Egg Diameter Research Articles

Effects of dietary soybean meal levels on reproduction parameters, the growth and gonad, gut, hepatopancreas histology of female African Cichlids Pseudotropheus socolofi

This study was conducted to determine the effect of different soybean meal dietary supplementation levels on the growth, reproductive parameters, gonad, intestine and hepatopancreas histology of Pseudotropheus socolofi. Experimental groups were hand-fed to satiety with diets supplemented with soybean meal at levels of 3, 16, 27, 35, and 44% twice daily for 90 days. The results of this study showed that specific growth rate, weight gain, and survival rate were not affected by dietary soy proportions (P > 0.05). The worst FCR and final weight were found in those fed the diet containing 44% soy (P < 0.05). In female reproductive parameters, there was no significant difference between the groups in fertilization rate, egg production, hatching rate, egg diameter, gonadosomatic index and broodstock ovulation percentage (P > 0.05). However, due to pathological examinations in female individuals, a significant decrease was observed in the number of mature oocytes in the ovaries and goblet cells in the intestines with increasing soy levels in the diet (P < 0.05). As a result, using soybean meal up to 35% did not negatively affect growth. However, adding 44% soybean meal to diets caused histopathologically serious inflammatory reactions and decreased growth.

Relative abundance and damage by species in the Lepidoptera borer complex of macadamia nuts in the Barberton area, South Africa

Larvae of the nut borer complex, which include Thaumatotibia leucotreta, T. batrachopa, Cryptophlebia peltastica and Ectomyelois ceratoniae, cause extensive economic damage to macadamias in South Africa. Monitoring the changing species composition in this complex over a growing season provides valuable information for managing populations. In this study, pheromone traps were placed in two orchards planted with two different cultivars and used to monitor moth numbers over a 28-week period, while larval numbers and nut damage were monitored weekly over a 21-week period from the onset of flowering. Larvae were identified using a combination of morphology and DNA sequences of ~658 bp of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene. Both larval and moth numbers were dominated by T. leucotreta, followed by T. batrachopa, with respective trap catches of 69% and 27%. Spearman correlations indicated strong linear relationships between nut diameter and numbers of eggs per nut for both the Beaumont and 816 cultivars. Poor correlations were found between weekly moth numbers and the number of eggs per nut. A two- to three-week lag was observed between weekly T. leucotreta trap catches and egg numbers. In contrast, egg numbers correlated strongly with larval infestation levels and the incidence of damaged nuts. Although the numbers of eggs and larvae were higher in Beaumont than cv. 816 nuts, higher incidences of nuts with husk and kernel damage were recorded for cv. 816. This study highlights the importance of monitoring of moth and larval numbers in macadamia orchards and showed that such data could be used to predict pest incidence during the season. This study questions the norm in South Africa, which is that macadamia nut borer (MNB) is usually the most abundant species in the nut borer complex.

Comparative analysis on growth performance, survival and harvest traits between offspring from wild and mass-selected populations of Crassostrea nippona

Crassostrea nippona has recently been recognized as a preferred alternative to C. gigas in summer due to its firm flesh and high glycogen content. To promote industrial development, the mass selective breeding program was initiated to improve growth performance of C. nippona in 2014. Although a steady genetic gain of approximately 10% for growth traits was achieved in each of the first three generations of the selected strains, little is known about the cumulative genetic progress in desired traits contributed by the selective breeding in the genetic improvement program. In this study, the aquaculture performance of the selected population was comprehensively evaluated by comparing the production performance and reproductive traits of the progeny (WF1 and SF4) from the wild population and the third-generation selected line in commercial farming environments. The results showed that the diameters of eggs from both populations were at similar levels, but the fertilization and hatching rates of the progeny from the selected lines were significantly higher than those of the wild population (P < 0.05). At larval stages, the shell height and cumulative survival rate (CSR) of individuals from SF4 were consistently superior to that of WF1, especially on day 6 post-fertilization, in which CSR of the improved C. nippona was increased by 25.08% compared to that of wild oysters. Meanwhile, a significant 12.10% enhancement in the metamorphosis rate was observed in SF4 when compared with WF1. During the grow-out stage, SF4 displayed distinct advantages in growth performance and survival compared to the wild strain, with 23.19, 33.48, 34.18 and 79.11% improvement in shell height, body weight, CSR and final yield at harvest on day 800, respectively. Meanwhile, relative brood amount (RBA) associated with initial development of offspring was found to be significantly higher in SF4 compared with WF1 (P < 0.05). Remarkably, the gonadal development, sex ratios and biochemical composition of oysters from both populations were at similar levels at final harvest, implying that high-intensity artificial selection had no significant effect on reproductive characteristics and nutritional quality of C. nippona. The encouraging results in the present study suggest that the overall genetic progress contributed by genetic breeding is considerable in the fast-growing strain of C. nippona, and such gains are expected to continue to increase with further selective breeding.

