Eggshell Biowaste Research Articles

Hydroxyapatite derived from eggshell embedded on functionalized g-C3N4 for synergistic extraction of U(VI) from aqueous solution

In this paper, we report hydroxyapatite derived from egg-shell biowaste embedded on diglycolamic acid functionalized graphitic carbon nitride nanocomposite (abbreviated as HAp@D-gCN). The compositional and morphological characteristics of HAp@D-gCN were evaluated using scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, BET, FTIR techniques and surface charge using zeta potential measurement. The sorption of U(VI) species on HAp@D-gCN was investigated through batch studies as a function of pH, contact time, initial U(VI) concentration, adsorbent dosage and ionic strength. The adsorption of U(VI) onto HAp@D-gCN was confirmed by FTIR, XRD and EDS elemental mapping. Adsorption kinetics follow pseudo second order model and it attains equilibrium within 20 min. Adsorption isotherm data correlates well with Langmuir isotherm model with a maximum sorption capacity of 993.6 mg of U(VI) per gram of HAp@D-gCN at 298K. U(VI) can be leached from the loaded adsorbent using 0.01 M Na2CO3 as desorbing agent and its sorption capacity remains unaffected even after 4 adsorption-desorption cycles. Hence, the present study reveals that HAp@D-gCN nanocomposite could serve as an environmental friendly material with potential application in environmental remediation.

Superhydrophobic eggshell for fabrication of hydrophobic barrier of paper-based analytical device for colorimetric determination of ammonium ion in water

This work demonstrates the first application of the superhydrophobic eggshell as an environmental-friendly material for fabricating the hydrophobic barrier of a paper-based analytical device (PAD). The eggshell surface was modified by mixing the pulverized chicken eggshell biowaste with stearic acid and a polystyrene binder to accomplish superhydrophobicity. The PAD (10 × 10 mm2) is comprised of the circular-shaped hydrophilic reservoir (Ø 5 mm). The liquid barrier was fabricated by painting both the topside and the underside of the filter paper with the dispersed superhydrophobic eggshell solution. The SEM images revealed that the microsized superhydrophobic eggshell particles absorbed onto the porous surface of the cellulose fibril. A coated surface with a water contact angle of 155.39° ± 1.02° (n = 10) on the paper substrate was achieved, and this indicated superhydrophobicity. The eggshell barrier enabled excellent water and chemical resistance. The fabricated PAD was applied for the colorimetric determination of ammonium cations (NH4+), based on the modified Berthelot reaction. Samples and chromogenic solutions were aliquoted onto the hydrophilic reservoir, with subsequent capture of the optical image of the stable, green-colored product by a smart phone under a light-controlled studio. The green color intensities were evaluated by ImageJ™ and plotted against the standard NH4+ concentrations. A wide linear calibration range 5.0 to 100 mg N/L was achieved with good linearity (r2 > 0.99). The PAD confirmed satisfied analytical recovery (Mean ± SD: 100.6 % ± 0.97, n = 11 samples) and high precision (RSD = 0.85 %: 10-PAD replicate measurements of 1.0 mg N/L). The limit of detection (3 SD of blank/slope) of 1.05 mg N/L was found sensitive enough to monitor the NH4+ contents in freshwater. The results, determined by the developed PAD and ion chromatography, showed no significant difference under the statistical paired t-test at 95 % confidence (tstat = -1.80, tcri = 2.57, n = 6 samples).

Facile synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles from eggshell biowaste using Azadirachta indica extract as a green template

Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HANPs) were successfully synthesized from eggshell waste by microwave-assisted (MW) as well as conventional heating precipitation methods and a green template i.e., Azadirachta indica (AI) (neem) leaf extract.

Assessment of the biointeractivity of a novel vital pulp therapy agent derived from eggshell biowaste: An invitro study.

