Egalitarian Culture Research Articles

“You Started the Dispute” – an Essential Argument in Controversies Typical of Oral Cultures and the Discoursive Blueprint of the "Iliad"

The paper argues that in the imagery found in the narrative context of the Iliad, the image of public debates is involved. Especially the argument “you started the dispute” is emphasized because it is connected with the concept of blame attributed to Paris and all the Trojans. Under the influence of such works like Graeber and Wengrow (2021), that shed a new light on the prehistory of mankind, I postulate a change in the paradigm of the interpretation of the Homeric world. I believe it would be much more comprehensible if interpreted as expressing egalitarian relations. After all, social and political circumstances described in the Iliad correspond to the phase in which hierarchy is only an increasing tendency. Comparisons drawn from other egalitarian cultures indicate how significant it is who started the dispute and how this argument can be cancelled. In the blueprint of the Iliad, however, Paris’ blame defines the meaning of the Trojan story and, therefore, the indictment that it was Alexander who started the dispute plays a paramount role.

Empowering leadership and the role of work-related curiosity in employee job crafting behavior: the role of low gender egalitarianism

PurposeHow leaders’ empowerment impacts followers' job performance in learning organizations seeks much attention. Under the lens of self-determination theory, this research examines the mediating role of work-related curiosity between empowering leadership and job-crafting behaviors. Furthermore, by applying trait activation theory, this study aims to examine the moderating role of gender egalitarianism in the relationship between empowering leadership and work-related curiosity among teachers.Design/methodology/approachA time-lagged data from 310 teachers was collected. The quantitative research method under the deductive approach and positivism research philosophy was applied. The data was analyzed through the SPSS and structured equation modeling technique under SMART-PLS.FindingsThe results show that empowering leadership is positively related to job crafting dimensions. Simultaneously, work-related curiosity mediates these predictive relations. Moreover, low gender egalitarianism moderates empowering leadership and work-related curiosity.Originality/valueInvestigating the direct and indirect effects of empowering leadership on the dimensions of job crafting is scarce, especially in learning organizations with a low gender egalitarian culture. By using the self-determination theory, this study analyzed work-related curiosity as a mediating path between empowering leadership and job crafting. The cultural circumstances under empowering leadership are important for work-related curiosity. Finally, the moderating role of gender egalitarianism is established between empowering leadership and work-related curiosity in the unique context of an underdeveloped country, Pakistan. In addition, this study provides important theoretical and managerial implications for learning organizations for needful job crafting behaviors.

Navigating egalitarian culture and accountability pressures: shared instructional leadership practices of Danish school leaders

PurposeOur study presents insights from an exploratory qualitative case study conducted in three primary and lower secondary schools in Denmark, a country renowned for its collaborative and egalitarian culture, to unravel the complexities of shared instructional leadership.Design/methodology/approachInterviews with principals, middle leaders, and teachers and document analysis were used to identify themes according to shared and instructional leadership perspectives.FindingsThe study yielded three major findings. First, Danish principals structure schools to prioritize student learning outcomes and distribute responsibility to middle leaders and teachers. Second, reflection among teachers and leaders better prepares them for future demands and obligations. Third, collaboration underpins principals’ vision of reflection and professional development.Practical implicationsThe research team’s reflection on the data collected can be used to build future strategies to address unpredictable student learning progression and poor-performing teachers.Originality/valueTogether, these findings contribute to the broader understanding of shared instructional leadership and demonstrate how principals face external pressure for accountability and how egalitarian culture influences principals’ practices.

