene products after lifespan accounts for 70% of solid waste in most dumpsites, contributing to environmental impacts. Eggshell foul smells are a threat to human and animal health. Before this study, there was no research documentation on transforming both wastes into green composites for engineering applications. This work developed composites using recycled low-density polyethylene (RLDPE) and eggshell Nanoparticles. They were evaluated structurally and mechanically. Straining, which affirms an improvement in the load-bearing capacity of the RLDPE due to the incorporation of eggshell Nanoparticles, was established by the composite XRD peak broadness. Structural integrities of the composites were confirmed with SEM. Maximum tensile strength was noted at 10% eggshell Nanoparticle additions to the RLDPE, equal to a 68% increase. About 52 and 19% enhancements in respective flexural strength and hardness value with a 0.85% reduction in impact energy were noted at 12% eggshell Nanoparticle additions. The probability value, 0.0481 <0.05 established the significance of the mono-variate regression model to estimate the tensile strength of RLDPE/eggshell Nanoparticle composites, and the model has 92.7% confidence. A bumper fascia prototype was fabricated from RLDPE/10% eggshell Nanoparticle composite possessing 10.64 Nmm−2 tensile strength, 21.964 Nmm−2 flexural strength, 21.69 J impact energy, and 59 VHN hardness value using sheet forming technique. Therefore, future usage of the developed RLDPE/10% eggshell Nanoparticle composite is established.

Pengaruh Pemberian Kompos Paitan (Tithonia Diversifolia) dan Nanopartikel Cangkang Telur Terhadap Pertumbuhan Dan Produksi Bawang Merah (Allium Ascalonicum)

This study aims to determine the effect of giving Paitan (Tithonia diversifolia) compost, Eggshell Nanoparticles, and a combination of giving Paitan (Tithonia diversifolia) compost and eggshell nanoparticles simultaneously on growth and production of Shallots (Allium ascalonicum). This study used a factorial randomized block design (RBD) with two research factors, namely giving paitan compost (P0 = without applying fertilizer; P1 = 0. 5 kg / plot; P2 = 1 kg / plot; P3 = 1. 5 kg / plot) and giving egg shell nanoparticles (N0 = without giving nanoparticles; N1= 1 g / plot; N2 = 1. 5 g / plot; N3 = 2 g / plot), repeated 2 times. eggshell nanoparticles had a very significant effect on plant height at the age of 2. 4 and 5 WAP, on the number of leaves at 3 WAP, and had a significant effect on plant height at 3 and 6 WAP, on the number of leaves 2 and 4 WAP but not significant effect on plant height 7 and 8 WAP, on the number of leaves at 5 to 8 WAP, and other parameters. The combination effectiveness of paitan compost and eggshell nanoparticles had a very significant effect on the number of leaves at 2 and 3 WAP, and had a significant effect on the number of leaves at 4 WAP but had no significant effect on plant height at 2 to 8 WAP, for the number of leaves at 5 to 8 MST and on other parameters