This study aimed to assess the calcium (Ca2+) and hydroxyl (OH-) ion-releasing ability, namely the biointeractivity of eggshell-derived hydroxyapatite (ESDHA) in comparison with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and calcium hydroxide (CH). ESDHA, MTA and CH samples (n = 10; 8 × 1.6 mm) were immersed in 10 mL of deionised water (37°C, pH 6.8). Ca2+ and OH- ion releases were detected in 1, 7 and 21 days. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses were also conducted. IBM SPSS 20.0 was used for statistical analyses. The cumulative Ca2+ ions (56.22 ± 11.28 ppm) were detected as most significant in ESDHA (day 21; p < 0.05). The OH- ion values of the ESDHA group were statistically higher than MTA and CH (days 1 and 7; p < 0.05). ESDHA and CH showed a similar pattern with sharp peaks in Ca2+, oxygen and carbon elements. ESDHA being a sustainable material with a high ion-releasing ability may be a preferable alternative to the commercial vital pulp therapy agents.

Prepared eggshell-derived hydroxyapatite for biomedical applications

In this Research are interesting used eggshells to create a product with added value, such as nanoscale hydroxyapatite (HA). HA must have the appropriate nanoscale characteristics, such as crystallinity, particle size, shape, surface area, porous nature, and so on, because they contain calcium carbonate and biologically required trace elements such as Mg, Si, and others for many biological applications. The same effect can be obtained by adjusting the reaction parameters, selecting the appropriate synthesis mode, and employing organic modifiers. Eggshell bio-waste was used as the calcium source in this study to create hydroxyapatite powder. We investigated its characteristics for application in manufacturing a functionally graded material (NiTi/HA) utilized in bone culture. The powder was tested using XRD, FTIR, SEM, and a particle analyses. Whereas XRD revealed the structure of the resulting powder, which is comparable to the conventional form of HAP powder, FTIR revealed the presence of the primary compound Hydroxyapatite in producing powder, such as (P?4 3-, C?22- and bending OH-). As a result of this research, we can conclude that the synthetic eggshell produced HA has good particle size, bioactivity, and porous nature.

3D printing of tough nature inspired hierarchical architecture using chicken bone and eggshell biowaste for biomedical applications

An ample amount of biowaste is getting produced on earth and creating an unhygienic situation due to bacterial and other microbial activities. Proteins diet sourced from different animals, particularly chicken and eggs are being consumed by human beings all around the world on a daily basis producing a huge amount of chicken bone and eggshell residues as biowaste. These biowastes, having similarities with human bone composition, can be utilized to develop orthopedic appliances. The chicken bone extract alone does not have enough mechanical properties and hence needs to be blended with some other calcium-rich ingredients to enhance its properties. The eggshell (round-shaped) biowaste mostly composed of calcium carbonate can be used as a reinforcement in the chicken bone extract(rod-shaped) matrix. The green strength of the chicken bone extract is tuned by mixing it with different weight percentages of eggshell powder. Different intricate structures were printed with these ink mixtures using an extrusion-based 3D printer. Mechanical and biocompatibility (invitro) tests are conducted to study, investigate and understand the effect of eggshell powder on the mechanical and biological properties of the printed structures. The C50E50 with equal weight concentration samples show the optimum results in fracture strain (∼62%), toughness (∼0.52 MJ/m3), and resilience (∼0.01789 MJ/m3). However, C0E100 has the lowest swelling ratio (∼13.5%), C70E30 has the lowest weight loss (∼8.1%) and the cell viability of C0E100 is almost 100%. Hence, a wide range of properties (mechanical and biological) can be obtained by varying and controlling the chicken bone extract and eggshell weight proportions and can be utilized as per the need. This study not only opens up a new direction in utilizing and reducing biowaste but also helps humankind in dealing with public health, particularly in orthopedic and dental applications.