An egalitarian talent selection model to support learning organizations

PurposeThis study aims to develop a talent selection model for learning organizations capable of connecting two groups, candidates in a talent hiring process and managers of the hiring company, in a reliable process, promoting organizational learning and increasing employee satisfaction.Design/methodology/approachThis paper integrates egalitarian principles, an artificial intelligence mechanism founded on stable matching algorithms, and evaluating critical soft skills to enhance recruitment practices within learning organizations. The authors conduct a numerical real-world application in Python to showcase the model’s effectiveness. Five candidates were evaluated for five job positions. Moreover, 26 soft skills were analyzed by the five company leaders, relating them to the requirements of each job position and by all candidates, as a self-assessment process.FindingsThe model promoted egalitarian talent management because it motivates the candidates to choose the preferred position in a company, and the employers hire the best candidate. It is satisfactory for all participants in a company’s hiring process if the parties intend to be fair and egalitarian. The benefits of the process can be considered isolated (parties’ satisfaction) or a part of a company’s effort to stimulate an egalitarian culture in organizational values.Practical implicationsThe information generated by the model is used to refine its selection process and improve its understanding of the job requirements and candidate profiles of the company. The model supports this idea, using the concepts of indifference, stability, egalitarianism and the soft skills required and identified to be more effective and learn about themselves.Social implicationsThis paper discusses an egalitarian point of view in the recruitment process. It is satisfactory for all participants in a company’s hiring process if the parties intend to be fair and egalitarian. The process’s benefits can be considered part of a company’s effort to stimulate an egalitarian culture in organizational values.Originality/valueThis paper brings an excellent future perspective and points to the company’s development of talent retention. The model simultaneously solves the evolution of talent management processes through new technologies and soft skills emerging in the postpandemic scenario.

Bounded aspirations and youth capacity: interrogating public higher education in North India

ABSTRACT This paper engages with youth and the everyday culture of public higher education in selected urban sites of the Banaras Hindu University (BHU). As a public university, the BHU inspires massive youth mobility from rural areas and small towns in North India, specially of youth from socially disadvantaged castes and women. I find that these youth are not lacking in a capacity to aspire. Rather, their desires are formed in complex social conditions, and involve overlapping temporal flows. Their migration for education is about escaping the routine and habits of a rural past. It is simultaneously a dream for a future with secure government jobs and urban living. Further, their aspirations are not merely utilitarian – they include a normative idea of the university, with good-quality education and an egalitarian culture, replete with freedoms. However, the everyday culture of the public university is replete with boundaries. Persisting patriarchal constraints, bureaucratic academic cultures, and rampant casteism place boundaries on youth aspirations. Finally, I argue that the relational resources among youth on campus form a collective resource that provides them with a navigational capacity to overcome bounded aspirations.

The positive impacts on employees and corporates’ benefits of the egalitarian corporation culture.

The essay will focus on the two words. The first word is Hierarchical. The belief is that power should be distributed hierarchically across society. Belief in ascribed or inherited ability with ultimate authority residing in institutions. Emphasis on organizing vertically and autocratic or centralized decision-making. Emphasis on who is in charge. Acceptance of authority; reluctance to question authority. The second word is Egalitarian. The belief is that power should be distributed relatively equally across society. Belief in shared or elected power with ultimate authority residing in the people. Emphasis on organizing horizontally and participatory or decentralized decision-making. Focus on who is best qualified.Rejection or skepticism of authority; willingness to question authority. There are many advantages of the egalitarian culture of the manufacturing industry. Alibaba via Twitter Dynamic digital technology, intelligent menu

Examining women leaders’ identity conflict in a low gender egalitarian culture: a study of female corporate sector leaders in Pakistan

PurposeThis study aims to explore the factors that build positive leadership identities in women and reduce woman-leader identity conflict in societies with low gender equality. In doing so, it responds to calls to examine the role of “context” for women aspiring to leadership roles.Design/methodology/approachThe required data were collected through semistructured interviews with 30 senior-level female leaders in the corporate sector of Pakistan and analyzed using NVivo.FindingsSuccessful professional women are often facilitated by various social and organizational factors that boost their confidence and ability to view themselves positively as leaders, reducing woman-leader identity conflict. The main facilitators observed were egalitarian values practiced at home, male sponsorship in organizations and individual leadership experiences. Furthermore, the age and socio-economic status of women have also emerged as important factors contributing to the success of women leaders in Pakistani society, which is characterized by gender inequality and high power distance.Practical implicationsOrganizations committed to developing women for leadership roles and attaining their gender diversity goals need to address the structural and psychological barriers that hinder women’s progress in the workplace. Moreover, men need to be engaged as allies to enable women’s advancement as organizational leaders.Originality/valueThis study highlights how culture, gender norms and significant experiences of women moderate equality lows in patriarchal societies. It aims to demonstrate that women can progress as leaders within a low gender-egalitarian culture in the presence of factors that facilitate the establishment of their identities as leaders, thus reducing identity conflict. In addition, the role that men can play in creating a supportive environment for establishing women’s leadership identities is particularly highlighted in this study.

