Eggshell Waste Research Articles

Incorporation of eggshell waste in the preparation of carbon quantum dot nanoprobes for the determination of COVID-19 antiviral drug; molnupiravir

New carbon quantum dots (CQDs) with multi-doped elements from eggshell biomass waste have been employed as a direct, fast, green, and selective probe for the fluorometric determination of molnupiravir, a COVID-19 antiviral drug. For the first time, the eggshell@CQDs were prepared through a simple, single-step microwave heating process that only took 90 s. Upon excitation at λex 340 nm, the resulting CQDs exhibited a maximum bluish fluorescence emission at λem 408 nm. Molnupiravir was found to quench the native fluorescence of the prepared CQDs in a quantitative manner, based on a static mechanism by forming a non-emissive complex. The spectrofluorometric method designed for molnupiravir detection was validated per the International Council for Harmonization (ICH) requirements. The proposed fluorescent probe showed good linearity for molnupiravir detection over a range of 2.5–70 µg/mL, with percent recoveries ranging from 99.53 % to 101.79 % and %RSD (relative standard deviation) less than 1 %. The eggshell@CQDs were successfully employed to determine molnupiravir levels in marketed hard capsules, yielding good percent recoveries and repeatability. The developed approach was found to be greener than the published HPLC/UV approach, as assessed by the analytical eco-scale, green analytical procedure index (GAPI), and analytical greenness metric approach (AGREE). Furthermore, this approach highlights the potential of synthesizing CQDs from natural biomass, specifically low-value biomass waste such as eggshells.

One-pot synthesis of regenerative calcium counterions from waste chicken eggshells for SO2-to-sulfur reduction

Abating sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions is increasingly critical for addressing environmental concerns and safeguarding human health. In this study, we propose a novel, sustainable approach utilizing in situ eggshell waste-derived calcium-based materials for the catalytic thermal reduction of SO2 to elemental sulfur. Our research focuses on the facile synthesis of calcium-based compounds, proceeding from chicken eggshells to CaO, CaSO4, and finally CaS, for treating hazardous SO2 gas in a one-pot reactor. The effects of gas hourly space velocity (GHSV), temperature, and catalyst stability were studied. Optimal conditions for sulfur yield (71.32%) and SO2 conversion (43.38%) were achieved at 800 °C with a GHSV of 117 L h/g. Our findings demonstrate that the calcium-based materials exhibit exceptional stability, maintaining activity for 6.5 h. Mechanistically, the synergistic pathways of Mars-Van Krevelen and Eley-Rideal mechanisms underlying the SO2 reduction process were elucidated. This research presents a sustainable solution for converting SO2 into a valuable sulfur commodity, and contributes to achieving Sustainable Development Goal No. 12 on Sustainable Consumption and Production. By harnessing CaS derived from eggshell waste, our work underscores the potential for environmentally friendly practices in addressing industrial emissions and advancing sustainable resource utilization.

Pattern identification in data about unmodified waste eggshell application as an adsorbent for metal ion removal from aqueous media

Abstract In recent years, a significant increase in the amount of research published about the application of eggshells for the removal of metal ions from aqueous solutions has been observed. The paper presents different aspects of metal adsorption from aqueous solutions on untreated eggshells. Pretreatment procedures and tested parameters for the adsorption differ significantly across all the reviewed data, providing a source of variance for the results. For untreated eggshells, the range of the reported BET surface area is from 0.07 m2/g to 8.941 m2/g. Correlation between particle size and BET surface area has been highlighted. Reported removal efficiencies for the untreated eggshell have been compared. Reported results show that eggshell is most employed for the removal of Pb(II), Cd(II), and Cu(II) from aqueous solutions. Eggshell capacity to remove metal ions from the main group elements has also been demonstrated. While results look promising, not enough data are present to make reliable conclusions about its efficiency with other (mainly transition) metal ions – which makes it a possible research direction. Based on the reported data, multiple removal pathways are involved. Several eggshell modification methods and possibilities of creating new adsorbents using eggshells only as a part of the raw material have been assessed. Finally reported eggshell modification methods have been assessed and it is clear that to compare different material’s effectiveness as an adsorbent, comparing only materials adsorption capacities is insufficient. Certain environmental water pollution removal studies using adsorption demand further study, such as metal ion specification in aqueous solution, in different processing water, and even in wastewater.

