Duck Egg Production Research Articles

Enhancement of tibia bone and eggshell hardness through the supplementation of bio-calcium derived from fish bone mixed with chelated trace minerals and vitamin D3 in laying duck diet

Cracked eggs cause great economic losses in duck egg production. The use of eggshell-related vitamins and minerals is one of the most suitable approaches for solving this problem. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary bio-calcium derived from fish bone mixed with chelated trace minerals and vitamin D3 (BCD) on egg performance, egg quality and the hardness of the tibia bone and the eggshell in laying ducks. A total of eighty 30-week-old Khaki Campbell laying ducks were assigned to 4 groups. Experimental birds were provided a basal diet supplemented with 0.0 (T1), 0.5 (T2), 1.0 (T3), or 2.0 (T4) g/kg BCD. Our results indicated that a negative impact on egg performance was not observed (P > 0.05) in any dietary BCD groups. The different BCD levels had no significant effects on yolk color, yolk ratio, albumen ratio, eggshell ratio or eggshell thickness. Similarly, the calcium and phosphorus contents of the eggshell and tibia bone were not influenced (P > 0.05) by the dietary BCD. Tibia bone weight and length did not differ (P > 0.05) among the 4 treatments. However, tibia bone (P = 0.006) and eggshell hardness (P = 0.025) significantly increased and correlated with increasing BCD levels. The strongest tibia bone and eggshell were found in the 2.0 g/kg BCD group when compared to the control group (P < 0.01). Thus, the study concluded that the inclusion of 2.0 g/kg BCD mixture in laying duck diets can be a potential approach to improve tibia bone and eggshell hardness, without detrimental effect on egg performance.

The Potential Uses of Curcumin and PMSG Hormones to Increase Egg Production of Muscovy Ducks through Increasing Estradiol Concentrations and Shortening Laying Rest Period

The aim of this research was to study the effects of curcumin administration, injection of PMSG hormone, and the combination of curcumin supplementation and PMSG injection on the physiological parameters and performance of female Muscovy ducks. The objects of this research were 40 young female Muscovy ducks, aged 24 weeks, subjected to treatments: control (P1), curcumin supplementation at a dose of 24 mg/100 g feed (P2), intramuscular injection of PMSG hormone at a dose of 0.015 mL/hen (P3), and the combination of curcumin and PMSG (P4). The results showed that the treatment gave nonsignificant improvements in Muscovy duck performances, including feed consumption, egg production, and the day of laying period and molting period. Treatment gave a significant increase in serum estradiol concentration at molting period after treatment. This study concluded that the treatment provides no significant improvement in the performance of female Muscovy ducks because the genetic diversity of Indonesian ducks remains high.

Hypothalamic and ovarian transcriptome profiling reveals potential candidate genes in low and high egg production of white Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata)

In China, the low egg production rate is a major challenge to Muscovy duck farmers. Hypothalamus and ovary play essential role in egg production of birds. However, there are little or no reports from these tissues to identify potential candidate genes responsible for egg production in White Muscovy ducks. A total of 1,537 laying ducks were raised; the egg production traits which include age at first egg (days), number of eggs at 300 d, and number of eggs at 59 wk were recorded. Moreover, 4 lowest (LP) and 4 highest producing (HP) were selected at 59 wk of age, respectively. To understand the mechanism of egg laying regulation, we sequenced the hypothalamus and ovary transcriptome profiles in LP and HP using RNA-Seq. The results showed that the number of eggs at 300 d and number of eggs at 59 wk in the HP were significantly more (P < 0.001) than the LP ducks. In total, 106.98G clean bases were generated from 16 libraries with an average of 6.68G clean bases for each library. Further analysis showed 569 and 2,259 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the hypothalamus and ovary between LP and HP, respectively. The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed 114 and 139 pathways in the hypothalamus and ovary, respectively which includes Calcium signaling pathway, ECM-receptor interaction, Focal adhesion, MAPK signaling pathway, Apoptosis and Apelin signaling pathways that are involved in egg production. Based on the GO terms and KEGG pathways results, 10 potential candidate genes (P2RX1, LPAR2, ADORA1, FN1, AKT3, ADCY5, ADCY8, MAP3K8, PXN, and PTTG1) were identified to be responsible for egg production. Further, protein-protein interaction was analyzed to show the relationship between these candidate genes. Therefore, this study provides useful information on transcriptome of hypothalamus and ovary of LP and HP Muscovy ducks.

