Egg Albumin-induced Paw Edema Research Articles

Evaluation of the Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant, Activities of Parinari Curatellifolia Planch. Ex Benth (Chrysobalanaceae) Methanol Stem Bark Extract

It is used as human food and beverage, and in traditional medicine it is used to treat pneumonia and fever. The aim of this was to investigate its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of Parinari curatellifolia methanol stem bark extract. A 2kg of the dried and powdered plant material was extracted with 80% methanol through cold maceration to obtain the crude methanol extract. The crude methanol extract was sequentially fractionated using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol to yield n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol fractions respectively. Acute toxicity study was conducted following the OECD guidelines. The anti-inflammatory activity of the fractions was evaluated was evaluated using inhibition of albumin denaturation, inhibition of egg albumin-induced paw edema in rats and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibition assay models. In vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH de-colourizing, Nitric oxide scavenging activity and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assays. Oral acute administration of the extract revealed an LD50 dose > 5000 mg/kg in rats. The extract caused a dose- and time-dependent inhibition of rat paw edema, and a concentration-dependent inhibition of Phospholipase A2 activity. IC50 of the extract for Albumin Denaturation inhibition was 37.22 ug/ml. In the antioxidant assays the IC50 of the extract against DPPH was 25.91 ug/ml, while the Nitric oxide Equivalence (mM)/mg was 42.38.

Phytochemical profiling, toxicity studies, wound healing, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Musa paradisiaca L. Musaceae (Plantain) stem extract in rats

Ethnopharmacological relevanceThe stem of Musa paradisiaca (plantain) has found application in traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes, inflammation, ulcers and wound injuries. Aim of the studyThis study investigated the phytochemical composition, toxicity profile, wound healing, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of aqueous Musa paradisiaca stem extract (AMPSE) in rats. MethodsPhytochemical analysis of methanol-MPSE was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Acute toxicity testing was carried out through oral administration of a single dose of AMPSE up to 5 g/kg. Four separate groups of rats were used for the subacute toxicity testing (n = 6). Group 1 served as a normal control and did not receive AMPSE, groups 2–4 received AMPSE daily by gavage for 28 days. In the experiments with excision and incision wounds, the rats were treated with 10 w/w AMPS extract. The anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of AMPSE were assessed using egg albumin-induced paw oedema and acetic acid-induced writhing methods, respectively. For the subacute, anti-inflammatory and analgesic studies, AMPSE was administered to the experimental rats at doses of 300, 600 and 900 mg/kg body weight. ResultsBioactive compounds identified include β-sitisterol, n-hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, diethyl sulfate, p-hydroxynorephedrine, phenylephrine, nor-pseudoephedrine, metaraminol, pseudoephedrine and vanillic acid. No signs of toxicity and no deaths were observed in all the groups. For the groups treated with AMPSE for 28 days, a significant reduction in alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, urea, sodium, chloride, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were observed while high density lipoprotein cholesterol, glutathione and superoxide dismutase increased compared to control (p < 0.05). In wound healing experiments, AMPSE showed greater percent wound contraction and wound resistance fracture compared to the povidone-iodine (PI) treated and control groups. Treatment with 900 mg/kg AMPSE resulted in significant (p < 0.05) anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects compared to the control. ConclusionThis study shows that AMPSE is not toxic but contains biologically active compounds with hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering and wound-healing effects. Treatment of rats with AMPSE has shown that AMPSE has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, hepatoprotective, lipid-lowering and wound-healing effects, supporting its therapeutic use in ethnomedicine.

Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Arthropteris Orientalis in Wistar Albino Rat

The study investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol leaf extract of Arthropteris orientalis in wistar albino rat. The plant extract was obtained with the procedure as described by Khalifa et al. [1] and both acute and chronic anti-inflammatory properties was assessed. Five groups of five animals each were utilized for acute and chronic inflammation respectively. Anti-inflammatory effect of the extract was evaluated on egg albumin induced paw edema in albino rats and edema induced by formalin in the wistar albino rats’ paw for acute and chronic inflammation respectively. The extract had 26.665% tannin while flavonoid, saponin, phenol, and glycoside had 0.784%, 0.631%, 0.183% and 0.057% respectively. The result revealed that the extract at 500 mg/kg exhibited significant inhibition (p&lt;0.05) of systemic acute paw edema at the 4th hour of the second phase of edema in comparison with the standard drug. The results reveal that intraperitoneal administration of ethanol leaf extract of Arthropteris orientalis on formalin-Induced paw edema in wistar albino rats at (100 and 500mg/kg) and (100mg/kg) exhibited significant inhibition (p&lt;0.05) in mean paw volumes on day 1 and 2 respectively. The extract did not produce any significant hematological change. These results show that Arthropteris orientalis has potential anti-inflammatory properties.