Characterization of bio-nano doped phase change material (bio-nano/PCM) for building energy management

ABSTRACT The energy consumed by buildings to maintain thermal comfort has been significantly high in recent years. It is attributed to the increased cooling/heating loads of the buildings, and it has been considered the most challenging factor in achieving net-zero buildings. Phase changing materials (PCM) have been proposed as prospective thermal energy storage materials, and they can be deployed to maintain the thermal comfort of the building in a passive manner if they are integrated with the building components appropriately. In this research, an organic bio-nano doped phase change material (bio-nano/PCM) has been synthesized and characterized for its thermophysical characteristics to analyze its suitability for building thermal management. Paraffin wax has been chosen as the PCM, and an in-house synthesized eggshell nanoparticle (derived from bio-wastes) has been deployed as the thermal characteristics-enhancing medium of the PCM. The waste eggshells are mechanically milled into nano-sized particles, and then they are blended with the PCM in different mass proportions (.0%, .5%, 1.0%, and 2.0%) to obtain bio-nano/PCMs. Then, the thermophysical characteristics of the bio-nano/PCMs have been studied using different instruments to assess the effect of bio-nanoparticles on the thermal storage performance of the base PCM. The results confirmed the consistent distribution of the bio-nanoparticles within the PCM matrix at lower mass fractions and the significant stability of bio-nano/PCMs, both in terms of chemical and thermal aspects. Further, the results exposed that the amalgamation of 1.0% bio-nanoparticles in PCM has pointedly suppressed the supercooling of the PCM and greatly amended the thermal conductivity of PCM to 53.33% without much distressing its latent heat, even after 500 thermal cycles. However, the inclusion of bio-nanoparticles above a 1.0% mass fraction significantly reduced the thermal storage capability of the PCM.

Synthesis and characterization of poly (methyl methacrylate)/ silver-doped hydroxyapatite dip coating on Ti6Al4V

This study intends to analyze the properties and potential applications of a novel composite coating composed of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and silver-doped hydroxyapatite (HAPAg) produced from waste eggshells, which was dip-coated onto Ti6Al4V substrates. Medical implants frequently made of the titanium alloy Ti6Al4V can benefit greatly from surface coatings in terms of biocompatibility and performance. In order to add antibacterial and osteoconductive characteristics, silver-doped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles were dispersed within a PMMA matrix to create the PMMA/HAPAg composite coating. The coated samples report an average contact angle (CA) between 70 and 750 and total surface free energy (SFE) between 35 and 50 mJ/m2, which signifies its improved wettability. The 7.03% change in hydrophilicity was observed between PMMA/H0 (75.270 ± 1.690) and PMMA/H20 (700 ± 1.440) coated samples. The increase in adhesion strength and coating thickness with the increase in HAPAg reinforcement was observed. The surface morphology of the defective zones was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and information on the elemental composition of synthesized was obtained using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICPMS), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffractogram (XRD). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) reveals the surface roughness; root mean square roughness, roughness profile, skewness and kurtosis of the coated samples. The contact angle reports the hydrophilicity and SFE. Finally, the results conclude that the composite coating had a consistent distribution of HAPAg nanoparticles incorporated within the PMMA matrix. The minimal presence of Ag ions on the surface indicates the coating's potential antibacterial properties, and it is highly recommended for dental applications.

Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles Using Eggshells and Two Different Phosphate Sources

Hydroxyapatite, the primary bone substitute, has gained increased interest of researchers. The primary purpose of this study was to synthesize hydroxyapatite nanoparticles through the utilization of eggshell waste and two distinct phosphate sources ((NH4)2HPO4 and Na3PO4.12H2O). The chemical precipitation approach was chosen for this study, then the final products were named HAP-1 and HAP-2. Following this, the synthesized particles were investigated using XRD, FTIR, and SEM methods. The crystallite size of the synthesized materials was also determined by employing the Debye-Scherrer equation. The synthesis of the HAP granules was confirmed through XRD analysis, and the crystallite sizes of HAP-1 and HAP-2 were calculated to be 37.79 nm and 28.7 nm, respectively. The SEM results also indicates that the powders had a spherical-like morphology, but were highly agglomerated due to their nanoscale dimensions.

ZnO nanoparticles: A sustainable fabrication enhanced by eggshell waste and its germicidal, anti‐proliferative, and photodecomposition properties

AbstractRecently, there has been a lot of interest in the fabrication of metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) due to the growing importance of developing recyclable assets, affordable methods, sustainable substances, and safe compounds. The current study demonstrates the environmentally friendly fabrication of ZnO NPs through the use of an aqueous extract derived from discarded eggshells. The analysis of ZnO NPs involved the use of UV, x‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), and field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) with EDX techniques. The anti‐germs effects of fabricated NPs on pathogens were investigated using the agar diffusion technique. The cell‐damaging effects were assessed using the MTT assay, whereas the photodecomposition capacity was examined with Congo red and methylene blue dye. X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed the existence of tetragonal crystal morphology. The generated ZnO NPs have a crystallite size of 17.6 nm. According to FE‐SEM examination, the created sample's average grain size has been determined to be between 20 and 30 nm. The sustainable production of ZnO NPs showed remarkable anti‐germs properties against human pathogenic organisms and had good efficacy in damaging Osteosarcoma cell lines (MG‐63) during the experiment. Additionally, it emerged that the manifestation of remarkable catalytic efficiency fell by 78.1% after 60 min for methylene blue. Based on the findings, it has been determined that sustainable production of ZnO NPs shows great potential across multiple fields such as anti‐germs, anti‐proliferative, and photodecomposition properties.

Utilization of Dairy Waste Scum Oil for Microwave-Assisted Biodiesel Production over KOH-Waste Eggshell based Calcium Oxide Catalyst

The sustainability can be maintained by utilizing the available waste as feedstock and catalysts such as dairy and eggshell waste respectively for biodiesel production. In this study, the calcium oxide (CaO) synthesized from calcined eggshell was doped with potassium hydroxide (KOH-ECaO) via wet impregnation method and analyzed the catalyst performance on biodiesel production from dairy waste scum oil (DWSO) via microwave-assisted transesterification. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy equipped with Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) contents were deduced by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The KOH-ECaO catalyst shows good potential based on the characterization analysis such as high pore size (25.5 nm) which is supported by SEM pattern analysis. The highest biodiesel production (75%) was obtained at optimum reaction parameters conditions. The optimized conditions were discovered to be 3 wt.% of catalyst, 16:1 of methanol to oil molar ratio, reaction temperature of 65°C and 15 minutes of reaction time as microwave provided faster reaction for the transesterification. These innovative results showed that KOH-ECaO could enhance the biodiesel production from DWSO which encourage the usage of waste for wealth product.

Study on the removal efficacy and mechanism of phosphorus from wastewater by eggshell-modified biochar.