Productivity of Laying Alabio Duck and its Eggs Quality under Exposure of Different Intensity and Color of LED Light

The purpose of this study was to analyze the different combinations of intensity and color of LED monochrome lamps for optimal productivity, as well as the internal and external quality of Alabio duck eggs. The study was carried out for 4 weeks period of raising which was devided in 2 stages. In the first stage, it was used a completely randomized factorial design of 4 light colors x 3 light intensities with 4 replications with 5 ducks of each replicate, totaling 240 laying Alabio ducks. The light color was 4 colors consisted of yellow, red, blue, and green, alongside with intensity levels of 10 lux, 15 lux, and 20 lux. The irradiation method of layer ducks was 18 hours light and 10 hours dark (18L: 10D of ahemeral method). The variables observed were laying age, egg production and the total weight of eggs, mortality, feed consumption, FCR, and income over feed cost (IOFC). In the second stage, it was selected 3 best combination treatments from the first phase. The experimental method was based on a completely randomized design, encompassing the best treatments as P1, P2, and P3, with 5 replications with 10 duck per replicate, totaling 150 laying Alabio ducks. The variables were egg internal quality, which consisted of haugh unit egg, yolk index (EYI), egg albumin index, and yolk color. The external egg quality observed were egg weight, shell thickness, shape index, and specific gravity. The results of the first phase showed the best productivity was achieved in blue color with an intensity of 15 lux on all measured variables. The results in the second stage showed the best treatment is blue light color treatment with a light intensity of 15 lux, on the internal qualities of duck eggs include HU (95.11±2.39), EYI (0.421±0.63), EAI (0.121±0.12), egg yolk color (8.36±0.31), and also the best in terms of external quality, with the highest egg weight (66.76±5.21 g). It was concluded that the combination of blue light color with an intensity of 15 lux significantly increased the egg production and performance of Alabio duck from Kalimantan.

The Use of Probiotic and Antioxidants to Improve Welfare and Production of Layer Duck at Commercial Farms for Global Warming Mitigation

Global warming affected increasing the risk of ducks to be more succeptable to heat stress which leads to decrease welfare and production. This research aimed to study duck welfare and productivity under probiotic and antioxidants administration at commercial farms. The method used was experiment with Completely Randomized Designed (CRD) based on factorial pattern. The treatment was dose of natural/homemade and commercial probiotics combined with vitamin C at 400 mg kg–1 and 600 mg kg–1 feed. Thus there were four treatment combinations. Each treatment was replicated five times, totally were 20 flocks of duck. Each flock had 50 laying females so there were 1 000 ducks. The treatment was conduced for 2 mo. The parameters observed included, i) duck welfare based on Heterophyl/Lymphocyte (H/L) ratio; ii) egg production consisted of (a) duck day production, and (b) egg weight. This study concluded that administration of combination between homemade probiotic and vitamin C at 600 mg kg–1 feed significantly (p &lt; 0.05) increased duck welfare and egg production but did not affect egg weight.

The effect of local-based feed ration on the production and quality of duck eggs in Tanjungpinang, Riau Islands

The aim of the study was to determine effect of local feed on the production and quality of duck eggs in Tanjungpinang, Riau Islands. This study was conducted in Juli 2020 in Dompak Village, Tanjungpinang City. The material of research were Mojosari duck ages 38-48 weeks and local feed (feed A, B and C). This study used a non-experimental design using a survey method. Sampling using purposive sampling method. The parameter measured were egg weight, shell weight, shell thickness, yolk color and egg production. The data obtained were then compared to the average using the Mann-Whitney test. The results showed that the ration A treatment was not significantly different from ration B (P&gt;0,05) but both were significantly different from ration C (P&lt;0,05) in the physical quality parameters of eggs, while the parameters of egg production of the 3 treatments local feed had no significant effect (P&gt;0,05). The highest duck egg production was obtained from ration B, which was 80 eggs per day. The conclusion of this study is that the treatment of local feed-based rations can affect the physical quality of Mojosari duck egg.