Synthesis of cobalt-doped catalyst for NaBH4 hydrolysis using eggshell biowaste

In the present study, a cobalt-doped catalyst was prepared from chicken eggshell powder (CEP) biowaste to be used in the hydrolysis of sodium borohydride (NaBH4). In the presence of the prepared catalyst (CEPcat), possible effects of the parameters of NaOH concentration (%), catalyst amount (g), NaBH4 concentration (%), process temperature (oC) and reusability affecting the hydrolysis of sodium borohydride were examined. The CEPcat obtained was characterized with FT-IR, TGA, XRD, SEM and EDX analyses. The hydrogen generation rate (HGR) was determined as 432 mL gCo−1 min−1 in the presence of 1 g CEPcat, a CoO/CaO ratio of 10/90 and 1% NaBH4 concentration. The activation energy of the NaBH4 hydrolysis reaction was calculated as 16.78 kJ mol−1. After 16 reuses of the CEPcat there was no significant decrease in the hydrogen volume. Compared to the first use while there was an increase in the HGR. These results showed that the CEPcat prepared has a significant advantage over other catalysts for use in NaBH4 hydrolysis.

A novel non-enzymatic electrochemical uric acid sensing method based on nanohydroxyapatite from eggshell biowaste immobilized on a zinc oxide nanoparticle modified activated carbon electrode (Hap-Esb/ZnONPs/ACE).

Hydroxyapatite-derived eggshell biowaste (Hap-Esb) has been fabricated and developed for the electrochemical detection of uric acid (UA). The physicochemical characteristics of the Hap-Esb and modified electrodes were evaluated using a scanning electron microscope and X-ray Diffraction analysis. Utilized as UA sensors, the electrochemical behavior of modified electrodes (Hap-Esb/ZnONPs/ACE) was assessed using cyclic voltammetry (CV). The superior peak current response observed for the oxidation of UA at Hap-Esb/ZnONPs/ACE, which was 13 times higher than that of the Hap-Esb/activated carbon electrode (Hap-Esb/ACE) is attributed to the simple immobilization of Hap-Esb on zinc oxide nanoparticle-modified ACE. The UA sensor exhibited a linear range at 0.01 to 1 μM, low detection limit (0.0086 μM), and excellent stability, which surpass the existing Hap-based electrodes reported in the literature. The facile UA sensor subsequently realized is also advantaged by its simplicity, repeatability, reproducibility, and low cost, applicable for real sample analysis (human urine sample).

Reviu: Penerapan teknologi nano pada produk hasil ternak

Consumer awareness was increasing of food safety and food security along with the high population growth rate and increasing quality of life, nanotechnology was an important concern to be able to meet future demand for livestock products. The application of nanostructured particles has been widely explored to produce livestock products with high food safety and food security. Nanotechnology can also be applied to produce food with high protein without slaughtering livestock in the form of artificial meat whose process is developed in the laboratory. Nutritional quality and food quantity in the future can also be met through the application of nanotechnology. The quality and freshness of livestock products that can be maintained during the transportation process is a major concern that can be met through the application of nanostructured particles in the form of flexible packaging, laminates, and edible coatings. Nanotechnology can change the particle size from eggshell bio-waste into nanoparticles that have high added value. The application of nanotechnology has a very wide scope in livestock products.

Biomass-Derived Anion-Anchoring Nano-CaCO3Coating for Regulating Ion Transport on Li Metal Surface

The free transport of anions in a Li metal battery can cause multiple issues, including a high anion transference number, space charge, and concentration polarization, eventually leading to uncontrolled dendrite formation and decreased performance. Herein, we report an anion-anchoring nano-CaCO3 (NC) coating derived from eggshell biowaste for stabilizing Li metal anodes. As the adsorption of local TFSI- anions onto the NC adsorbent can undermine the anion concentration gradient and promote rapid Li-ion diffusion, it can effectively inhibit the proliferation of Li dendrites assisted by the NC coating. Consequently, Li/Cu cells with NC@Cu electrode can achieve a high Coulombic efficiency of ∼98.4% for more than 420 cycles and can even reach ∼99.1% at an ultrahigh areal capacity of 20 mAh cm-2. In particular, full cells with NC/Li@Cu electrodes show a stable lifespan of over 240 cycles with an average efficiency of ∼99.8% at a low N/P ratio of ∼3.3.