Gender role beliefs and wellbeing among young adults in Pakistan and the United Kingdom: Testing a multiple moderator model

ABSTRACT The well-being of individuals is influenced by their beliefs about gender roles, which are influenced by cultural factors. It is therefore important to compare links between gender role beliefs and well-being in cultures that are more or less gender equitable. This study examined links between gender role beliefs and well-being among young adults in the patriarchal culture of Pakistan and the more egalitarian culture of the United Kingdom (UK). Participants were 1141 university students aged 17–30 (mean = 21.56, SD = 2.54): 411 Pakistani women, 307 Pakistani men, 318 UK women, and 105 UK men. Analyses revealed stronger associations between gender role beliefs and well-being among respondents from Pakistan than respondents from the UK. Furthermore, whereas similar patterns of association were found among women in the two countries, the direction of some associations differed between men in Pakistan and the UK. Moderation models also highlighted variations in the links between egalitarian gender role beliefs and well-being outcomes among women and men in the two countries. Considering our results in the context of other research, there is a need to acknowledge young adults’ gender identity concerns when providing, and encouraging engagement with, health care.

Kompetencje językowe bazylianów prowincji litewskiej w XVII–XVIII wieku

The activity of the Basilian congregation is crucial to understanding the cultural, social, religious transformations and relations occurring at the cultural borderlands marked by the Latin and Byzantine cultural circles. Based on the catalogue of Basilians studying at the papal seminary in Vilnius between 1611 and 1795, and a census of the monks from 1800, the paper analyses the linguistic competences of the Basilians of the Lithuanian province. The monks usually had knowledge of three languages i.e., Latin, Polish and „Sclavonica” or „Ruthenica”. In the second half of the 18th century, Basilians expanded their linguistic competences to include knowledge of modern languages: French, German and Italian. In response to pastoral needs, they used Lithuanian, Samogitian and Latvian. The monks used their linguistic competences in their pastoral and educational work. The monks in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, together with the Unitarian parish clergy, formed an environment that maintained the literary tradition of the Ruthenian language. Basilians’ linguistic competences shaped the forms of content and message in pastoral work, spreading faith and enabling correlations between the cultural heritage of various linguistic groups. The monks’ skills enabled them to act as content intermediaries between communities of different linguistic backgrounds and between elite and egalitarian culture.

Culture and integration of Eurozone life insurance markets

This paper provides the first evidence on the role of national culture in the integration of Eurozone life insurance markets. It analyzes seven markets over a sixteen-year sample period that includes the financial crisis. We focus on three cultural values, which are individualism, trust, and hierarchy. The results indicate that collectivism culture increases cost and revenue performance and integration of Eurozone life insurance markets. Trust contributes to this integration, particularly in financial crisis, and egalitarian culture facilitates it in non-crisis time. We find that these relations prevail for unaffiliated single companies, but they weaken or do not even hold for groups of insurers. Our findings are robust with tests designed to alleviate endogeneity concerns.

Implementation of Legal Culture toward Law Enforcement of Child Trafficking (Comparative Study of Indonesia and Australia)

This paper aims to analyze the influence of legal culture on criminal law enforcement in Indonesia and the implementation of legal culture on law enforcement for the crime of trafficking in children by conducting comparative studies in Indonesia and Australia. This research is qualitative and descriptive and uses literature studies to obtain secondary data. This research is limited only to how the implementation of legal culture affects enforcing the law on the crime of trafficking in children by conducting comparative studies in Indonesia and Australia. From the research, it was found that the legal culture is very influential on law enforcement in a country. When implemented in law enforcement, the effectiveness of the legal culture can be seen. Law enforcement itself has three concepts, namely the total concept (full enforcement concept), which is full (full enforcement concept). A comparison of the legal culture in enforcing the law on the crime of trafficking in children between Indonesia and Australia can be seen from the first two perspectives, from the cultural point of view of law enforcement officers. Second, it can be seen from the legal culture of Indonesian society that most of them still adhere to a patriarchal culture, while Australia adheres to what is called an egalitarian culture.