The Effect of Environmental Factor, Population and Age of Duck on Egg Production

Duck is one of the commodities that contribute to the national livestock production and Central Java is home to the fourth biggest duck population after West Java, South Sulawesi and East Java. The 2019 egg production in Central Java was 36.174 tons or 11.3% of the total egg production nationwide. Accordingly, it is important to investigate the effect of environmental factor, total number and age of ducks on egg production in Central Java. Specifically, this study aimed to observe the effect of region on egg production and feed conversion ratio (FCR) and the total livestock (chicken), age (month), stocking density (ducks/m2), internal housing temperature (oC), and humidity (%) on Hen day production/HDP. A survey engaging purposive random sampling was conducted on the population of duck farming in Central Java especially Tegal, Pemalang and Brebes districts. The data were subjected to General Linear Model (GLM) and a regression-correlation analysis using an SPSS program. The result showed that region significantly affected hen day production (HDP) but did not affect FCR. Housing temperature affected HDP by 14.9% and the higher the temperature, the lower the HDP. Duck age affected HDP by 11.7%, and the older the ducks the lower the egg production. Duck population, stocking density and humidity did not significantly affect egg production. Conclusively, duck egg production (HDP) is significantly affected by temperature inside the housing and the duck age.

Egg production and quality of Magelang duck, Mojosari duck, and their reciprocal crosses

This experiment was conducted to study the egg production and quality of Magelang, Mojosari duck, and their reciprocal crosses. Forty-eight of twenty weeks old ducks were used for a total of 4 treatments. The treatments were T1=Magelang duck; T2= ♂ Magelang x ♀ Mojosari; T3=Mojosari; and T4= ♂ Mojosari x ♀ Magelang. This research was design by Completed Randomized Design and replicated by 10 times according to number of female ducks in every treatment. Hen Day Production (HDP) as long as 12 weeks were collected as an egg production variable. Egg weight, albumen weight, yolk weight, shell thickness, and Haugh Unit (HU) as the egg quality variable. Data were analyzed by Analysis of Variance with one-way classification and Honestly Significance Difference. The result showed that were significantly different (P&lt;0.01) on egg production and quality. The egg production was 60.57, 65.29, 68.86, and 61.00%, egg weight was 67.14, 59.79, 61.80, and 6.40 g, yolk weight was 25.06, 23.34, 23.23, and 24.46 g, albumen weight was 33.44, 31.41, 31.73, and 33.35 g, shell thickness were 0.50, 0.60, 0.57, and 0.53, HU were 74.24, 74.48, 72.57, and 71.03 respectively for T1, T2, T3, and T4. Egg production of Mojosari duck higher than Magelang duck (P&lt;0.01) whereas egg quality of Magelang duck higher than Mojosari duck (P&lt;0.01).

Performative and economic analysis on local duck farming in Central Java - Indonesia

Central Java is the region that produces the second largest duck egg production in Indonesia or reaches 13.55% of the total national duck egg production. Therefore, duck farming in Central Java requires an economic evaluation to identify the success of the business. The economic analysis in the duck farm industry will update the latest statistics on production costs, outputs and profitability. This study aims to assess the analysis of laying duck business, which includes: marginal production costs, total net income and input-output ratio of duck egg production in various regions in Central Java, Indonesia. The study was conducted using a survey method using multi-stage sampling involving 120 duck farmers from the regency of Tegal, Brebes, and Pemalang. Each district was taken 40 farms as respondents by purposive random sampling with criteria for the number of breeders who had a minimum duck population of 100 ducks and a production period of 8-12 months. The analytical tools used include descriptive statistics and farm budgetary analysis. This study showed that duck breeders incur large costs to obtain production inputs, especially from feed aspects. Although three regencies reported profit based on the estimated input-output ratios, it is only a marginal profit that amounted to1: 1.382, 1:1.658, and 1:1.433 in Tegal, Brebes, and Pemalang, respectively. The conclusion of the study is the performance of duck farms in Central Java are still profitable even in the smallholder duck farm industry, with the highest profits obtained by farmers in Brebes Regency.