The excessive discharge of phosphorus from rural domestic sewage is a problem that worthy of attention. If the phosphorus in the sewage were recovered, addressing this issue could significantly contribute to mitigating the global phosphorus crisis. In this study, corn straw, a common agricultural waste, was co-pyrolytically modified with eggshells, a type of food waste from university cafeterias. The resulting product, referred to as corn straw eggshell biochar (EGBC) was characterized using SEM, XRD, XPS, XRF, and other methods. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to determine the optimal preparation conditions of EGBC and to explore its adsorption characteristics. EGBC showed strong adsorption effectiveness within a pH range of 5-12. The adsorption isotherm closely followed the Sips model (R2 > 0.9011), and the adsorption kinetics were more consistent with the pseudo-second-order model (R2 > 0.9899). The process was found to be both spontaneous and endothermic. Under optimal conditions, the phosphorus adsorption capacity of EGBC was measured to be 288.83 mg/g. This demonstrates the high efficiency of EGBC for phosphorus removal and illustrates an effective method of utilizing food waste for environmental remediation. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Biochar prepared from waste eggshell was used to removal and recovery phosphorus in wastewater treatment. EGBC has an impressive adsorption capacity that can reach up to 288.83 mg/g. EGBC has excellent adsorption and filtration capabilities, and there is a sudden increase in concentration at 900 min in the breakthrough curve of EGBC. EGBC has good regeneration performance, with an adsorption effect of 65% and an adsorption capacity of 121 mg/g after four desorption and regeneration cycles.

Performances Study of Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF)/Waste Eggshell (WES) Mixed-Matrix Membrane for Copper Removal

The presence of heavy metals in water resources brings hazard to health and the environment considering that most of these cannot be degraded and may result in bioaccumulation in the food chain. This study investigated the applicability and efficiency of waste eggshells for the removal of Copper (Cu) heavy metal in aqueous solution. The mixed-matrix membrane with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as membrane material, N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as solvent and waste eggshell as additive with ratio of (a) 15:85:0, (b) 14.9:85:0.1, (c) 14.7:85:0.3, (d) 14.5:85:0.5 and (e) 14:85:1 is fabricated using phase inversion method. Phase inversion is a well-studied immersion precipitation technique for membrane synthesis. Using this common method, polymer is dissolved in an organic solvent and the solution cast upon a glass surface with 0.40 knife gap. The resulting membrane morphologies were analysed by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and the significant functional group of the resulting membranes were identified using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The addition of waste eggshell to the casting solution improved the morphology and structure of the membrane significantly. The appearance of waste eggshell on membrane surface demonstrated in SEM and FTIR analysis. Furthermore, the result of the study showed that the waste eggshells as an adsorbent could remove Cu in an aqueous solution up to 99% with water permeability of 56.52 Lm-2h-1bar-1. Overall, the study demonstrated that the waste eggshell that is generally considered as wastes in large quantities could become an economically advantageous for Cu removal.

Processing and characterization of biogenic SiO2 and CaO from rice husks and eggshell waste materials

Processing and characterization of biogenic SiO2 and CaO from rice husks and eggshell waste materials

Utilizing waste eggshells as a calcium precursor for contact precipitation of phosphorus from digested sludge centrate

Phosphorus (P) recovery from wastewater is an essential component of the global P cycle. A contact precipitation process using chicken eggshells as a calcium (Ca) precursor was used to recover P from synthetic wastewater and real digested sludge centrate. Up to 96.4 % of P could be recovered from the digested sludge centrate after three repeated cycles of the contact precipitation process. In addition, 36.1 % of total chemical oxygen demand and 37.6 % of total ammonia nitrogen were removed from the centrate. Finally, most of the precipitates could be collected by a simple washing step. Scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction results indicated that the eggshells played three roles in this process: Ca source, precipitation substrate, and filter medium. Precipitates were mainly brushite. This research provides a new perspective on P recovery from wastewater using waste eggshells, and if further optimized, has a potential for practical future applications.

Comparing the efficacy of GEP and MEP algorithms in predicting concrete strength incorporating waste eggshell and waste glass powder

The present study used the techniques of gene expression programming (GEP) and multi-expression programming (MEP) to assess the compressive strength (CS) and flexural strength (FS) and develop predictive models of sustainable mortar modified with waste eggshell powder (WEP) and waste glass powder (WGP) as a replacement of cement. In order to get more insights into the impact and relation of raw components on the CS and FS of a developed sustainable mortar, a comprehensive study using the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) methodology was performed. When comparing the efficiency of both employed models, it was seen that the MEP model exhibited superior performance with an R2 value of 0.871 and 0.894 for CS and FS, as compared to the GEP model, which had an R2 value of 0.842 and 0.845 for CS and FS respectively.

