Oviposition Research Articles

Laboratory Methodology for Screening of Cruciferous Host for Egg Laying Preference of Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (L.)

Background: Diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.), significantly damages Cole crops worldwide, causing major yield losses and management costs. Efficient control measures, including host plant resistance are imperative. While molecular methods offer insights into resistance mechanisms, conventional screening methods remain advantageous. Here, we present a novel laboratory-based oviposition preference screening method for DBM, significantly shortening screening time in resistance breeding. Methods: We studied DBM’s oviposition preferences among cruciferous hosts and plant tissues. Extract was prepared from leaves and heads of dark green and light green cabbage varieties, as well as cauliflower. Aluminum egg-laying sheets were treated with these extracts and introduced into mating boxes with insects. Egg-laying was monitored over seven days, with the number of eggs recorded daily. Result: DBM adults preferred light green cabbage for egg laying (1238±10.54 eggs), with no significant difference between leaf and head tissues. Dark green cabbage was the second choice (514.5±15.78 eggs), while cauliflower was the least preferred (217±37.2 eggs). Interestingly, DBM exhibited varying preferences between leaf and head tissues, with cauliflower heads being favored over leaves. Additionally, we observed distinct day-wise egg laying trends, providing insights into DBM’s oviposition behavior over time. This study demonstrates the efficiency of lab-based screening in identifying resistant crop varieties, aiding sustainable pest management and crop production and highlights the importance of considering host plant selection and tissue specificity in screening of genotype for resistance breeding programs.

Captive Breeding Reveals Insights Into the Ecology and Reproductive Biology of 11 Little-Known Malagasy Frog Species.

Amphibians are facing an extinction crisis, with ex situ programs increasingly being used as a tool for their conservation. However, conservation efforts are often limited because we do not understand the ecological, behavioral, and life history traits of many amphibian species. Here, we report on the seasonal breeding patterns, egg-laying behavior, clutch size, and development of 11 frog species maintained at a conservation breeding facility in Andasibe, Madagascar. The frogs exhibited diverse breeding strategies aligned with life history theory. Counting the eggs in 1239 egg masses across these 11 species, we found endotrophic microhylids and terrestrial-breeding species had the smallest clutch size yet completed metamorphosis quickly, whereas species that laid eggs above or in water with exotrophic larvae had larger clutch sizes and took longer to develop. Most reproduction in captivity occurred during the warm, rainy season and followed seasonal patterns in temperature variation. Yet, Mantidactylus betsileanus bred throughout the year, and Heterixalus betsileo required additional environmental stimuli to trigger reproduction. Notably, we confirmed that Gephyromantis mitsinjo lays eggs on land with tadpoles developing terrestrially within jelly, a behavior previously theorized but which until now remained unobserved. Such observations show how captive breeding programs can be used to gain valuable data on the life history traits of species that are otherwise challenging to observe in nature. Our findings can be used to assess threats to closely related species, helping inform conservation efforts in a country harboring exceptional amphibian species richness and endemism.

How Does Aversion to Insects Intersect with Sustainable Production and Consumption?

Abstract Damage by insect pests reduces the quantity and quality of harvestable food, making pest management a major challenge for sustainable food production. Perception of insects in association with food is known to cause negative emotions including disgust and fear. These negative emotional responses are likely to alter perception and reduce enjoyment of food. Here, we introduce the concept of insect pests and highlight some of the ways that pests reduce the quality and quantity of harvestable food. Next, we discuss the different sensory properties of food, emotional responses to food and how different factors can impact humans’ perception of food products. Finally, we share the results of our study where the intersection of disgust and sensory perception is explored through an exploration of the blueberry maggot ( Rhagoletis mendax ), a fly that lays eggs in ripening blueberries. Collectively this work demonstrates that merely learning about the existence of an insect pest negatively impacts the perception of fresh fruit, in terms of taste characteristics, and emotional response. These results reinforce the necessity of effective pest management to ensure that consumers maintain a positive affinity towards foods. Information © The Authors 2024

ADULT LONGEVITY OF Idea blanchardii (LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE) CAPTIVE BRED AT LIPI BUTTERFLY BREEDING FACILITY, CIBINONG, INDONESIA