Phytochemical characterization, anti-diarrhoeal, analgesic, anti-inflammatory activities and toxicity profile of Ananas comosus (L.) Merr (pineapple) leaf in albino rats

Ethnopharmacological relevanceAnanas comosus (pineapple) leaf is used in ethnomedicine to treat diarrhoea, inflammation, pain, bacterial infections and oedema. Aim of the studyThe aim of this study was to investigate the anti-diarrhoeal, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects as well as the toxicity profile of the aqueous Ananas comosus leaf extract (AACLE) in rats. MethodsMethanol ACLE was subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. In the acute toxicity study, a single oral dose of up to 5000 mg/kg AACLE was administered. In the subacute toxicity study (28 days), rats in groups 2–4 received AACLE orally. The anti-diarrhoeal effect was studied using charcoal meal and castor oil-induced diarrhoea. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic tests were measured using egg albumin-induced paw oedema and acetic acid-induced writhing methods, respectively. For the subacute toxicity, anti-diarrhoeal, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory studies, AACLE was administered orally to rats at doses of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg body weight. ResultsHexadecanoic acid methyl ester, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, n-hexadecanoic acid and n-heptadecanol-1 were identified among other compounds with known pharmacological activities by GC-MS analysis. No deaths, behavioural changes, or signs of toxicity were observed in the acute toxicity study. Treatment with AACLE (28 days) decreased aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glutathione, and catalase increased when compared with control (P < 0.05). Treatment with AACLE did not cause significant changes in haematological or renal function parameters. Treatment with AACLE inhibited gastrointestinal motility and castor oil-induced diarrhoea in rats. Treatment with AACLE resulted in a dose-dependent (200–600 mg/kg) significant (P < 0.05) anti-diarrhoeal, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory effect compared to standard drugs. ConclusionOur study revealed that ACLE is not toxic but contains bioactive compounds with anti-diarrhoeal, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and hepatoprotective activity. AACLE has antidiarrhoeal, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity in rats, which justifies its therapeutic use in traditional medicine.

Investigation of the chemical composition and anti-inflammatory effects of the crude methanolic extract and fractions of Artocarpus heterophyllus (Fam. Moraceae)

Inflammation is a local response of living tissues in mammals towards injury and is normally linked to the pathogenesis of several diseases. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of the methanol extract and the n-hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol fractions of the Jack fruit leaves. Methanolic cold maceration was carried out to get the extract, followed by liquid-liquid fractionation. Two models, viz. xylene-induced ear edema in mice and egg albumin-induced paw edema in rats were used to evaluate them. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extract and fractions was screened for anti-inflammatory activity using xylene-induced ear edema in mice and egg albumin-induced paw edema in rats. The chemical constituents of the extract and fractions were detected by dereplication using HPLC-DAD. Results showed that for the xylene-induced topical edema model, only the 250µg/ear n-butanol fraction exhibited good anti-inflammatory activity at 21.21% when compared with the piroxicam (positive control) at 32.21%. In the egg albumin-induced paw edema both the methanol extract and n-butanol fraction at 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg showed good anti-inflammatory activity after 2hours post-administration, with maximum effect at 6 hours. Specifically, at 6 hours the methanol extract at 250 mg/kg exhibited 41.21% inhibition; the butanol fraction at the same dose exhibited 43.63% inhibition when compared with piroxicam (500 mg/kg) with 38.39% inhibition. The HPLC-DAD analysis of the extract and fractions revealed the presence of six (6) compounds: catechin (1), septicine (2), 5-isoprunetin 8C glucoside (3), naamine (4), protocatechuic acid (5), and vitexin (6). These compounds have been reported to display anti-inflammatory activity. These findings suggest that the leaf extract possess an anti-inflammatory phytocompounds which authenticates their ethno-medicinal usage claim by local people in different parts of Nigeria.