The effect of an organomineral chelate complex on the reproductive function of females and the survival of &lt;i&gt;DANIO RERIO&lt;/i&gt; eggs

Danio rerio is a popular model organism used in various fields of scientific research, including aquaculture. The use of Danio rerio in toxicological studies of drugs promising for use in aquaculture allows reducing the cost of livestock of commercial fish for the needs of experiments. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of an organomineral chelate complex on the reproductive function of females and the survival of Danio rerio eggs. An organomineral chelate complex was studied (JUPITER, Russia). The active basis of a biologically active additive (hereinafter dietary supplements): a complex of ethylenediaminediantaric acid and lysine with trace elements (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Co, Se, I). The fish of the experimental groups were given an additive for 30 days, the data were compared with the control. The drug was given together with the feed once a day, in 3 different concentrations (0.25 g / l, 0.125 g / l, 0.0625 g / l). The weight of females at the beginning and end of the experiment, the total number of eggs (from each female for spawning), the number of eggs per 1 g, the survival rate of eggs, the diameter of eggs and the length of larvae 5 dfp (five days after fertilization) were estimated. To obtain caviar, the parent pairs were planted in spawning jigs and left for 12 hours. The effectiveness of the organomineral chelate complex was observed when using it at a dosage of 0.25 g/l. The use of the complex for 30 days led to an increase in the weight of females and the weight of eggs, as well as the number of eggs per spawning. It is also important to note that the use of the drug did not have a significant effect on the survival of the eggs, the diameter of the eggs and the length of the larva. The enhancement of reproductive function and the increase in the size of Danio rerio females can be explained by the influence of the components of the organomineral chelate complex on the course of biochemical reactions in the body of fish.

Gonadal Maturation and Spawning of Barred Loach (Nemacheilus fasciatus) Induced by Topical Gill Hormone Application

Barred loach Nemacheilus fasciatus are unable to reproduce naturally in captivity due to the lack of environmental cues and gonadal maturation occurs slower than in the wild. To optimize breeding procedures for this fish species, we determined whether hormone application via the gills was an effective process and assessed hormone dosage treatments. Oodev™ was used to induce gonadal maturation and Ovaprim™ was used to induce spawning via a topical gill approach. Multiple maturation parameters such as gonadal-somatic index (GSI) and hepatosomatic index (HSI), fecundity, and egg diameter; and spawning parameters such as latency period, egg produce, fertilization rate (FR), hatching rate (HR), survival rate (SR) were recorded and compared between the hormone dosage treatments and control treatment. Both the Oodev™ gonadal maturation induction and Ovaprim™ spawning induction were effectively applied to barred loach via topical gill application. Gonadal maturation parameters were positively correlated with dosage and all were significantly different. Fry survival rate was not different between doses. The optimal dose of Oodev™ (0.75 µL/g fish) resulted in male GSI of 5.334 ± 0.320%, female GSI of 15.501 ± 0.675%, male HSI of 0.416 ± 0.023%, female HSI of 1.670 ± 0.104%, egg fecundity 4584.20 ± 493.216 eggs, egg diameter 0.964 ± 0.0151 mm. Ovaprim™ optimal dosage (3.00 µL/g female and 1.50 µL/g male) was resulted latency period 11.05 ± 0.52 hours, egg produced 3504.83 ± 358.57, FR 96.77 ± 0.88%, HR 83.62 ± 3.78%, and SR 91.44 ± 2.53%.