Idea blanchardii is one of many endemic butterfly species in Sulawesi, Indonesia. This species is among the highly traded butterfly species thus requires biological information on the captive breeding. The aim of this study was to obtain data on the adult life-span, to report the multivoltine generation, and to provide conservation-related insight. Captive breeding research on this species was conducted within the period of September 2018 until February 2020. The host plant, Parsonsia alboflavescens, was used to support the life of this species for ovipositing and larval food plant. The adults would visit almost any flowers available at the facility. In total, 696 individuals were observed. Data on mating information of the species is presented here. Observations on when a female lays eggs are also revealed. This research showed that I. blanchardii is polygamous and polyandrous. Individuals of this species could live much longer than other butterfly species. A few could live over 80 days and one still seen laying eggs at the age of 136 days old.

Orthologs of NOX5 and EC-SOD/SOD3: dNox and dSod3 Impact Egg Hardening Process and Egg Laying in Reproductive Function of Drosophila melanogaster.

The occurrence of ovarian dysfunction is often due to the imbalance between the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the ineffectiveness of the antioxidative defense mechanisms. Primary sources of ROS are respiratory electron transfer and the activity of NADPH oxidases (NOX) while superoxide dismutases (SOD) are the main key regulators that control the levels of ROS and reactive nitrogen species intra- and extracellularly. Because of their central role SODs are the subject of research on human ovarian dysfunction but sample acquisition is low. The high degree of cellular and molecular similarity between Drosophila melanogaster ovaries and human ovaries provides this model organism with the best conditions for analyzing the role of ROS during ovarian function. In this study we clarify the localization of the ROS-producing enzyme dNox within the ovaries of Drosophila melanogaster and by a tissue-specific knockdown we show that dNox-derived ROS are involved in the chorion hardening process. Furthermore, we analyze the dSod3 localization and show that reduced activity of dSod3 impacts egg-laying behavior but not the chorion hardening process.

Decoding bee cleptoparasitism through comparative transcriptomics of Coelioxoides waltheriae and its host Tetrapedia diversipes

Cleptoparasitism, also known as brood parasitism, is a widespread strategy among bee species in which the parasite lays eggs into the nests of the host species. Even though this behavior has significant ecological implications for the dynamics of several species, little is known about the molecular pathways associated with cleptoparasitism. To shed some light on this issue, we used gene expression data to perform a comparative analysis between two solitary neotropical bees: Coelioxoides waltheriae, an obligate parasite, and their specific host Tetrapedia diversipes. We found that ortholog genes involved in signal transduction, sensory perception, learning, and memory formation were differentially expressed between the cleptoparasite and the host. We hypothesize that these genes and their associated molecular pathways are engaged in cleptoparasitism-related processes and, hence, are appealing subjects for further investigation into functional and evolutionary aspects of cleptoparasitism in bees.

Efficacy of Botanical Oils on Adult Mortality, Egg Laying, Hatchability and Adult Emergence of Callosobruchus. Maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchidae)

The cowpea weevil Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius, is the major insect pest that threatens effective legume storage. The laboratory experiment was conducted to assess the efficacy of four different botanical oils (Clove, Eucalyptus, Jojoba and Lemon) against the cowpea weevil, C. maculatus by using residual film technique. All the botanical oils were applied at two different concentration levels (0/50 and 0.75%). The results showed that all used oils significantly increased the mortality and reduced the mean number of eggs laying, hatchability and emergence percentages compared to the untreated control. The treatment of cowpea seeds with oils reduced slightly the germination but swelling percentage was higher in treated seeds than control. The results also indicated variation in the activity of botanical oils regarding the stage of the insect, the plant origin of the oils and concentration level. The present study suggested that botanical oils (Clove, Eucalyptus, Jojoba and Lemon) may be preferred option than conventional pesticides far the protecting stored pulse grains against stored products insect pests’ infestation, especially C. maculatus.

Diet Affects Egg Laying, Biomass, and Stable Isotope Values in Tetragnathid Spiders.