Exploring the Potential of Crude Methanolic Leaf Extract of Gossypium Hirsutum in Malaria Treatment, Pain Relief, and Inflammation Reduction

The increasing resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to standard anti-malarial drugs has led to a search for new compounds with antimalarial properties. Throughout history, various plants have been used for the treatment of malaria. Gossypium hirsutum, a plant commonly used in Ondo state for malaria treatment, was the focus of this study. The crude extracts of Gossypium hirsutum were evaluated for their anti-plasmodial, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties. To assess the anti-plasmodial effect, Plasmodium berghei was inoculated into 12 mice divided into four groups, with three mice in each group. Groups 1 and 2 were treated with doses of 200mg/kg.bw and 400mg/kg.bw of the crude plant extract, respectively. Group 3 received 5mg/kg.bw of chloroquine phosphate, while group 4 received normal saline. The analgesic effects were evaluated using the Eddy's hot plate method and the Tail flick method in mice. The anti- inflammatory effect was assessed using egg albumin-induced paw edema in rats. The crude methanolic extracts of Gossypium hirsutum demonstrated activity against Plasmodium parasites and a significant anti-inflammatory effect, suppressing paw edema by 49.7%. Animals administered with the extracts showed increased resptime to thermal pain induction in both the hot plate and tail flick methods, similar to the effect oonse bserved with the standard drug. The crude plant extract reduced parasitemia in mice by 79.2%, accompanied by a slight but statistically insignificant decrease in packed cell volume (PCV) and the weight of treated animals. Overall, the crude extract of Gossypium hirsutum exhibited effectiveness in managing malaria, along with a moderate analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential. These findings suggest that the plant contains active compounds with promising antimalarial effects, which could be further isolated and studied.

Analgesic, anti-inflammatory activity and metabolite profiling of the methanolic extract of Callicarpa arborea Roxb. leaves

Ethnopharmacological relevanceCallicarpa arborea Roxb. is widely used as traditional medicine especially by the tribal people of Bangladesh in the management of wide range of ailments. In addition to Bangladesh, the leaves of this plant is utilized as a remedy to various painful and inflammatory conditions including rheumatism, toothache and stomachache in other countries of Indian subcontinent. Aim of the studyDepending on the ethnomedicinal uses, we undertook this study to investigate the in-vivo analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the methanolic extract of C. arborea Roxb. leaves in Swiss albino mice as well as its chemical composition. Materials and methodsWe evaluated the analgesic activity of Callicarpa arborea Roxb. leaves by the acetic acid induced writhing test, the hot plate test, and the formalin test. We undertook the egg albumin induced paw edema test to determine the anti-inflammatory activity of the plant. Furthermore, we conducted the phytochemical profiling by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). ResultsIn acute toxicity test, no mortality was observed at the highest dose of 2000 mg/kg b.w. Significant (p < 0.005) inhibition of acetic acid induced writhing was observed at both doses of the extract. A dose dependent increase in the response time was seen in the hot-plate test. In the formalin test, the extract significantly inhibited pain response in both early and late phase. We observed marked anti-inflammatory activity manifested by a significant (p < 0.005) reduction in egg albumin induced paw edema. We identified a total of twenty one compounds in the extract of by GC-MS analysis. ConclusionTaken all into consideration we conclude that the leaves of C. arborea Roxb. possesses potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity, thus justifying its's ethnomedicinal use against painful and inflammatory pathological conditions.

Investigations of the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-malarial activities of extract from the leaf of Halea ciliata (Abura leaves)

Background: Halea ciliata (Abura leaves) is a medicinal plant and has long been used for the treatment of several diseases including malaria, pains and inflammation, However, no complete pharmacological study to confirm these effects have been reported. In this study, the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antimalarial effects of Halea ciliata were investigated. Methods: The leaf of Halea ciliata was extracted with ethanol. The anti-inflammatory activity was tested using the egg albumin induced paw oedema while the analgesic activities were investigated using the hot-plate and Tail flick tests in mice. The anti-malaria activities were evaluated in Plasmodium berghei infected mice. Results: The crude methanol extract of Halea ciliata had LD50 greater than 5000 mg/kg and contains alkaloid, tannin, flavonoid, glycoside, steroid, terpenoid and saponin. In vivo analysis revealed that the crude extract demonstrated 78.64±4.32 % and 78.09±2.34% inhibition of the Plasmodium berghei parasite, while chloroquine, exhibited 92.12±3.45 % activities. The extract also significantly (p&lt;0.05) suppressed the egg albumin induce paw oedema with percentage inhibition of 13.55±0.34, and 11.88±1.34 at 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively, while the standard drug caused 64.40±2.34 inhibition of paw oedema when compared to the non-treated controls. Similarly, the crude extract demonstrated significant analgesic activities in both the hot plate and tail-flick models. Conclusion: These results suggest that crude methanol extract of Halea ciliata has potent anti-malaria, anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities.