Embryonic and Larval Development of Hybrid Giant Grouper × Potato Grouper (PGGG) Male and Tiger Grouper (TG) Female

This study aims to collect data and information of embryonic and larval development on the cross breeding between hybrid Giant Grouper × Potato Grouper (PGGG) male and Tiger Grouper (TG). The body weight of broodfish above 20 kg for male and 4 kg for female. Broodstock selection of Hybrid Giant Grouper × Potato Grouper (PGGG) male can usually be stripped by applying gentle pressure to the abdomen between the pelvic and the vent fins. Induced spawning by mixing sperm and eggs manually. Signs of a mature gonadal female are characterized by an enlarged abdomen, slow movements and tend to tilt, the genital opening increasingly swollen and red in colour. The results show that spawning at night 23.30 with an average egg diameter of 0.85±0.09 mm. The eggs hatch at 15.45 or 16 hours 15 minutes. Hatching rate being 24%-32%.

Effects of Antarctic Krill Meal in Diet on Reproductive Performance and Embryo Quality of Eriocheir sinensis.

A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the impact of dietary Antarctic krill meal on the reproductive performance and embryo quality of the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. Three diets were formulated, incorporating varying levels of Antarctic krill meal at 0% (Diet K0), 10% (Diet K10), and 20% (Diet K20), with a control group fed razor clam Sinonovacula constricta. Each diet was randomly assigned to three replicate tanks, each stocked with 5 males and 10 females. Male and female weights were 145.38 ± 8.01 and 102.57 ± 9.73 g, respectively. The results revealed no significant differences in weight gain rate, specific growth rate, and survival rate. However, the hepatopancreatic weight and hepatopancreas index of female crabs in each group decreased, while gonadal weight and gonadosomatic index increased significantly after 60 days, with Diet K20 showing the highest values. Egg production and fecundity of female crabs reached their peak in Diet K20, with no significant differences in reproductive indices among all groups. The phospholipid content in Diet K20 was significantly higher than in the other groups (P < 0.05). Cholesterol contents in Diet K0 and the control group were significantly higher than in Diet K10 and K20 (P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in egg diameter, egg weight, moisture, crude protein, and crude fat between the groups. The content of C20 : 2 and C20 : 4n6 was highest in Diet K0, with a significant difference compared to Diet K10 (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were found in the total content of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids among all groups. Based on the research findings, it is recommended that the optimal level of Antarctic krill meal in diets is 20%.

Plasticity of Life-History Traits and Adult Fitness of Fall Webworm in Relation to Climate Change.

Temperature is an important environmental factor influencing the life-history traits of ectotherms. This study investigated the effects of larval-rearing temperature (21, 23, 25, and 27 °C) on the life-history traits and adult fitness of the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea, an economically important invasive pest of China. With the increase in temperature during the larval stage, the larval developmental duration was significantly shortened, and the body mass was significantly increased, as was that of the body mass and size of pupae. The carbohydrate and lipid content of pupae significantly decreased with increasing larval-rearing temperature, whereas the protein content significantly increased. Adult body size and egg production increased significantly with increasing larval-rearing temperature, whereas there was no significant difference in egg diameter. These results indicate that H. cunea demonstrates life-history traits plasticity. In addition, the increase in fecundity would maintain a stable population size of H. cunea under higher temperatures. Such characteristics could enable H. cunea to spread to the more southern, warmer areas of China, posing an increased risk to the forestry industry in these regions.

An integrative description of Mesobiotus mandalori sp. nov. (Eutardigrada, Macrobiotoidea) from Poland

In this paper we provide integrative description (morphological and genetic) of the new eutardigrade species Mesobiotus mandalori sp. nov. from central Poland, found during research on the vertical distribution of Tardigrada in the Czerniejewskie Forests. Mesobiotus mandalori sp. nov. belongs to the harmsworthi group, but it differs from the members of this group in some morphometric characters of the bucco-pharyngeal apparatus, claws and/or eggs. Morphologically, Meb. mandalori sp. nov. is most similar to Meb. pseudocoronatus, but it differs from it by a larger bare egg diameter and smaller number of egg processes on egg circumference. Morphometrical data were supported by results of comparative genetic analysis of four molecular markers: 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, ITS2 and COI. According to COI the new species is most similar to Meb. skorackii with the genetic distance of 21.1%.https://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0222E328-CF9E-4D04-8F8C-69C80515FEE2

Reproductive performance of Zebra Fish (Danio rerio) exposed to palm oil mill eflluent in chronic toxicity

Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) is potentially harmful to the aquatic environment. POME contains high organic material including COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) TTS (Total Suspended Solid) and various type of heavy metals. of zebra fish (Danio rerio). Reproductin has an important role in producing new individuals which directly affect the population. Impaired reproductive performance potentially impairs juvenile production optimization. The present study investigated how sub-chronic toxicity of POME impact the reproductive performance used Completely randomized Design (CRD) in three treatments and four replicates based on value of LC50-96 hours (5.156 ml/l): Control (0 ml/L), treatment A 10% POME (0,5 ml/L), treatment B 20 % POME (1 ml/L). The fecundity, relative fecundity, GSI, and egg diameter were analyzed. Data was analyzed with Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and followed with Least Significance Difference (LSD) test. Results showed that fecundity in treatment A (149 ± 38.70) and treatment B (85± 11.35) were significantly decreased compared to the control (219 ± 42.38) (P&lt;0.05). While relative fecundity significantly decreased in treatment B (0.33 ± 0.13) rather than control (0,87 ± 0,14). Significantly decline is also observed on GSI in tretment A (4.79 ± 2.55%) and treatment B (2.55 ± 0.21%) compared to control (6.96 ± 1.70%). While the egg diameter only shows a significantly decline in treatment B (0.57 ± 0.18 mm) compared to control (0.71 ± 0.27 mm).

Morphometrics and Reproductive Characteristics of the Freshwater Crab Sartoriana spinigera from the Habitat of Ratargul Swamp Forest, Bangladesh: An Approach to Conservation.

A total of 332 freshwater crab Sartoriana spinigera samples were collected for eight consecutive months from the Ratargul freshwater swamp forest, Bangladesh, to examine their general morphometrics and reproductive traits. The length-weight relationships of carapace weight with carapace length, width, and depth indicated negative allometric growth. The logarithmic relationship between carapace weight and carapace length, carapace weight and carapace width, and carapace weight and carapace depth exhibited a correlation value of 0.86, 0.79, and 0.56, respectively. Fulton's condition factor and allometric condition factor were found to be highest in March and lowest in October. The sex ratio was 1.59 : 1 for the male to female, which did not show a considerable divergence from the expected 1 : 1 ratio in the chi-square test (P < 0.05). In July, a maximum of mature individuals was collected and investigated. The fertilization was 1297 ± 629 ova, the ovary weight was 447.22 ± 359.39 mg, and the egg diameter was 375.15 ± 130.18 µm. Histological analysis showed that the male hepatopancreas was well organized and decomposition was reported in the female during the vitellogenic stages of the ovary. Spermatogonium cells were found in the male gonad, and cells from the female gonad were in the vitellogenic mature stage. In conclusion, the research will serve as a foundation for future research work on freshwater crab species as well as the conservation and maintenance of the ecological balance of this species in the Ratargul freshwater swamp forest.

Evaluation of the antiparasitic and antifibrotic effects of gallic acid on experimental hepatic schistosomiasis mansoni.

Schistosomiasis afflicts approximately 120 million individuals globally. The hepatic pathology that occurs due to egg-induced granuloma and fibrosis is commonly attributed to this condition. However, there is currently no efficacious treatment available for either of these conditions.Our study aimed to investigate the potential antifibrotic and antiparasitic properties of different doses of gallic acid (GA) in experimental schistosomiasis mansoni. In addition, we investigated the outcomes of co-administering it with the standard anti-schistosomiasis treatment, praziquantel (PZQ).In experiment I, Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice were administered GA at doses of 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg. Their effectiveness was evaluated through parasitological (worm and egg loads, granuloma number and diameter), pathological (fibrosis percentage and H-score of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs)), and functional (liver enzymes) tests. In experiment II, we investigated the optimal dosage that yielded the best outcomes. This dosage was administered in conjunction with PZQ and was evaluated regarding the parasitological, pathological, functional, and immunological (fibrosis-regulating cytokines) activities.Our findings indicate that the administration of 40 mg/kg GA exhibited the highest level of effectiveness in experiment I. In experiment II, it exhibited lower antiparasitic efficacy in comparison to PZQ. However, it surpassed PZQ in other tests. It showed enhanced outcomes when combined with PZQ.In conclusion, our findings reveal that GA only slightly increased the antischistosomal activity of PZQ. However, it was linked to decreased fibrosis, particularly when administrated with PZQ. Our pilot study identifies GA as a natural antifibrotic agent, which could be administered with PZQ to mitigate the development of fibrosis.