PRANAM-Ca: An Eggshell Derived Calcium Fertilizer and Its Impact on Blossom end Rot in Tomato Cultivation

Eggshells, amounting to a staggering 76.7 million tons annually, are often inadequately disposed of in landfills, leading to significant nutrient loss for both plants and humans, while contributing to environmental pollution and emitting unpleasant odors. In response to these challenges, recent research has been dedicated to repurposing eggshells, exploring their applications in diverse fields such as biochemistry, biomedicine, environmental technology, and agriculture. Recognized as an exceptional source of calcium, eggshells offer notable benefits for calcium-demanding crops, including tomatoes, chilli and cotton. In a comprehensive study conducted, we investigated the application of organic foliar calcium derived from eggshells on tomato plants. The results demonstrated substantial improvements in addressing physiological disorders, promoting overall growth, and enhancing yield, signifies the importance of calcium fertilizer for growing healthy crop. With this background, Multiplex R&D team has made an effort to develop an in-house technology to derive the calcium from waste eggshell. Afterwards, how to scale-up and commercialise it as a sprayable form of Organic calcium fertilizer, PRANAM-CA. Present paper aims to describe the technique to derive calcium from eggshell and its impact on managing the blossom end rot in Tomato cultivation under protected glass-house condition.

Environmental, economic, and social impacts of sugar cane bagasse and eggshell wastes for soil stabilization.

Sustainability is a core topic for all sectors including geotechnical engineering (e.g., design of foundations, earthworks structures, and pavements for major infrastructure and building projects). Despite being comprised of environmental, economic, and social pillars, most sustainability studies in this area have focused on the first. Furthermore, social impacts and the three pillars integration are little explored. As a result, there is a lack of systemic and holistic assessments of innovative geotechnical alternatives. This research advances in this area by performing a complete sustainability assessment and integration of the environmental, economic, and social pillars of two expansive soil stabilization alternatives: (i) sugar cane bagasse ash combined with hydrated eggshell lime alkali-activated by sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and (ii) Portland cement. Individual analyses were carried out to determine the environmental, economic, and social impacts, and the single sustainability index. Alkali-activated binder dosages showed higher impacts in 4 out of 10 environmental categories. For both binders, high-density/low-binder dosages contributed to environmental and economic sustainability as they require lower quantities of raw materials and diesel for materials transportation. The total costs of alkali-activated binder dosages ($189.79 and $154.45) were higher than that of Portland cement ($72.49 and $54.04), mainly due to the high cost of NaOH acquisition. However, the alkali-activated binder dosages implied lower carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and thus lower social cost of CO2. The alternative binder presented a higher positive social impact. The alkali-activated high-density/low binder dosage is the most sustainable soil stabilization strategy.

Enhancement of crystallinity with porosity material through solvent and thermal treated eggshell waste for high-performance supercapacitor applications

Enhancement of crystallinity with porosity material through solvent and thermal treated eggshell waste for high-performance supercapacitor applications

Pemberian Unsur Hara Fermentasi Dari Limbah Cangkang Telur Ayam Terhadap Pertumbuhan Tanaman Cabai Merah (Capsicum annum L.)

Research on the provision of fermented nutrients from chicken eggshell waste on the growth of red chili (Capsicum annum L.) aims to analyze the concentration of chicken eggshell nutrients that have the best effect on the growth of red chili (Capsicum annum L.). The research was carried out from April 2023 to June 2023 at the Biology Green House, Faculty of Science and Technology, PGRI Palembang University. Using the experimental method Completely Randomized Design (CRD), with 5 treatments namely P0 (control), P1 (100ml/L water), P2 (150ml/L water), P3 (200ml/L water), and P4 (250ml/L water) ), The treatment was repeated 4 times and the results showed that the best concentration was in the P4 treatment with a dose (250 ml/L of water) for plant height (14.87), number of leaves (12) and stem diameter (0.65).