Riparian tetragnathid spiders are used as biosentinels of aquatic contamination because they are specialized feeders of aquatic emergent insects and are also prey items for terrestrial predators (e.g., birds). Analysis of both trophic position (e.g., stable nitrogen isotopes) and contaminant concentrations are needed to utilize tetragnathids as biosentinels, which can present challenges when collecting enough biomass to reach analytical detection limits, due to their relatively small size. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impacts of a controlled diet source on spider biomass, egg laying and stable isotope values (δ13C and δ15N). Diet significantly influenced the biomass and egg laying of tetragnathids, with some spiders losing up to 50% of their biomass in a single egg-laying event. δ13C had a faster turnover rate in the whole-body of spiders compared to legs, which is important, as spider legs are presently used as surrogates for whole-body δ13C values.

ВЛИЯНИЕ МЕТЕОРОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ УСЛОВИЙ НА РАСПРОСТРАНЕННОСТЬ СОСУЩИХ ВРЕДИТЕЛЕЙ

The article presents the actual results of observations on the prevalence of sugescent pests in the Rostov region, the dynamics of abundance, population, and the peculiarities of the phenological development of pests on technical varieties, depending on meteorological conditions. It is noted that an air temperature of +14 ... +30 ºC and a relative humidity of 52 % are necessary to maintain viability and fertility. The eggs of the buffalo ceresa leafhopper overwinter in the branches and trunks of trees of woody species, often in young annual shoots. The female ovipositor cuts the bark and lays eggs in two rows of 5-11 eggs. Damage by the buffalo ceresa leafhopper causes a violation of the flow of nutrients to the tops of shoots, weakening and a sharp decrease in their growth. The rose leafhopper gives up to 4 generations during the summer. Damaged leaves turn yellow, photosynthesis processes are disrupted in them, plant nutrition deteriorates, which affects the reduction of economically valuable indicators. The presence of sucking pests increases the risk of spreading viral diseases. Insecticides and phytosanitary monitoring are most effective in fruit-bearing vineyards only in combination with high agricultural techniques of cultivation. In this connection, there is a decrease in yield losses and environmental pollution with chemicals. Therefore, it is necessary to deal with weeds in a timely manner, to carry out maintenance work to ensure good ventilation of grape bushes, to regularly carry out phytosanitary monitoring of the population with sugescent pests and diseases, to carry out row-to-row tillage. Chemical treatments are necessary only if the threshold number of pests is exceeded. The article provides suggestions on how to contain the number of pests at a low level to obtain an environmentally safe grape yield.

Hypothesis Explaining Development of Squamous Cell Carcinoma During Infection with Schistosoma Haematobium

Schistosome worms are blood-dwelling flukes that cause chronic infection in more than 200 million people and are thought to be responsible for 500,000 deaths annually. During infection with Schistosoma haematobium, eggs are deposited in the mucosa and submucosa of the bladder and lower ureters. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the bladder is a long-term sequela of chronic infection. The mechanisms underlying the association between S. haematobium and SCC of the bladder are largely unknown, with all reports to date exclusively demonstrating epidemiological evidence linking S. haematobium infection with SCC of the bladder. Scientists hypothesised that the parasite antigens might induce alterations in epithelial cells towards cancer. Scientists used Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells and treated the cells in culture with S. haematobium total antigen (Sh). Results showed increased proliferation, increased S-phase and decreased apoptosis, as well as down-regulation of tumor suppressor p27 and up-regulation of anti-apoptotic molecule Bcl-2 (Botelho et al., 2009). Angiogenesis is defined as the formation of new blood vessels from preexisting ones and is recognized as a key event in cell proliferation and carcinogenesis and spread of malignant lesions (Dematei et al., 2017). S. haematobium is classified as a Group 1 carcinogen by the World Health Organization’s International Agency for Research on Cancer (Hodderet al., 2000). Another factor that may play a major role in bladder carcinogenesis in schistosomiasis patients is the presence of continuous physical irritation and inflammation produced by Schistosoma eggs in the bladder mucosa. The adult S. haematobium worms inhabit the veins of the perivesical plexus, where the female lays eggs. Some eggs pass through the bladder mucosa and are excreted in the urine. Other eggs are trapped in the tissue. A chronic inflammatory reaction is initiated, with the invasion of histiocytes and other inflammatory cells into the bladder, the formation of granulomas and eventually fibrosis. In addition, the eruption of the eggs through the mucosa stimulates reparative urothelial hyperplasia and cell turnover (Rosin et al., 1994). In our article we try to explain possible mechanism of conversion normal cells into tumor cells from the position of karyogamic theory.