Effects of dietary squid oil on breeding performance and embryonic and larval development of butter catfish Ompok pabda

The present study was conducted to determine the effects of squid oil on the endangered butter catfish, Ompok pabda to confer enhanced breeding with embryonic and larval development for promoting its aquaculture. A total of 360 fish were obtained from the Brahmaputra River, Mymensingh, Bangladesh, of which, 60 fish stocked in each tank having an initial weight and length of 16.35 ± 0.57 g and 15.25 ± 0.38 cm, respectively, in the cisterns of 1.22 × 2.44 × 1.25 m (total 6 cisterns) maintained at 90 cm water depth. During the experimental period, a constant physico-chemical conditions of water such as temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO) were 26.5 ± 2 °C, 7.4 ± 0.2, and 6.7 ± 0.5 ppm, respectively, were maintained in each cistern. As the source of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), dietary 1 % squid oil (SQO) was supplemented in the diet of the treated group (SQO diet) to compare while the control group offered with basal diet without SQO supplementation (CON diet). The fecundity, spawning, fertilization, hatching rate, and survival rate of fry in SQO group were significantly (P < 0.01) higher than in the CON group. Moreover, better early embryonic and larval development of fish was observed in the SQO group i.e. size of fertilized egg diameter, growth and early developmental stages of larvae but not significantly different from the control group. Collectively, the results of the present study showed that dietary SQO supplementation improved the breeding and reproductive performances of butter catfish. The findings of this study could assist to develop a nutrient-rich diet for the better broodstock development of butter catfish at the farm level which may ultimately reduce the mortality and poor survival of offspring of this commercially important catfish species.

Reproductive performance of the fluted clams (Tridacna squamosa) through different serotonin hormone doses for spawning induction

Exploring the reproductive performance one of the giant clam species being cultured in Indonesia. The fluted clams (Tridacna squamosa) are a keystone species for Indonesia’s marineculture and restocking program, categorized as a protected commodities by Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) due to anthropogenic pressure on wild population. To assess and improve their reproductive performance, induction of different serotonin was applied consisting of control (0 mM), T1 (1.1 mM), T2 (1.4 mM), and T3 (1.7 mM). New significant insights emerge, results indicate response’s time of pre-spawning T1 and T2 were approximately 45 s, while T3 was 60 s, respectively T2 is highest spawning success at 91.67%, contrasting with 50% by T3, also spawning latency varied, with the quickest gamete release (3 min) by T2, on the contrary T3 (4 min). Observed eggs released at approximately 24 min (T2), 84 min (T1) with an egg diameter of 128.72±1.56 μm yet absent in T3. Polynomial regression of fecundity from differential dosing approach attained an R² = 0.3885, highlights an optimal 1.36 mM dosage for maximizing spawning performance, indicating T2 as an adequate dose with moderate egg abnormalities 8.7% and. FR, HR, and SR ranged from to 70-80% respectively.

Influence of broodstock nutrition on egg quality and fatty acid composition in California Yellowtail

AbstractObjectiveCalifornia Yellowtail (CYT) Seriola dorsalis are continuous spawners and rely entirely on their diet to supply nutrients like fatty acids (FAs) to their eggs to support early development. The objective of this study was to determine whether commercial diets could replace a diet consisting of fresh fishery products (FFP‐D) without compromising egg quality and biochemical composition, specifically FAs.MethodsIn 2017, one broodstock group (one female and two males) was fed a formulated reference feed (REF‐D; Bio‐Oregon). This pilot experiment showed that it was possible for a minimum of one female and two male broodfish to spawn repeatedly in a tank, a finding that led to a replicated diet experiment during 2018 in which 18 CYT broodfish were divided into six replicate tanks, with one female and two males per tank. Three tanks were fed the FFP‐D as a control, and three tanks were fed a commercial diet (COM‐D; Breed‐M, INVE). For each spawning event, egg quality metrics were collected, along with samples for FA analysis.ResultThe 2017 REF‐D treatment produced eggs that met arachidonic acid (ARA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) requirements and had egg metrics comparable to those obtained from the FFP‐D, with higher viability and average batch fecundity. However, the REF‐D treatment had insufficient docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and no tank replicates. The 2018 COM‐D treatment produced eggs with large egg and oil diameters and met ARA and EPA requirements but was associated with very poor spawning and hatch success and had insufficient DHA levels. The FFP‐D treatment produced below‐average viability and batch fecundity rates and was unable to meet most essential FA requirements, but it yielded the greatest number of spawning events.ConclusionNone of the experimental treatments, including the control, was able to fully meet the nutritional requirements of CYT broodstock. These results reveal crucial data about current CYT broodstock diets that can facilitate future research for developing nutritionally complete diets, especially in terms of essential FAs.