An in vivo evaluation of anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-pyretic activities of newly synthesized 1, 2, 4 Triazole derivatives

BackgroundIn recent years, 1, 2, 4-triazole and its derivatives have been reported to be pharmacologically significant scaffolds. They possess analgesic, anti-tubercular, anti-inflammatory, anti-convulsant, anti-oxidant, anti-fungal, anti-cancer, anxiolytic and anti-depressant activity. This study was designed and conducted to evaluate the potential anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities of Triazole derivatives.MethodsSwiss albino (male and female) mice weighing 20-30 g (10-24 weeks female), (5-14 weeks male) and Wister Kyoto rats (male and female) weighing 200-300 g (8-10 weeks old) were used for the present study. Anti-inflammatory activity was checked using Lambda carrageenan (λ) and egg albumin-induced paw edema models. Analgesic via Writhing Reflex induced by acetic acid and formalin, furthermore anti-pyretic activity was assessed by yeast induced pyrexia.ResultsBoth of the test compounds exhibited encouraging anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic results when compared with standard drug ibuprofen. The maximum inhibition of edema for the compound (S)-1-(4-Amino-5-mercapto-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl) ethanol [3] was found to be (91)% as compared to reference drug ibuprofen (82)%, while (S)-1-(6-Phenyl-7H-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazin-3-yl)ethanol [5e] showed equipotent results to ibuprofen (81)%. The derivatives were also screened for their anti-nociceptive activity by Acetic acid writhing and tail immersion test. Compound 3 showed a significant reduction in wriths (83)% as compared to standard drug ibuprofen 71.5% and [5] showed comparable results to ibuprofen by exhibiting 70% reduction in writh at the same dose as that of standard drug, moreover, there were no signs of toxicity being observed after administration of high doses of test compounds to mice.ConclusionsIt is evident from the results that compounds 3(compound A) and 5(compound B) are a potential candidate for anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-pyretic and the scaffold could be used for further structural modifications. Further studies would help to evaluate their molecular mechanism of action regarding these beneficial activities.

Inhibition of phospholipase A2, platelet aggregation and egg albumin induced rat paw oedema as anti-inflammatory effect of Peltophorun pterocarpus stem-bark

BackgroundMost medicinal plants presently employed in traditional medicine are used without scientific evidence, thereby suggesting a need to explore efficient and reliable investigations of their potential. We, therefore, conducted the present study to ascertain the efficacy of flavonoid-rich extract of Peltophorum pterocarpum sterm-bark in the treatment and management of inflammatory disorders as employed in folk medicine.Materials and methodsFlavonoid-rich extract of Peltophorum pterocarpum sterm-bark and a total of fifty-five (55) Wistar rats were used for this study. Eighteen (18) mice were used for toxicity testing, and the phytochemical analysis was done using the Trease and Evans method, while the acute toxicity was done using Lorke’s method. In vivo anti-inflammatory study was done using the egg albumin-induced paw oedema method, while the in vitro anti-inflammatory studies were performed for the extract using phospholipase A2 inhibition and calcium chloride-induced platelet aggregation assays.ResultsThe phytochemical analysis revealed that the extract of Peltophorum pterocarpum sterm-bark contains tannins, terpenoids, steroids, phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, and saponins ranging from 0.307 ± 0.02 to 1279.567 ± 149.868. The acute toxicity test of the extract showed no toxicity up to 5000 mg/kg body weight. In the systemic oedema of the rat paw, scalar doses of the extract significantly (p < 0.05) suppressed the development of paw oedema induced by egg albumin, particularly with the Indomethacin (1.77 ± 0.41) when compared with the control (5.50 ± 0.26). However, varying doses of the extract significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited phospholipase A2 activity and CaCl2-Induced platelet aggregation in a concentration, dose, and time-dependent manner, in comparison to prednisolone.ConclusionThese results indicate that the extract exhibited anti-inflammatory potential, and the mechanism of this activity has a promising ability to inhibit phospholipase A2 activity and platelet aggregation in rats inflicted with paw oedema.