Expression and analysis of ESR1, IGF-1, FSH, VLDLR, LRP, LH, PRLR genes in Pekin duck and Black Muscovy duck

In order to explore the influence of egg-laying regulatory genes on egg production in ducks at different laying stages, Pekin duck and Black Muscovy duck were used in this study, including early laying stage (20-30weeks old), peak laying period (31-48weeks old) and late laying stage (49-66weeks old). Relative quantitative RT-PCR was used to detect the mRNA transcription level of selected egg-laying regulatory genes in the ovary tissues of ducks at different laying stages. Study shows: during the laying period of Pekin duck, ESR1, LRP1, IGF-1 and LHR were involved in the regulation of egg-laying, and the high expression of LRP1 in the late stage could inhibit egg production. Still, the expression products of the other three genes showed promoting effect. During the laying period of Black Muscovy duck, FSH, VLDLR, IGF-1, PRLR, LHR and LRP1 participated in the regulation of egg-laying, in which the expression products of the first five genes could promote egg production, while LRP1 showed inhibitory effect. Through our experiments, these data will provide strong theoretical support for the breeding of Pekin duck and Black Muscovy duck.

Ovarian transcriptomic analysis and follicular development of Leizhou black duck

This study investigated the factors that caused the differences in egg production during the development of ovarian follicles in Leizhou black ducks. Leizhou black ducks population was divided into 2 groups as high-yield group (HG) and low-yield group (LG). The number of eggs (NE), age at first egg (AFE), weight at first egg, and egg weight (EW) of both groups were recorded, and differences were analyzed using the t test. The logistic model was used to simulate the egg production curves to analyze the production rules. The ovarian follicles of both duck groups were collected to count the number of different grades sized follicles, weigh the ovaries, and observe follicular sections to analyze the developmental differences. Ovarian transcriptomic sequencing was performed to investigate differentially expressed genes and signal pathways in both duck groups. The results revealed a significant difference (P < 0.01) in the NE laid, AFE, and EW between both groups. Comparatively, HG had significantly more (P < 0.01) large yellow follicles (LYF) than LG. The density of medullary layer cells of the follicle section was greater in HG than LG ducks. Transcriptome sequencing revealed a total of 1,027 differentially expressed genes between the HG and LG ducks of which 495 genes were upregulated, and 532 genes were downregulated. Fifty genes were related to reproduction and reproductive processes. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes–enriched signaling pathways revealed 274 signal pathways enriched in these differentially expressed genes of which the steroid biosynthesis pathway was significantly enriched. Analysis (Q < 0.05) showed that HSD3β → gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and estrogen receptor (ESR) → LHβ/ERK1/2 were enriched in the steroid biosynthesis signal pathway. Follicle-stimulating hormone signal pathway mediated by HSD3β → GnRH and ESR → LHβ/ERK1/2 may be involved in ovarian follicle development to regulate LYF reserve process and affect its ovulation cycle, which in turn influence the egg production of Leizhou black ducks.

An Analysis of Duck Egg Production in the Philippines: Factors Affecting the Decision of Duck Raisers on the Choice of Stock Replacement for Duck Egg Production

An Analysis of Duck Egg Production in the Philippines: Factors Affecting the Decision of Duck Raisers on the Choice of Stock Replacement for Duck Egg Production

Identification of Magelang Ducks to Analyze Morphological Diversity in Ngadirojo Village, Secang District, Magelang Regency

Magelang duck is one of the productive local poultry producing meat and eggs. This study aims to compare the production and quality of eggs between local ducks at duck breeding centers in Ngadirojo Village, Secang District, Magelang Regency. The material used was 11 samples of ducks and eggs from different breeders. Based on the results of the study it was found that the average morphological measurements in ducks are bodyweight of 1.94 kg, body length 30.67 cm, neck length 14.18 cm, chest circumference 39.09 cm, and body temperature 40.18 cm. The average quality of Magelang duck eggs is egg weight of 64.46 gr, egg index 1.24 cm, eggshell thickness 0.06 cm, egg length 5.63 cm, and egg diameter 4.54 cm. The average albumen weight was 26.47 gr, yolk weight 23.69 gr, albumen width 8.87 cm, yolk width 4.49 cm, albumen height 0.77 cm, and yolk height 2.00 cm. The morphology of duck size will greatly affect egg production. The weight of female and male ducks is almost the same, ranging from 1.5-2 kg. Magelang duck egg production is about one grain every day. Each egg production will be different. This can be influenced by several factors including the quality of the seeds and the feed system that is given. Standard normal egg weight ranges from 65-70 grams. In maintenance, every 10 female ducks will be added by 1 male duck. Keywords: Identification, Morphology, Magelang Duck, Ngadiroj