Eggshell membrane derived nitrogen rich porous carbon for selective electrosorption of nitrate from water

Nitrate (NO3−) is a ubiquitous contaminant in water and wastewater. Conventional treatment processes such as adsorption and membrane separation suffer from low selectivity for NO3− removal, causing high energy consumption and adsorbents usage. In this study, we demonstrate selective removal of NO3− in an electrosorption process by a thin, porous carbonized eggshell membrane (CESM) derived from eggshell bio-waste. The CESM possesses an interconnected hierarchical pore structure with pore size ranging from a few nanometers to tens of micrometers. When utilized as the anode in an electrosorption process, the CESM exhibited strong selectivity for NO3− over Cl−, SO42−, and H2PO4−. Adsorption of NO3− by the CESM reached 2.4 × 10−3 mmol/m2, almost two orders of magnitude higher than that by activated carbon (AC). More importantly, the CESM achieved NO3−/Cl− selectivity of 7.79 at an applied voltage of 1.2 V, the highest NO3−/Cl− selectivity reported to date. The high selectivity led to a five-fold reduction in energy consumption for NO3− removal compared to electrosorption using conventional AC electrodes. Density function theory calculation suggests that the high NO3− selectivity of CESM is attributed to its rich nitrogen-containing functional groups, which possess higher binding energy with NO3− compared to Cl−, SO42−, and H2PO4−. These results suggest that nitrogen-rich biomaterials are good precursors for NO3− selective electrodes; similar chemistry can also be used in other materials to achieve NO3− selectivity.

Injectable eggshell-derived hydroxyapatite-incorporated fibroin-alginate composite hydrogel for bone tissue engineering

Tissue engineering is a promising approach to repair and regenerate damaged or lost tissues or organs. In dental aspect, reconstruction of the resorbed alveolar bone after tooth extraction plays an important role in the success of dental substitution, especially in dental implant treatment. The hydroxyapatite (HA)-incorporated fibroin-alginate composite injectable hydrogel was fabricated to be used as scaffold for bone regeneration. HA was synthesized from eggshell biowaste. Fibroin was extracted from Bombyx mori cocoon. The synthesized HA, fibroin and alginate hydrogel were characterized. HA-incorporated fibroin-alginate hydrogel had decreased pore size and porosity compared with pure alginate hydrogel. Thermal analysis showed that hydrogel had a degradation peak of approximately 250 °C. Hydrogel could absorb water, with a swelling ratio of around 300% at 24 h. Hydrogel was degraded as time passed and almost completely degraded at day 7. Its compressive Young's modulus was approximately 0.04 ± 0.02 N/mm2 to 0.10 ± 0.02 N/mm2. Primary cytotoxicity test indicated non-toxic potential of the fabricated hydrogel. Increased ALP activity was observed in MC3T3-E1 cultured in HA-incorporated fibroin-alginate hydrogel. Results suggested the potential use of injectable HA fibroin-alginate hydrogel as dental scaffolding material. Further studies including in vivo examinations are needed prior to its clinical application.

Removal of sulfide from aqueous media by natural and copper modified eggshell biowaste

Removal of sulfide from aqueous media by natural and copper modified eggshell biowaste

Physico-chemical and biological behaviour of eggshell bio-waste derived nano-hydroxyapatite matured at different aging time

The present study explores the effect of aging time on the properties of nano-hydroxyapatite (HAp) synthesized from chicken eggshells. CaO obtained from eggshells serves as calcium precursor which is combined with di-sodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4) as a phosphate precursor for the synthesis of HAp. The reaction precipitate is allowed to mature considering aging times of 12, 24, 36 and 48 h. The synthesized powders are characterized using FTIR and XRD to confirm the HAp formation. SEM micrographs of all the aged samples reveal dense agglomerated HAp particles. It is observed from the TEM results that the particle morphology of all the HAp samples appears to be nano-sized, spherical-shaped and polycrystalline in nature. A novel relationship between relative density vs. aging time is also established where relative density is found to increase with an increase in the aging time. In- vitro bioactivity and biodegradability evaluation of 12 h aged HAp with best physico-chemical properties show the formation of HCA apatite layer and significant weight loss respectively. In-vitro cytotoxicity test with Human Wharton’s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hMSCs) (HiMedia CL001-T25) shows approximately 90 % cell viability assuring non-cytotoxicity of the 12 h aged HAp. The derived HAp can be a possible regenerative biomaterial for bone tissue engineering applications.