New Data on Spawning Site and Group Egg Laying of &lt;i&gt;Onychodactylus fischeri&lt;/i&gt; (Boulenger, 1886) (the Southern Sikhote-Alin Range, Russia)

At the end of May, a permanent spawning site of Onychodactylus fischeri was first discovered in the gravel-stony layer under the bottom of a small river valley in the upward flows of subsurface alluvial waters (upper reaches of the Pravaya Sokolovka River, the Sikhote-Alin Range, Chuguevka rayon, Primorsky Krai). This place was located at an altitude of 650 m a.s.l. in mixed coniferous-broad-leaved forest in a narrow river valley. The primary spawning site lay beneath the bottom of a small water body that was two meters away from the main river course. The water in the breeding ground was slightly acidic and slightly mineralized. The local population of O. fischeri begins to reproduce in the end of May, when the water temperature inside the site reaches 6.1 – 7.9°C. This site had been used for egg laying on multiple occasions. We found 72 clutches attached to several small stones (n = 11). There were no large cavities between the stones, only narrow gaps. There were two recently laid clutches, 26 clutches in the late stages of embryogenesis, already empty sacs and fragments of old mucous stalks. O. fischeri lays paired egg sacs measuring 35.4 ± 1.9 mm (34.5 – 38.15; n = 3) in length. Egg arrangement in clutches of O. fischeri was varying: in one (or in two) rows in both sacs, or in one row — in one sac and in two — in the other. The mean number of eggs in each sac was 6.8 ± 1.3 (4 – 10; n = 55), the mean number of eggs in the clutch — 13.6 ± 2.2 (9 – 17; n = 27), the egg diameter — 8.08 ± 0.6 mm (6.71 – 8.9; n = 19). For the first time we recorded the otter (Lutra lutra) actively hunting adult O. fischeri. In late May – early July it preyed upon salamanders near the spawning site. The otter ate heads and bodies of O. fischeri but not tails. Perhaps, a high concentration of muciparous glands with poisonous secretion in the tails prevented the predator from eating them.

Association analysis of production traits of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) using restriction-site associated DNA sequencing

This study was designed to perform an association analysis and identify SNP markers associated with production traits of Japanese quail using restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing. Weekly body weight data from 805 quail were collected from hatching to 16 weeks of age. A total number of 3990 eggs obtained from 399 female quail were used to assess egg quality traits. Egg-related traits were measured at the beginning of egg production (first stage) and at 12 weeks of age (second stage). Five eggs were analyzed at each stage. Traits, such as egg weight, egg length and short axes, eggshell strength and weight, egg equator thickness, yolk weight, diameter, and colour, albumen weight, age of first egg, total number of laid eggs, and egg production rate, were assessed. A total of 383 SNPs and 1151 associations as well as 734 SNPs and 1442 associations were identified in relation to quail production traits using general linear model (GLM) and mixed linear model (MLM) approaches, respectively. The GLM-identified SNPs were located on chromosomes 1–13, 15, 17–20, 24, 26–28, and Z, underlying phenotypic traits, except for egg and albumen weight at the first stage and yolk yellowness at the second stage. The MLM-identified SNPs were positioned on defined chromosomes associated with phenotypic traits except for the egg long axis at the second stage of egg production. Finally, 35 speculated genes were identified as candidate genes for the targeted traits based on their nearest positions. Our findings provide a deeper understanding and allow a more precise genetic improvement of production traits of Galliformes, particularly in Japanese quail.