Chicken Eggshell Powder as Antibacterial Against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli Through In Vitro Studies

Identifying the most effective material with antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a challenging task considering the rising concerns about drug resistance. Various experiments through in vitro and in vivo studies to obtain antibacterial agents using abundant and easily available raw material sources have been conducted. Therefore, this study aimed to acquire semiconducting nanoparticle material derived from purebred chicken eggshell waste that could effectively function as an antibacterial agent. The waste treatment was carried out using a top-down method applying the thermal decomposition method with calcination temperatures of 700 and 800 ºC for 30 hours. XRD analysis results showed CaO as a major phase and this was further supported by Rietveld calculation. The size of the crystalline phases obtained ranged from 10–45 nm, while FTIR analysis showed the appearance of CaO bond at a wave number of 715.65 cm-1. Furthermore, SEM analysis showed a rough folded particle surface with a pore percentage of 48.20%. Based on the UV-Vis DRS analysis results, chicken eggshell powder had band gap energy characteristics of 2.07, 2.74, 3.71, and 5.96 eV for sample B, as well as 4.60 and 5.82 eV for sample C. Activation of purebred chicken eggshell powder as antibacterial was performed both qualitatively and quantitatively using photocatalytic and non-photocatalytic methods. Qualitatively, both samples showed antibacterial activity, with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1,000 µg/mL.

Biodiesel from Avocado Seed Oil with CaO and CaO Super Basa Catalyst from Egg Shell Waste

One waste that can be used as raw material for biodiesel is avocado seeds. Generally, biodiesel from avocado seed oil is synthesized using a homogeneous base catalyst, NaOH or KOH. However, the yield of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) is still low, so it is necessary to make biodiesel using heterogeneous base catalysts such as calcium oxide (CaO) and super base CaO from eggshell waste. Avocado seed oil biodiesel was synthesized using the method of transesterification with a ratio of 1:6, and a super base CaO/CaO catalyst of 1.5% (w/w) of the weight of avocado seed oil was added. The use of the CaO catalyst produced a Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) of 98.21% with a biodiesel yield of 73.77%, while the use of a super base CaO catalyst produced a FAME of 98.47% with a biodiesel yield of 74.50%. Characterization of biodiesel using FTIR shows the presence of methyl, ether, alcohol, carbonyl, and ester functional groups (C=O and C-O bonds), which are characteristics of the resulting biodiesel trans-esterification. Based on the yield and physical and chemical properties, the avocado seed oil biodiesel produced is better using the super base CaO catalyst than the CaO catalyst.

Enhancement of mechanical and barrier properties of chitosan-based bionanocomposites films reinforced with eggshell-derived hydroxyapatite nanoparticles

In this study, Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HANPs), derived from eggshell waste, were employed to reinforce chitosan biopolymer-based films through the solvent-casting method. The impact of varying HANPs content (1%, 3%, 5%, and 10 wt %) in bionanocomposites was investigated. The influence of HANPs addition on the final film properties was comprehensively analyzed using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA), mechanical (tensile) testing, and Water Vapor Permeability (WVP). The morphological aspects of bionanocomposites and the dispersion of nanoparticles within the matrix were studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The structural changes in the films were probed using Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. Results indicated that the addition of 1% and 3% of HANPs exhibited a higher glass transition temperature and improved thermal stability in bionanocomposites. Films with 3% HANPs content exhibited a notable increase in tensile strength, showing a 61.54% increase, while films with 1% HANPs content displayed a 52% reduction in WVP compared to pristine chitosan films. These findings underscore the significant potential of chitosan-hydroxyapatite bionanocomposite films for applications in food packaging applications.