Removal of nitrate from groundwater by eggshell biowaste

Abstract This study concerns nitrate ion removal, which is one of the most dangerous issues of water contamination in the Gaza Strip. Eggshell biowaste was used as a denitrification biosorbent for water and groundwater. The results showed that the highest removal of nitrate was at pH 6.0–7.5, eggshell particle size in the range 90–710 μm, drying temperature at 45 °C, incubation temperature of adsorbent/adsorbate mixture at 37 °C and contact time of 24 hours. At the optimum conditions, the maximum amount of nitrate removed was 8.25 mg/g eggshell, when 1,500 mg/L of NO3− was applied. It was found that the eggshell biosorbent could be recovered and reused for removing the nitrate with removal capacity of 0.79–0.92 mg/g eggshell (79–92%) in the case of washed samples while the removal capacity was 0.79–0.92 mg/g eggshell (89–93%) in the case of unwashed samples when 100 mg/L of NO3− was applied. Results using the eggshell column method showed a nitrate removal efficiency of 90% at a flow rate ≤2 mL/min of the eluents. The biosorbent was applied to remove nitrates in real groundwater samples from different locations in the Gaza Strip and the efficiency of nitrate removal was in the range (77.4–93%).

Optimization of a lab scale and pilot scale conversion of eggshell biowaste into hydroxyapatite using microwave reactor

The high demand for synthetic hydroxyapatite for biomedical applications is on the rise day by day at the same time, there is a pressing need for producing hydroxyapatite (HA) at an economically viable cost to make the treatment affordable to everyone. In order to meet this objective, recycling of waste to value added products and cost effective methods suitable for scaling up the process are being attempted by researchers. In this report, an attempt has been made to optimize the parameters for the synthesis of nano HA from eggshell biowaste using well explored microwave method by employing a lab scale and pilot scale microwave reactors. Several parameters such as pH, organic modifier concentration and microwave power against volume of the reaction mixture has been studied from the view point of enhancing the yield of the product. The preliminary experiments done using lab scale reactor helped the optimization of pH and EDTA concentration. From the lab scale experiments, we found that the yield was directly proportional to the microwave power. The parameters optimized in the lab scale has been carried over to the pilot scale reactor. The results from pilot scale reactor revealed that although the microwave power from pilot scale reactor is considerably higher than that of the maximum power (900 W) of the lab scale reactor there is no significant difference in the yield of the product but the microwave irradiation time has reduced considerably which is almost in proportion to the power of the reactor. Parameters optimized from these batch processes will be useful for devising new scaling up process such as continuous flow methods.

New ternary-component layered double hydroxide as a low-cost and efficient electrocatalyst for water oxidation: NiCaFe-LDH from eggshell bio-waste

Herein, a new ternary-component layered double hydroxide (LDH) consisting of Ca2+ was constructed using an inexpensive bio-waste; eggshell, through a facile hydrothermal method (NiCaFe-LDH-H). The prepared material, NiCaFe-LDH-H, was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), N2 adsorption-desorption; Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), difference thermogravimetry (DTG) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Then, the NiCaFe-LDH-H was used as an electrocatalyst material to fabricate the modified carbon paste electrode (CPE) for water oxidation at neutral solutions (pH = 7.0). The electrochemical tests show that the NiCaFe-LDH-H modified CPE has efficient electrocatalytic activity towards the water oxidation reaction in a neutral solution. The effect of the LDH preparation method, presence of Ca2+ (as a low-cost material in comparison with transition metals), and its primary source was investigated on the electrocatalytic activity of the NiCaFe-LDH-H modified CPE and compared with binary-component LDHs (without Ca2+). The results of the electrochemical examinations indicate that the incorporation of Ca2+ from the eggshell source into the LDH by the hydrothermal method improve water oxidation performance of the NiCaFe-LDH-H modified CPE: lowering the onset potential to about 1.56 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and overpotential to 373 mV in a neutral solution. The promoted electrocatalytic activity of the present modified CPE can be attributed to the high active surface area of the NiCaFe-LDH-H modified CPE due to the high crystallinity of LDH containing Ca2+.