Maturation of Female Yellow Rasbora (&lt;i&gt;Rasbora Lateristriata&lt;/i&gt; Bleeker, 1854) Using Oodev at Different Doses in Feed

The current high demand for Yellow rasbora (Rasbora lateristriata) is not supported by the availability of captured Yellow rasbora in nature. Aquaculture is the most rational way of utilizing biological natural resources. In intensive aquaculture, it is necessary to optimize all processes that occur in aquaculture, including hatchery. However, the common problem that often happens in hatchery activities is spawning which depends on the season. The hormonal manipulation technique is an appropriate way to stimulate gonadal maturation. Oodev is a hormonal combination of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin and anti-dopamine to stimulate gonadal maturation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of using the Oodev with different doses in feed to accelerate gonad maturation of female Yellow rasbora. The study was carried out with four treatments and three replications in 21 days with different doses of Oodev, such as; A (Feed without Oodev), B (0.5 mL/kg feed), C (1 mL/kg feed) and D (2 mL/kg feed). The parameters observed in this study were gonad maturity level, histological structure of ovary, gonadosomatic index, fecundity, and diameter of eggs. The results showed that the dose of Oodev at 1.0 mL/kg feed was an effective dose to optimize the gonad maturity of female Yellow rasbora. This is proven by the highest results shown on all parameters, such as; the maturity level in the IV phase, histological structure of the ovary which showed the dominance of the oocyte maturation phase, gonadosomatic index of 14.014%, the fecundity of 721 eggs, and egg diameter of 0.865 mm. In conclusion, using Oodev in feed at a dose of 1.0 ml/kg of feed for 21 days is an effective dose to optimize the maturation of female Yellow rasbora.

Relationship of Lei0258 Marker on some Productive Traits of Iraqi Local Chickens

This study was used 100 laying hens, for the period from 10/26/2021 till 3/5/2022 to studying the effect of LEI0258 marker on some productive traits of Iraqi local chickens, Productive traits were measured from the sexual maturity up to 100 days for each chicken, the blood samples were collected from 100 laying hens at the age of 38 weeks from a brachial vein. The LEI0258 marker have 11 alleles were (A1, A2, A3, A4, B1, B2, B3, C1, C2, C3, D1). The results showed that there were a high significant differences (P ≤0.01) for (A1, B1) alleles compared with different alleles of percentage number and genetic distribution with a percentage of (18 %). there was a significant effect (P ≤0.05) in age at sexual maturity for different alleles, while in weight at sexual maturity there were non-significant difference between different alleles. Egg weight trait showed that there was a significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) for the periods (14, 42, 70, 100) day, and non-significant differences in the productive periods (28, 56, 84, 98) day. Feed intake ratio recorded non-significant differences in the period (14, 28, 42, 98, 100) day, while it recorded a significant difference (P ≤0.05) in the productive periods (56, 70, 84) day between different alleles. The qualitative traits revealed a significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) for (shell weight, yolk weight, yolk height, yolk diameter, egg white weight, egg diameter, egg white height, and HU unit), While non-significant differences in shell thickness between the different alleles.

Reproductive performance of snakehead fish (Channa striata) induced by oodev hormone

Snakehead fish is a fish that has a high level of consumption and has many benefits in the health sector, but cultivation activities have not been carried out intensively because of the availability of snakehead fish which still utilizes catches from nature. In cultivation activities, the use of hormones is commonly used, one of which is used to support reproductive performance. One of them is the Oodev hormone, so this study aimed to determine the effect of Oodev with different doses on the final gonad maturation of snakehead fish. The research method used was a completely randomized design experiment with four treatments and three replications. The treatments were P0 (Oodev 0 mL/kg), P1 (Oodev 0.5 mL/kg), P2 (Oodev 1 mL/kg), P3 (Oodev 1.5 mL/kg). Oodev injections were carried out on TKG II fish at an interval of every 7 days. During maintenance, the fish were fed golden snails and small fish 2 times a day. The result of the research showed that Oodev is significant in the gonad maturation of common snakehead. The treatment P3 injection dose of 1.5 mL/kg with maturation gonad time for 16 days, ovi somatic index 4.26%, egg diameter increases of 0.113 mm, fertilization rate 91.43%, hatching rate 90.96. It was concluded that the Oodev injection had a significant effect on the gonad maturity of snakehead fish (P&lt;0.05) in the P3 treatment (Oodev 1.5 mL/kg).Keywords: Channa striata; Dose; Gonad maturation; Hormone; Oodev