«Звартноц, соединённый с Колизеем»: от Нардома Таманяна к Театру оперы и балета

The article examines one of the most enigmatic constructions of Alexander Tamanyan – the People’s House, which was the basis of the current Opera and Ballet Theater in Yerevan. The People’s House was strictly criticized by young proletarian architects, the Armenian representatives of the revolutionary Culture One – the author follows the concept proposed by V. Paperny, according to which in the early 1930s the “spreading” egalitarian Culture One has been replaced with the Stalin-era Culture Two, characterized by “hardening” and hierarchy. It is shown that Tamanyan’s People's House was horizontally consonant with Culture One, however, it did not imply an egalitarian proletarian daily life, but a nationwide festival in the spirit of carnival festivities studied by M. Bakhtin and Ur-festival reconstructed by the author. In the vertical plane, People’s House was likened to the best achievements of medieval Armenian church architecture, in particular, the 7th-century temple of Zvartnots. Tamanyan generally conceived his People’s House as a conjunction of the Armenian Zvartnots with the Roman Coliseum, which should have been constructively realized by the closed part of the People’s House (the Tamanyan’s Culture Two) and its open part, which, together with the horizontal function of the closed part, provided the festive Culture One.

The Myth of Sufi Sindh: Reflections on the Orientalist and Nationalist Historiography

The Sindhi nationalist historiography is a classic case of how to read historical, archaeological, and political texts of importance to justify the present-day modernist ideologies premised on excluding marginalized sections of society. This essay interrogates the Sindhi nationalist literati elite’s epistemic neglect of the underprivileged caste’s lifeworld. That disregard reflects in their literary and political writings that arguably rely on the British Orientalist historiography to construct the myth of caste-neutral and egalitarian culture of Sufi Sindh. It traces the historicisation of the claim of Hindu–Muslim interfaith harmony, and its persistence in the post-Partition Sindh. Based on the content analysis of progressive literature and the historiography of progressive politics in Sindh, it is concluded that owing to the casteist social structural barriers the privileged caste elite at the vanguard of progressive nationalist politics was blinded by their own privileged position to justly address the caste question. That inherent blindness to see through the problem of caste is the reason that progressives’ emancipatory projects to redefine the past and myths end in failure.

Budaya Egalitarian Pemerintah Desa dalam Perbaikan Badan Usaha Milik Desa (BUMDes)

The purpose of this study is to describe the egalitarian cultural problems of the concept of BUMDes power in North Gorontalo Regency. The methods used qualitative research methods. Based on the results of the study it was found that; (1) The mindset of the community is still minimal in making product innovations from their natural and cultural wealth; (2) The entrepreneurship program supported by the Village Fund has not been able to encourage increased changes in the economic growth of the village, and (3) There has been no cooperation with external parties in building a market network to sell innovative products. So it can be concluded that, the concept of egalitarian culture towards changes in the bureaucracy of BUMDes can be carried out if it gets support from business actor agents.

Culture, children and couple gender inequality

This paper examines how culture impacts within-couple gender inequality. Exploiting the setting of Germany’s division and reunification, I compare child penalties of East Germans who were socialised in a more gender egalitarian culture to West Germans socialised in a gender-traditional culture. Using a household panel, I show that the long-run child penalty on the female income share is 23.9 percentage points for West German couples, compared to 12.9 for East German couples. The arrival of children also leads to a greater increase in the female share of housework and child care for West Germans. I add to the main findings by using time-use diary data from the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and reunified Germany, which provides a rare insight into gender inequality in the GDR and allows me to compare the effect of having children in the GDR to the effects in East and West Germany after reunification. Lastly, I show that attitudes towards maternal employment are more egalitarian among East Germans, but that the arrival of children leads to more traditional attitudes for both East and West Germans. The findings confirm that socialisation has a strong impact on child penalties and that family policies may have an impact on gender inequality through social learning in the long run.

Erotic capabilities: A feminist analysis of sexual justice and pleasure in heterosexual sex partying

In gender and sexuality studies, heterosexual sex has often been portrayed in terms of inequality and injustice; however, there has been scant discussion of what social conditions may cultivate a democratic and egalitarian culture that sustains sexual autonomy. Developed from Nussbaum’s capabilities approach, I propose the erotic capabilities approach to assess and promote entitlement to erotic choices and erotic freedoms in everyday practice. I argue that erotic capabilities should consist of the following: (1) freedom from sexual coercion and deprivation; (2) democratized sexual knowledge; (3) sexual health options; (4) inclusive space for diversified erotic expressions; (5) erotic affiliation and negotiation; and (6) diversified erotic aspirations, fulfilments and experimentations. Drawing on a 29-month ethnography of a sex party club in Hong Kong, I demonstrate how the erotic capabilities approach can be used in a meso-level analysis to evaluate a sexual space or community which, while situated in the overarching patriarchal ideology, may or may not offer a reflexive space for its participants to define their erotic selves. As this study formulates sexuality as a vehicle of empowerment that can and should be cultivated and actualized, it illuminates the possibility to imagine and create agentic and pleasurable opportunities for people in different social locations under the patriarchy we still live in.