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF AN AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF JUSTICIA FLAVA (FORSK) VAHL (ACANTHACEAE) IN RATS

Objective: Justicia flava is a plant commonly used in traditional medicine for the treatment of frictions, convulsions, body aches, pains, and fever. The aim of this study was to determine the anti-inflammatory properties of an aqueous extract of J. flava (AEJf) in rats. Methods: Thus, 36 rats were divided into six groups of six rats each for each test. Acute anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by induction of plantar edema following injections of egg albumin, carrageenan, or histamine. AEJf and aspirin (100 mg/kg bw) were orally administered to rats with doses ranged from 62.5 to 500 mg/kg bw before (preventive study) and after (curative study) the induction of edema. The rat’s paw edema was measured using a digital caliper thereafter. For a sub-chronic anti-inflammatory activity, sterilized cotton pellets (20±0.5 mg) were implanted in the anterior dorsal region for granuloma formation. Animals received the different doses of AEJf (62.5–500 mg/kg bw) for 7 days and on the 8th day, cotton pellets were removed and weighed, dried, and weighed again. Results: The results of the oral administration of AEJf at doses of 62.5, 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg bw to rats showed similar acute anti-inflammatory properties such as aspirin (100 mg/kg bw) on carrageenan (1%), fresh egg albumin, and histamine injection-induced rats’ paw edema. AEJf caused 77.63% (preventive study) and 28.1% (curative study) inhibitions of carrageenan (1%) solution-induced paw edema and 61% (preventive study) and 29.62% (curative study) inhibitions of fresh egg albumin-induced paw edema. AEJf also inhibited histamine-induced edema (1 mg/mL) by 83.67% compared to the control group. AEJf significantly reduced the weight of granuloma tissue elicited by the insertion of sterile cotton pellets from 34.53 to 46.98% for wet cottons and from 45.73 to 59.45% for dry cottons. Conclusion: AEJf possessed anti-inflammatory activity on acute and sub-chronic inflammations in rats.

Anti-inflammatory potential of ethanol leaf extract of Sphenocentrum jollyanum in experimental mice

Anti-inflammatory potential of the ethanol leaf extract of Sphenocentrum jollyanum (ELESJ) was assessed in-vivo in mice by using carrageenan-induced paw oedema, egg albumin-induced paw oedema, and xylene-induced ear oedema model at doses of 474.34, 948.68, and 1423.03 mg/kgbw respectively. A total of seventy-five matured mice of both sexes weighing between 20 g and 24 g (divided into three groups of 25 mice each for the 3 different studies) were used for this study. Treatment was done intraperitoneally. Distilled water (10 mL/kgbw), acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) (100 mg/kgbw) or dexamethasone (4 mg/kgbw) served as the normal and standard drugs respectively. The results showed that ELESJ produced significant (p &lt; 0.05), dose-dependent and time-dependent reductions in mean paw thickness in groups III-V compared with control group. Similarly, the extract caused a dose-dependent increase in percentage inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw oedema and egg-albumin induced paw oedema (34.49%, 36.71%) at the highest dose (1423.03 mg/kg), comparable with the anti-inflammatory effects of the standard drug ASA (34.69%, 31.54%). The ELESJ also caused significant (p &lt; 0.05), dose-dependent decreases in xylene-induced ear oedema weight in all the test groups relative to control group and standard drug group. In addition, ELESJ showed a dose-dependent percentage inhibitory effect (44%) at the highest dose (1423.03 mg/kg) comparable with that of the standard drug, dexamethasone (48%). The results obtained from this study support the use of the leaf in folk medicine as it has significant anti-inflammatory properties and this may be attributed to the phytochemical constituents of the leaf.

Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Stem Bark Methanol Extract of Picralima nitida

Aims: To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of Picralima nitida stem bark methanol extract (PNSBE).&#x0D; Study Design: The study was carried out using in vivo (carrageenan-induced paw oedema and egg albumin-induced paw oedema) and in vitro (Human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization assay) models in rat.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria from March to July, 2020.&#x0D; Methodology: The extract was used at the doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg while diclofenac (20 mg/kg) was used as the standard reference drug for the in vivo study (carrageenan-induced paw oedema and egg albumin). For the in vitro study (red blood cell haemolysis), the extract was used at the concentrations of 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 µg/ml while diclofenac 250 µg/ml was used.&#x0D; Results: In the carrageenan-induced paw oedema model, the extract at the doses used and the reference drug significantly (p &lt; 0.05) reduced the paw edema in the rats at 1 hour in a dose dependent manner. Also, in the egg albumin model, the paw oedema of treated rats was significantly (P &lt; 0.05) reduced by PNSBE dose dependently reducing the mean rat paw oedema from 0.99 ± 0.12 to 0.61 ± 0.06 at the first hour. There was also a concentration dependent inhibition of red blood cell haemolysis by the extract in the HRBC membrane stabilization assay.&#x0D; Conclusion: Picralma nitida demonstrated a significant anti-inflammatory activity in this study.

Effect of Leaf Methanol Extract of Boswellia Dalzielii on the Experimental Inflammatory and Nociceptive Models in Albino Mice

Inflammation is a physiological protective response by the organism to remove the injurious stimuli, microbial infections, and trauma. The prolong treatment for inflammation and pain with NSAID’s has been shown greater unwanted effects, so there is a rising scope for traditional medicines. Boswellia dalzielii leaves are used traditionally as folk remedies for the treatment of health problems caused by inflammation. The present study was an attempt to investigate the qualitative phytochemical constituents and the activity of methanol extract of Boswellia dalzielii leaves (MEBD) on the experimental inflammatory and nociceptive models in mice. Qualitative phytochemical constituents of the MEBD were performed using standard protocol. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by studying carrageenan and egg-albumin induced paw oedema and xylene induced ear oedema animal models. Acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing, tail immersion and hot plate tests had been performed to evaluate the anti-nociceptive effect. This MEBD revealed the absence of alkaloids and saponins. The all doses (100, 200 and 400 mg) of the MEBD significantly (p < 0.001) inhibited the acute inflammatory process compared to the negative control. Highest percentage inhibition was 90.69±0.42% in carrageenan paw oedema test 100 mg/kg, 94.01±8.72 (Egg-albumin paw oedema test, 100 mg/kg) at 6 hrs, 57.43±0.03% (xylene test, 400 mg/kg). In anti-nociceptive experiments, MEBD of all doses were significantly reduced (p < 0.001) acetic acid-induced writhing (82.24±3.03%, 400 mg/kg). In addition, MEBD significantly increased the latency time (p < 0.001) in the tail flick (12.15±0.01, 400 mg/kg) at 90 min and in the hot plate test (13.37±0.10, 200 mg/kg) at 60 min compared to the control group. In conclusion, the study revealed that Boswellia dalzielii leaves, widely used in traditional medicine in North Cameroon, and affectively has antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory powers.

Anti-inflammatory properties of methanolic extract of "sikari laharo" (Periploca calophylla)

Inflammation, orchestrated in a series of cardinal signs is a pathophysiological condition that occurs during various clinical presentations. Periploca calophylla is a herbal plant which is used traditionally as an anti-inflammatory agent for a myriad of malaises in Nepalese countryside. The scientific research on the anti-inflammatory property of this plant is scanty, and if available elsewhere, its properties are not proven scientifically, except sporadic empirical evidence reported by the traditional faith healers. The main objective of this research was to establish a proof of concept on the anti-inflammatory property of P. calophylla based on the results obtained from a scientific experiment. Accordingly, Adult albino mice animal model was used for in vivo assessment of its property. Three different doses of 80% methanolic extract of the vine of P. calophylla (1.5 mg/ kg, 2 mg/kg, and 2.5 mg/kg) were administered intra-peritoneally to the animals of the test groups. Indomethacin (25 mg/ kg) and distilled water (3 mL/kg) were used as positive and negative controls, via the same route of administration. The anti-inflammatory property was evaluated by the Carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema model test, fresh egg albumin induced paw oedema test, formalin-induced paw oedema test, and haematology. Extract of P. calophylla (1.5 mg/kg) significantly (p&lt;0.01) inhibited inflammatory responses in all the evaluated tests in the animal model. The data obtained from this study indicated that the phyto-extract of P. calophylla possessed a significant amount of anti-inflammatory property. This justifies the empirical and traditional use of this plant as an anti-inflammatory agent. Isolation of the particular compound related to this property needs further experimentation and scientific investigation.