Analisis Pengaruh Perubahan Kebiasaan Makan Terhadap Kontinuitas Produksi Telur Itik Di Kabupaten Batu Bara

The purpose of this study was to reveal whether changes in eating habits in laying ducks had a negative influence on the continuity of egg production. Keywords: superior fruits, production value, worthiness. The study was conducted in Batu Bara District by conducting a survey of 35 (thirty-five) breeders in nine villages in three sub-districts. The breeders that are used as the object of research are breeders with intensive and traditional maintenance patterns. This type of research is descriptive quantitative research and the data used are primary data. The method used in data collection uses survey methods through questionnaires. Analysis of the data used in this study is a simple linear regression analysis. The results of this study are changes in eating habits negatively affect the continuity of duck egg production. This explains that there is an opposite relationship between changes in duck eating habits to the continuity of egg production.

Processing of Salted Eggs of various flavors with Optimization of Duck Egg Production in Mompang Village

The community service was conducted in Mompang Village, Padangsidimpuan District, Angkola Julu. This ac tivity aims to increase public knowledge and produce innovations in the processing of poultry production. Eggs are one of the livestock products that are easily damaged in storage and have a fishy taste, especially duck eggs. The used of natural salt and spices can produce salted eggs with a variety of aromas such as soto flavor, rendang and spicy so as to reduce fishy smell and increase egg retention. This activity was held on July 15, 2018 which was attended by 22 participants. The method used was the socialization and demonstration of making various salted roasted eggs. Based on the results of organoleptic testing, making various salted eggs is quite good to reduce the fishy flavor contained in duck eggs so that it can increase the amount of consumption, with this activity can increase public knowledge about processing livestock products.

The Differences of Feed Quality and Egg Production Performance of Tegal and Magelang Ducks on Farming in Central Java

This study was conducted to compare the environmental conditions around farms which was located in Tegal for Tegal ducks and Magelang for Magelang ducks. This study was also aimed to compare the composition of both feed nutrient content and the egg production. The research was conducted by survey method with purposive random sampling based on duck populations and age (8-15 months) provided by the farmer. Each area was provided 10 farmers for every farm and the data were collected in July-September, 2017. Environmental condition measurement were the temperature of the duck housing, and the composition and nutrient content of feed and the egg production of ducks. The results showed that all farmers’ ducks on a dry system rearing (without water pool) with average temperature in Tegal area 30.53±1.38oC and Magelang 28.32±1.00oC. Feed compositions given for Tegal duck consist of: dried rice, rice bran, concentrate, trash fish, golden snail, vermicelli waste and shrimp waste. The average nutrient content was crude protein 19.25%, energy 2,913 kcal/kg, crude fiber 5.82%, crude fat 6.87%, Ca 3.06% and P 1.40%. Feed composition for Magelang ducks consisted of rice (nasi aking), rice bran and concentrate, with crude protein content of 17.99%, 2,801 kcal/kg, crude fiber 8.14%, crude fat 6.10%, Ca 2.29% and P 1.04%. Tegal duck egg production was lower than Magelang ducks (64.89 vs 75.44%), but the egg weight was relatively the same. It could be concluded that the temperature of Tegal duck housing in Tegal region was hotter than Magelang region. Although the food quality of Tegal ducks was better than that of Magelang ducks, Tegal duck had a lower egg production because of the high environmental temperature.