Comparative Analysis of Long Noncoding RNA and mRNA Expression Profiles in Ovarian Tissues of Tibetan Chickens and Roman Chickens During the Egg Laying Period

Comparative Analysis of Long Noncoding RNA and mRNA Expression Profiles in Ovarian Tissues of Tibetan Chickens and Roman Chickens During the Egg Laying Period

Bioecology of the millet head miner, Heliocheilus albipunctella De Joannis (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) in the Sahelian zone of Burkina Faso

Pearl millet, Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br., main cereal crop in the Sahelian zone of Burkina Faso, is attacked by the millet head miner, Heliocheilus albipunctella De Joannis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) which causes considerable damage. Previous studies on this pest have been conducted on ecology, biology and biological control. However, knowledge of some bioecological parameters of H. albipunctella remains to be elucidated. This is necessary in order to strengthen existing control strategies for more effective control of the pest. Thus, the work carried out for two consecutive years in 2015 and 2016 showed that the proportion of adults captured in light traps was four females for one male. The rate of gravid females was between 73 and 100%, whether they were fed by honey solution or fasting. In addition, no adults of H. albipunctella were captured in the dry season. To ensure their progeny, females prefer lay eggs on 1/3 extension and fully expanded panicles. They have a lifespan of 4 days and live longer than males. The average egg hatch rate was more than 89% with a survival rate for stage 1 (L1) larvae ranging from 41 to 88% on millet panicles depending on the number of L1 present on the millet panicle. In farmers' fields, the damage caused by MHM is important with more than 40% of panicles destroyed. In addition, no female lays eggs on a panicle that has previously received eggs from another female. The implications of these results for control strategies against this pest are discussed.

Post-Hatch Egg Laying by American Black Vultures (Coragyps atratus)

Post-Hatch Egg Laying by American Black Vultures (Coragyps atratus)

The adaptive skill of pest dysdercus koenigii fabricius (hemiptera, pyrrhocoridae),and their destruction on the plant Abelmoschus esculenta, at Ramgarh (Jharkhand, India).

The insect Dysdercus koenigii Fabricus (Hymenoptera,pyrrhocoridae) is a polyphagus serious vegetable pest. Its adaptation with change in climatic temperature and humidity makes it the omnipresent, it is commonly called as Red Cotton bug. Adults have more climatic tolerance than nymphs and eggs. In extreme cold the eggs hatched to nymph and nymph to adult in short duration,during this period adult hides under the old fallen decaying leaves on the soil, in the cracks or crevices. In the spring the female lays eggs on the moist ground under the old decaying leaves, in the cracks or in the crevices. The incubation period for eggs completed and tiny nymphs appear, after 5 moults nymph transform into adults. In hot season the life cycle was variable, in the scarcity of host plant pest migrate to or bridging to other cultivated plant and continue its life cycle but its most likely host plant is cotton plant. The experimental place Ramgarh is a district town located at atlatitude: 23.380 N and longitude 85.340E. Moderate temperature, more humidity and dense greenary make it one of the most attractive district. Nature puts all the workmanship to create this place and reinforced all its beauty to it. It is surrounded on three sides by hills and open at one side by planes .The slop of the hills, variety of soils, plants and animals make it a natural resource of biodiversity. It is a niche for various kinds of animal and insect (Upadhyay2023). The experimental pest Dysdercus koenigii. Fabricius (Hemiptera, pyrrhocoridae) was also observed in the crop field of Ramgarh. The farmers cultivate vegetable plant Abelmos chus esculentus in mass level and experimental pest like to feeds the soft leaves and pods of host plants decline the quality of product and reduce quantity. During extreme cold months egg and nymph transform into adult is adapted to tolerate cold better and spend their life to enter under the decaying fallen leaves ,in the cracks or in the crevices .In extreme hot season its life cycle become variable, rising in temperature and humidity varies its life cycle. Prevention from this bug is very difficult; no natural enemies are better known, but control of pest population by some synthetic chemicals are advised to the farmers to spray. Endosulphan 2% dust, Malathion and Fenitrothion are widely used insecticides to control the bug population. . KEYWORDS :Nature, Biodiversity, adaptation, variable, quantity population, synthetic chemical.