Valorization of Eggshell Biowaste for Sustainable Environmental Remediation

The management of large amounts of eggshell waste annually produced in the world is problematic as generally this material is only disposed at landfills with odor production and microbial growth. On the contrary, significant environmental and economic advantages could be obtained transforming this biowaste into new value-added products. Eggshell biowaste was the starting material for the synthesis of hydroxyapatite by a simple and sustainable procedure and applied for the removal of Co2+ from aqueous solutions. The effects of contact time and initial metal concentration were investigated in batch experiments. Eggshell-based hydroxyapatite (ESHAP) before and after Co2+ removal was characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The process was rapid and reached equilibrium within 80 min. The removal efficiency was in the range 70–80% which is generally higher than other waste-derived adsorbents. Adsorption of Co2+ on the surface of ESHAP particles and ion exchange with Ca2+ resulting in the formation of a Co-phosphate are the main mechanisms of the metal removal. The conversion of eggshell waste to a low-cost adsorbent for the treatment of metal contaminated waters could contribute to a more sustainable and effective management of this biowaste.

The Taste of Waste: The Edge of Eggshell Over Calcium Carbonate in Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber

Rubber technology experiences a new age by the use of biowaste or natural fillers. In this regard, taking properties of reinforcing agents from biowaste fillers remains as the challenging matter. Chicken eggshell (ES) biowaste has recently been introduced to substitute calcium carbonate (CaCO3) duo to its superior properties and low price. In this work, composites based on acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) reinforced with ES and CaCO3 microfillers at various loading levels were prepared and characterized. To improve the interactions between fillers and the NBR matrix, ES and CaCO3 were surface-functionalized using a terpolymer, namely poly(vinyl 2-pyrrolidone-co-maleic acid-co-acrylic acid). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterize the modified fillers. The incorporation of the functionalized fillers resulted in a significant rise in the maximum torque according to the rheometric measurements. The Young’s modulus of the ES-based and CaCO3-based compounds showed a mild improvement over a wide range of filler contents. The elongation at break of the NBR composites, however, was dependent on the filler content. This work provides exciting opportunities for the design of novel and innovative coupling agents to be used in rubber applications.

Facile and eco‐friendly fabrication of hierarchical superhydrophobic coating from eggshell biowaste

AbstractThis study reports a facile and sustainable approach to fabricate superhydrophobic coating from eggshell biowaste. The coating was prepared by ball milling chicken eggshells, composed of hydrophilic calcium carbonate (CaCO3), to microsized particles followed by surface hydrophobilizing with stearic acid (C17H35COOH) to form low surface energy nanosized calcium stearate ((C17H35COO)2Ca) through the esterification of hydroxyl groups (‐OH) absorbed on a surface of CaCO3 with carboxyl groups (–COOH) of stearic acid. Then, a layer of modified eggshell particles dispersed in polystyrene (PS) binder was dip‐coated on a substrate. A coated surface with water contact angles of 151° ± 1° on glass and 153° ± 1° on cotton fabric substrates was achieved when a 4:1 weight ratio of the modified eggshell:PS was used. The uniform distribution of the modified eggshell particles throughout the coating led to a surface with high degree of hierarchical micro‐nanoscale roughness which resulted in superhydrophobicity. The superhydrophobic eggshell coating showed good environmental stability, self‐cleaning, and oil/water separation properties. These results suggest that eggshell biowaste can be utilized for superhydrophobic applications.