The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, an emerging paradigm of a gender egalitarian organisation.

Females are underrepresented in the science, technology, engineering, mathematics and medicine (STEMM) disciplines globally and although progress has been made, the gender gap persists. Our aim was to explore gender parity in the context of gender representation and internal collaboration at the Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics (CING), a leading national biomedical organisation accredited as an equal opportunity employer. Towards this aim we (1) explored trends in gender parity within the different departments, positions and qualifications and in student representation in the CING's postgraduate school and, (2) investigated the degree of collaboration between male and female researchers within the Institute and the degree of influence within its co-authorship network. We recorded an over-representation of females both in the CING employees and the postgraduate students. The observed female over-representation in pooled CING employees was consistent with a similar over-representation in less senior positions and was contrasted with an observed male over-representation in only one middle rank and culminated in gender equality in the top rank in employee hierarchy. In terms of collaboration, both males and females tended to collaborate with each other without any significant preference to either inter-group or intra-group collaboration. Further comparison of the two groups with respect to their influence in the network in terms of occupying the positions of highest centrality scores, indicated that both gender and seniority level (head vs non-head) were significant in shaping the authors' influence, with no significant difference in those belonging in the same seniority level with respect to their gender. To conclude, our study has validated the formal recognition of the CING's policies and procedures pertinent to its egalitarian culture through the majority of the metrics of gender equality assessed in this study and has provided an extendable paradigm for evaluating gender parity in academic organizations.

Public Policy Discourse and Sexual Minorities: Balancing Democratic Aspirations, Political Expediency and Moral Rights

LGBTQIA+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex and asexual) is an evolving issue which needs to be debated in the legislatures and political space in general to deconstruct and redefine the narratives which have been influenced by the dominant sociocultural stereotypes. This is important in the context of the changing scenario worldwide involving the LGBTQIA+ community where assertions are being witnessed to reclaim the democratic space and civil rights to give shape to a more egalitarian and inclusive civic culture. This article highlights the changing character of the public discourse on LGBTQIA+ community in India in recent times and its impact on the judiciary and the political system. In the light of the recent Supreme Court landmark verdict of decriminalising Section 377 of Indian Penal Code (IPC), the present article seeks to examine a vast array of possibilities and challenges before the LGBTQIA+ community. The legal safeguards guaranteed through judicial pronouncements by the Supreme Court (6 September 2018), however, do not ensure the creation of an enabling social environment to accept homosexuality as a ‘normal behaviour’. Hence, unless corresponding corrective measures are taken to bring about social reforms for change of perception towards the homosexuality community, no amount of judicial intervention will guarantee their inclusion in the mainstream.

Kwame Nkrumah’s Consciencism, Marxism and the Dialectics of Change in Africa

Africa has, over a long historical period, spanning several centuries, been exposed to a myriad of influences, mostly negative, from Euro-American West, the Judeo-Christian religion, Oriental-Islamicincursion from the Middle-East and Indo-Confucian China, India and South East Asia, all of which have reshaped the African personality so much that the original African egalitarian culture appears almost completely submerged. This is a study on the interpretation, relevance and applicability of Kwame Nkrumah’s philosophy of Consciencism as the driver of the dialectics of change and development in Africa. The Marxist theory of historical materialism or the materialistic interpretation of history was adopted as the theoretical framework. Data sourcing was mainly from secondary sources and analysis based on content analysis of materials of the philosophy of consciencism. It was found that the philosophy of consciencism was the product of Nkrumah’s frustration with the developmental inertia in Africa. Conclusively, the paper acknowledged the relevance of the philosophy of conscienscism but, however, recommended a re-evaluation of the philosophy to accommodate some contemporary realities in Africa, particularly the existence of social classes, as a means of enhancing its applicability to the development of Africa. Keywords: Consciencism, Philosophy, Development, Socialism, Egalitarianism DOI: 10.7176/RHSS/12-4-06 Publication date: February 28 th 2022

Egalitarian Culture: Comprehension of the Phenomenon in the Western Anthropology of the 20th century

Egalitarian Culture: Comprehension of the Phenomenon in the Western Anthropology of the 20th century