C-banding characterization of centric fusion and heterochromatin polymorphisms in the water-hyacinth grasshopper, Cornops aquaticum (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

Abstract The water-hyacinth grasshopper, Cornops aquaticum (Orthoptera: Acrididae), shows a clinal variation for 3 Robertsonian translocation (centric fusion) polymorphisms in the southern extreme of its wide geographical distribution. It is a Neotropical semiaquatic grasshopper that lives, feeds, and lays eggs exclusively on floating plants of the family Pontederiaceae, or water-hyacinths, between 23° N (Southern Mexico) and 35° S (Central Argentina and Uruguay). Given the invasive-species status of Pontederia (formerly Eichhornia) crassipes and the voraciousness of these grasshoppers, they were considered as a potential biological control agent in addition to other natural enemies. We already described the association of the rearrangements with geographical and climatic variables, phenotypic variation, trivalent orientation, effects on recombination, and relationship with microsatellite variability. Here we analyze the distribution of constitutive heterochromatin in 2 populations of C. aquaticum in order to (i) provide consistent markers for a better distinction between all chromosomes, those which are involved in the centric fusions, and those which are not, and (ii) describe possible polymorphisms for C-positive supernumerary segments, given that, on conventional staining analysis, it was frequent to find heteromorphic autosomal bivalents. The cytogenetic analysis allowed us to get a detailed characterization of the constitutive heterochromatin distribution, providing unmistakable chromosome markers of the large, fusion-bearing chromosomes as well as the C-positive, polymorphic supernumerary segments.

Soundscape of a Mediterranean seashore during loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) spawning season

The soundscape is an intrinsic property of an ecosystem and influences the species that live in it. Here, we examined for the first time the soundscape of a beach, one of the most dynamic ecosystems on Earth, where every year the loggerhead sea turtle Caretta caretta lays eggs. The aim of this work was to analyze the acoustic components (biophony, anthropophony and geophony) to which turtles embryos were exposed throughout the development and the post-hatching period. The acoustic monitoring was carried out on the volcanic island of Linosa (central Mediterranean Sea, Strait of Sicily), during the months of July and August 2022, close to two turtle nests. Results revealed that all the acoustic levels (octave bands from 4 Hz to 16 kHz, and total 1–24,000 Hz band) showed lower values in July, and during the night. Furthermore, above 1 kHz the levels decreased and had very little variability. Anthropogenic noise was the main component of the soundscape and consisted of marine and land traffic, that affected sound levels directly or via seismic tremors. When the beach was exposed to the breaking waves, the latters were the first contributor to the noise up to 1 kHz. The only recognized biophony was represented by the shearwater choruses in July (at the frequency band 700–1500 Hz), but they had a negligible weight on the soundscape. Finally, human speech contributed to the soundscape at higher frequencies (1–8 kHz). These outcomes show that the embryos and the post-hatching turtles are exposed to a high anthropogenic noise level, which the effects of are still unknown.

Multi-Stage Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Growth Mechanism of Feathers and Hair Follicles during Induction Molting by Fasting in the Late Stage of Egg Laying.

Induced molting is a common method to obtain a new life in laying hens, in which periodic changes in feathers are the prominent feature. Nevertheless, its precise molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, feather and hair follicle samples were collected during fasting-induced physiological remodeling for hematoxylin-eosin staining, hormone changes and follicle traits, and transcriptome sequencing. Feather shedding was observed in F13 to R25, while newborns were observed in R3 to R32. Triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine were significantly elevated during feather shedding. The calcium content was significantly higher, and the ash content was significantly lower after the changeover. The determination of hair follicle traits revealed an increasing trend in pore density and a decrease in pore diameter after the resumption of feeding. According to RNA-seq results, several core genes were identified, including DSP, CDH1, PKP1, and PPCKB, which may have an impact on hair follicle growth. The focus was to discover that starvation may trigger changes in thyroid hormones, which in turn regulate feather molting through thyroid hormone synthesis, calcium signaling, and thyroid hormone signaling pathways. These data provide a valuable resource for the analysis of the molecular mechanisms underlying the cyclical growth of hair follicles in the skin during induced molting.