Characterization of anti-plasmodial, analgesic and anti-inflammatory fraction of Maytenus senegalensis (lam.) Exell leaf extract in mice

BackgroundThe treatment inadequacy and toxicity associated with conventional anti-malarial, anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs has called for the search of alternatives from medicinal plants, particularly, their phytochemicals with inherent pharmacological properties. In the present study, purified fraction of M. senegalensis leaf was evaluated for antimalarial, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.MethodAntimalarial study was conducted against Plasmodium chabaudi and Plasmodium berghei using 4 days suppressive test, while anti-inflammatory and analgesic studies were conducted using egg albumin induced paw oedema and acetic acid induced pain model respectively. Sub-acute toxicity was assessed using serum biochemical parameters following 3 weeks administrations of the purified fraction.ResultsThe purified fraction of M. senegalensis leaf shows dose dependent antiplasmodial activity with percentage curative effects of 15.24 ± 0.89, 45.70 ± 3.43 and 48.50 ± 4.56 at 75, 150 and 300 mg/kg bw against Plasmodium chabaudi and % curative effects of 44.25 ± 3.21, 72.74 ± 6.54 and 76.30 ± 8.32 respectively against Plasmodium berghei. The purified fraction exhibited 53.16 ± 4.09 and 60.76 ± 7.54 anti-inflammatory effect, 43.35 ± 4.98% and 44.83 ± 3.86% analgesic effect at 75 and 150 mg/kg bw respectively. GC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of 20α)-3-hydroxy-2-oxo-24-nor-friedela-1(10),3,5,7-tetraen-carboxylic acid-(29)-methylester, 2(4H)-Benzofuranone, 5,6,7,7a-tetrahydro- and 3-hydroxy-20(29)-lupen-28-ol and a terpenes (phytol) as the major antimalarial compounds in the fraction. The purified fraction increases the serum total proteins and transaminases concentrations but had no effect on serum levels of sodium, potassium, chloride, alkaline phosphatase, triglyceride and glucose in the mice.ConclusionThe purified fraction of M. senegalensis leaf exhibited promising antimalarial, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Thus, could serve as a template for the synthesis of new drug.

Synthesis, Characterization and evaluation of Anti-inflammatory and Antimicrobial Properties of some Cinnamic Acid Derivatives

Background: Cinnamic acid and derivatives are widely spread in plants. They are important intermediates in the synthesis of many aromatic compounds and are known to have diverse biological activities.Objectives: To synthesize, characterize and evaluate some cinnamic acid derivatives, for possible antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities.Material and methods: Different cinnamic acid derivatives were synthesized by Knoevenagel condensation reaction between malonic acid and various derivatives of benzaldehydes in the presence of pyridine and hydrochloric acid. The cinnamic acid epoxide was formed in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and KOH, while dihydro-cinnamic acid and paramethoxy-dihydro-cinnamic acids were formed by reducing cinnamic acid and paramthoxy-cinnamic acid respectively with raney nickel in the presence of 10% KOH. The final products were purified on column chromatography (CC), eluting with petroleum spirit/ethyl acetate. All the synthesized compounds were unequivocally characterized using the combination of UV-Vis Spectroscopy, infra-red (FTIR), 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. In-vivo anti-inflammatory activities of the synthesized compounds was investigated using egg albumin-induced paw oedema in rat; while antimicrobial activity was evaluated by agar diffusion method.Results: The compounds were obtained in high yield (30 – 97 %) and purity. 3,4-dioxomethylene cinnamic acid produced the highest (60.8%) and significant (p &lt; 0.05) anti-inflammatory effect at the 2nd hour of the highest dose. Dihydro-cinnamic acid and cinnamic acid epoxide with 4mg/kg dose produced 55.5% and 54.9% inhibition of inflammation respectively at the second hour, while para-methoxy-cinnamic acid at the second hour with 2 mg/kg dose level produced 54.0% inhibition. The reference compound; diclofenac produced no significant inhibition of inflammation at 4mg/kg dose level. All the compounds showed mild antimicrobial activities against the tested organisms.Conclusion: The findings from the study indicate that the synthesized compounds possess mild anti-inflammatory, with weak antibacterial and antifungal activities.&#x0D; Keywords: anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, cinnamic acid derivatives, Knoevenagel

Gastrointestinal and uterine smooth muscles relaxant and anti-inflammatory effects of corchorus olitorius leaf extract in laboratory animal models.