Avian influenza A (H5N1) outbreaks in different poultry farm types in Egypt: the effect of vaccination, closing status and farm size

BackgroundThe Avian Influenza A (H5N1) virus is endemic in poultry in Egypt. The winter of 2014/2015 was particularly worrying as new clusters of HPAI A (H5N1) virus emerged, leading to an important number of AI A (H5N1) outbreaks in poultry farms and sporadic human cases. To date, few studies have investigated the distribution of HPAI A (H5N1) outbreaks in Egypt in relation to protective / risk factors at the farm level, a gap we intend to fill. The aim of the study was to analyse passive surveillance data that were based on observation of sudden and high mortality of poultry or drop in duck or chicken egg production, as a basis to better understand and discuss the risk of HPAI A (H5N1) presence at the farm level in large parts of the Nile Delta.ResultsThe probability of HPAI A (H5N1) presence was associated with several characteristics of the farms. Vaccination status, absence of windows/openings in the farm and the number of birds per cycle of production were found to be protective factors, whereas the presence of a duck farm with significant mortality or drop in egg production in the village was found to be a risk factor.ConclusionsResults demonstrate the key role of several prevention and biosecurity measures to reduce HPAI A (H5N1) virus circulation, which could promote better poultry farm biosecurity in Egypt.

KARAKTERISTIK EKSTERIOR, PRODUKSI DAN KUALITAS TELUR ITIK ALABIO (Anas platyrhynchos Borneo) DI SENTRA PETERNAKAN ITIK KALIMANTAN SELATAN

Alabio duck as one of the genetic resources of South Kalimantan develop rapidly and well-known as an excellent breed of ducks for egg production in Indonesia. However, due to unplanned crossbreeding in the field, presumely the productivity and the purity of Alabio ducks decreased. The study is conducted in order to provide information of the characteristics of body weight, body shape, colour of feather, beak, and shank, and also egg production and egg quality of Alabio ducks at duck farming centers in South Kalimantan. The results indicated that there are uniformity in body weight, ≤ 1,5 – 1,6 kg for female and &gt; 1,6 kg for male at 20-24 weeks of age, bottle for of body shape, 60o elavation, but there are variations in some degree in feather colour, beak colour and shank colour of Alabio duks. The feathers vary between batik (strip) or not-strip with cream as the base color. Meanwhile, the colour of beak and shank vary as light yellow, old yellow and orange. Unless for the higher egg production (91%) in the intensive system and yellow red yolk colour (12,93 RYCF) in the extensive system, egg qualities are not different between production systems.

Evaluation of the livestock sector contribution to small holders in eastern India

The eastern region of India occupies about 21.85% of the total geographical area of the country and sustains 1/3rd of the total human and bovine population. Though livestock husbandry support to livelihood security of resource poor farmers’ of the region, however, its synergy in cropping/farming systems has not been defined. Present study was designed to understand the contribution of livestock towards food and nutritional security besides sustaining the crop production system in seven eastern states. The data indicated that livestock and poultry is, by and large, reared in low input system and thereby the productivity of milk, meat and egg is low. Per capita availability of animal products was much lower than the national average. Growth and production efficiency of livestock/birds was influenced significantly by agro-climatic variations. Livestock productivity was comparatively better in Eastern Indo Gangetic Plains (EIGP). EIGP had highest egg and milk production. More than 80% of the total duck egg production is contributed by eastern India alone. Annual supplement of protein and energy was 3–4 fold lower in indigenous livestock/bird population than improved ones. Of the 106 million tonnes of manure, about 90 million is recycled into cropping/farming systems and rest is used as a source of biomass to meet out the domestic energy requirements. The data indicated that animal husbandry is an important food production system in eastern India besides crop production system and both the systems have been found complimentary to one another through emphasis on resource recycling.

Associations of IGF2 and DRD2 polymorphisms with laying traits in Muscovy duck.

Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) and dopamine receptor 2 (DRD2) play important roles in ovarian follicular development. In this study, we analyzed tissue-specific expression of the Muscovy duck IGF2 and DRD2 genes and cloned those genes transcripts. Polymorphisms in these genes were tightly linked with egg production traits and both genes were highly expressed in the ovary. Moreover, we identified five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for IGF1 and 28 for DRD2. Mutations A-1864G and C-1704G of IGF2 were positively correlated with increased egg laying at 59 weeks (E59W) (P < 0.05). The C+7T and C+364G mutations of DRD2 were highly and significantly associated with first-egg age (FEA) and egg numbers at 300 days (E300D) (P < 0.01). Moreover, C+3301G and C+3545G of DRD2 were highly significantly associated with FEA, E59W and E300D (P < 0.01). Other mutations were positively associated with FEA or E300D or E59W (P < 0.05). These data suggest specific roles for IGF1 and DRD2 polymorphisms in egg production in Muscovy ducks.