Larval morphology and natural history in two Minervarya species from Andaman Islands, with comments on a new phytotelmonous larval morphotype for the genus.

We studied the larval morphology and natural history of two species of Minervarya from the Andaman Islands of India. A recent assignment of Charles Darwins frog to the genus Minervarya opened up new questions on the systematic affinities and natural history of its enigmatic tadpoles. Originally described as Rana charlesdarwini Das, 1998, and long considered as Ingerana charlesdarwini, the tadpoles of this species were poorly understood and incomparable to those of other presumed close relatives based on an original brief description of its phytotelmonous tadpoles. Here we present a detailed redescription of the larval morphology of M. charlesdarwini based on genetically confirmed tadpoles. At the same time, we compared the external morphology of M. charlesdarwini tadpoles to that of its closest phylogenetic and sympatric congener, M. andamanensis, consequently reporting the first-ever larval description for M. andamanensis. For the first time also for minervaryan frogs, we record that M. charlesdarwini lays eggs on the inner walls of tree holes, and the tadpoles possess morphological adaptations for a phytotelmonous life. Their unique features, such as tail-to-body ratio >2.2, reduced labial tooth rows (LTRF 1/1), acutely pointed serrations in the jaw sheath, and the medial portion of the upper sheath broadly arched and that of the lower sheath U-shaped, justify adding a new larval morphotype to the genus Minervarya. In contrast, M. andamanensis breeds and undergoes development in ground water puddles and ponds, a common trait for other known minervaryan species. Furthermore, our study generates new knowledge on the amplexus, oviposition site, and early embryonic development in these species. The deeper understanding of the biology and habitat requirements contributes additional traits for future systematic and evolutionary studies, and helps guide conservation assessments for these two species endemic to a handful of islands in the Andaman Archipelago.

First Report: Spodoptera Picta Guerin-Meneville, Armyworm on Swamp Lily (Crinum x powellii ‘Album’) in Bogor, Indonesia

Armyworms are very common and can attack all types of plants. Attacking ornamental plants such as flowers is no exception. This study aimed to determine the types of fall armyworms that attacked lilies in a Bogor, West Java house. It turned out to be an obvious symptom of the attack, the leaves became bald, attacked from the leaves to the base of the stem, and the dirt and the previous attack became wet. Armyworm larvae are dark grey, with eye-catching yellow stripes in the late larval stage. The larvae and adults were identified as a group of armyworms of Spodoptera picta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). They are common in Australia, and they attack lilies. Characteristics of the larvae were dark grey with a longitudinal black line, a striking yellow line that runs along the middle of the dorsal, and a Y shape in the head. The female of S. picta lays eggs in groups ranging from 50 to 218 eggs per egg group with an egg size of 1 mm. Lili armyworm larvae have 5 stages with larval sizes of 2, 5, 15, 28, and 46 mm respectively. Meanwhile, the size of the pupa and imago of S. picta was 23 and 20 mm, respectively. The management of S. picta armyworms needs to be done so as not to cause major damage and losses to ornamental flower crops.

First Report: Spodoptera Picta Guerin-Meneville, Armyworm on Swamp Lily (Crinum x powellii ‘Album’) in Bogor, Indonesia

Armyworms are very common and can attack all types of plants. Attacking ornamental plants such as flowers is no exception. This study aimed to determine the types of fall armyworms that attacked lilies in a Bogor, West Java house. It turned out to be an obvious symptom of the attack, the leaves became bald, attacked from the leaves to the base of the stem, and the dirt and the previous attack became wet. Armyworm larvae are dark grey, with eye-catching yellow stripes in the late larval stage. The larvae and adults were identified as a group of armyworms of Spodoptera picta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). They are common in Australia, and they attack lilies. Characteristics of the larvae were dark grey with a longitudinal black line, a striking yellow line that runs along the middle of the dorsal, and a Y shape in the head. The female of S. picta lays eggs in groups ranging from 50 to 218 eggs per egg group with an egg size of 1 mm. Lili armyworm larvae have 5 stages with larval sizes of 2, 5, 15, 28, and 46 mm respectively. Meanwhile, the size of the pupa and imago of S. picta was 23 and 20 mm, respectively. The management of S. picta armyworms needs to be done so as not to cause major damage and losses to ornamental flower crops.