Corchorus olitorius is reportedly used in ethno-medicine to arrest threatened miscarriage and other conditions associated with excessive uterine contractions. The plant is also used as a purgative, demulscent and an anti-inflammatory agent. Against the background of ethno-medicinal use, this current work was designed to evaluate the gastrointestinal and uterine smooth muscles relaxant and anti-inflammatory effects of Corchorus olitorius leaf extract (COLE). Pieces of uterine and gastrointestinal tissues were suspended separately in organ baths containing ideal physiological salt solutions bubbled with air and were tested for responses to standard drugs and COLE, then repeated in the presence of antagonists. Anti-inflammatory study was carried out via the egg albumin-induced paw edema model in rats. The application of COLE to pieces of uterine tissue significantly decreased the amplitudes of contractions in a dose dependent manner such that the highest dose applied (666.67 μg/ml) achieved a 100% inhibitory effect. Oxytocin induced contractions were also significantly inhibited by both salbutamol and COLE. On the isolated rabbit jejunum, the effect of COLE was also inhibitory and like atropine, significantly inhibited acetylcholine induced contractions. In the in vivo study, the extract inhibited charcoal meal movement in test rats when compared with control. Anti-inflammatory effect of COLE was significant and compared favourably with that of aspirin following in vivo trials. COLE therefore, may be a good tocolytic, anti-diarrheal and anti-inflammatory agent and offers hope of new drug discovery for such uses.

Anti-plasmodial, Anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive and safety profile of Maytenus senegalensis root bark extract on hepato-renal integrity in experimental animals

Maytenus senegalensis is a plant with several medicinal claims in folk medicine. Methanol root extract of the plant was evaluated for antiplasmodial, anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, and safety profile. Antiplasmodial, anti-inflammatory (egg albumin induced paw edema), and analgesic (hot plate test) experiments were set up, each consisting of four (4) groups (A-D) of five mice each. Groups A–C of each experiment were treated with 2.0 ml/kg bw normal saline, 400 and 800 mg/kg bw of the extract according to the procedures. Chloroquine, acetyl salicylic, and aspirin respectively were used as the reference drugs. Hematological and biochemical parameters were evaluated after 4-week administration of the extract to four groups of five rats each at oral daily doses of 0, 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg bw, respectively. At 400 and 800 mg/kg bw, the extract caused 58.88% and 58.49% inhibition of parasitemia, and 51.92% and 54.66% inhibition of paw edema, respectively. The reaction time to the thermal stimuli increased (p 0.05) with their reference values. The extract alters some functional integrity of kidney, and thus caution should be exercised when using the extract for the above pharmacological activities or other oral remedy.

Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of methanol extract of Helianthus annuus Linn. (Asteraceae) leaf

Abstract This study evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of Helianthus annuus Linn. in rats. Methanol extract of Helianthus annuus (HAE) leaf was used in this study. Formalin- and egg-albumin induced-paw edema were used to investigate the anti-inflammatory activities while acetic acid-induced writhing reflex and tail flick models were used to evaluate the analgesic properties. The doses of HAE used were 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) was used as reference drug in the anti-inflammatory and writhing reflex models while pentazocine (reference drug) was used in tail flick model. The negative control was dosed 5% tween-20 (10 ml/kg). The HAE exhibited significant (P &lt; 0.05) dose-dependent anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. At 3 hour (h) post treatment, the HAE (300 mg/kg) produced 33.33% and 32.94% while ASA produced 36.36% and 35.29% reduction in paw volume in the formalin and egg-albumin induced paw edema models respectively when compared with negative control. In the acetic acid-induced writhing reflex, ASA and HAE (600 mg/kg) produced 67.89% and 35.78% reduction in the number of writhing, respectively when compared with the negative control. Pentazocine and HAE (300 mg/kg) caused 67.62% and 35.24% increase in pain reaction time when compared with the negative control. The study affirms the folkloric uses of Helianthus annuus in the management of pain and inflammation.