Effort In Athletes Research Articles

Вплив різних типів взаємодії як фактор успішності спільної діяльності спортивних команд

Topicality. Research on qualitative indicators of joint activity of sports teams with different types of interaction is a topical problem of sports science and practice. Evidence of this is the expansion of the repertoire of team sports, initiated by international sports federations. As a result, the representation of team sports in the programs of the Summer and Winter Olympic Games, world championships, continental championships, etc. The purpose of the study is to investigate the influence of different types of interaction on qualitative indicators of joint activity of sports teams and to identify psychological and social factors that contribute to increasing the effectiveness of teamwork in competitive activities. Material and methods of the study. Analysis and generalization of scientific and methodological literature; pedagogical observation; questionnaires, psychodiagnostic testing of athletes according to methods; methods of mathematical statistics (analysis of averages, ranking, nonparametric analysis of variance (Kruskal-Wallis H-criterion). The study involved 325 athletes aged 13 to 41 years, of various qualifications, including 260 men and 65 women. Results of the study. A comparative analysis of qualitative indicators of joint activity of group self-esteem, group organization, group identity, group interaction, group subjectivity, group roles, group effectiveness of sports teams with different types of interaction was carried out. The ranking of average statistical data established the rating of sports teams with different types of interaction. The highest sum of ranks (19) was received by teams with the type of interaction joint-synergistic (JSy), while the lowest indicators (11) were recorded in teams with the type of joint-interconnected (JIt). Intermediate values of ranks were received by teams with the types of interaction joint-individual (JIn) – 18 and joint-sequential (JSe) – 12 ranks. Conclusions. In joint-synergistic (JSy) teams, the individual efforts of athletes and the assessment of partners’ actions create a favorable background for the development of a holistic group resource. This type of interaction is the most sensitive to the actions of partners, which positively affects the overall efficiency and group result. In contrast, athletes of joint-interconnected (JIt) teams feel such commonality the least.

The effect of classical music on balance, emotional state, and perceived effort in precompetitive artistic gymnasts and trampoline athletes

PurposeIn artistic gymnastics (AG) and trampoline (TR ), athletes must be able to combine strength, flexibility, and artistry. The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of classical music on balance, emotional state, and perceived effort in precompetitive AG and TR athletes after a 6-week intervention training program.MethodsThe sample consisted of 36 athletes (20 AG and 16 TR athletes) who were randomly divided into two equal groups: experimental (with music) and control (without music). Balance ability was assessed with the Balance Error Scoring System (static balance) and the Y-balance test (dynamic balance). Before and after the intervention, participants completed the RPE-FS questionnaire which included a perceived fatigue scale (PFS) and an emotion scale (ES) to assess perceived fatigue (PF) and emotional state. The total sample followed a 6-week intervention training program, twice per week. TR athletes performed all exercises on a TR , whereas AG athletes performed their exercises on the floor. During the 6 weeks, the athletes completed the questionnaire before and after each training session.ResultsThe results showed a statistically significant improvement in static and dynamic balance in female athletes of both sports (<i>p</i> < 0.05), with the percentage of improvement in AG athletes being comparatively higher than that of TR athletes. There were also significant differences in individual measures of emotional state and perceived fatigue in the examined sample.ConclusionsClassical music differentiates the rate of performance improvement in precompetitive young female athletes in these two sports.

A Perfect Storm: Black Feminism and Women’s National Basketball Association Black Athlete Activism

This article pays homage to Black Women’s National Basketball Association (WNBA) players and their activist efforts. Such players are often-overlooked activists who are always “holdin it down” while simultaneously keeping activism at the forefront of their agenda. When the 2020 Women’s National Basketball Association season opened, the athletes in this league took the opportunity to highlight social injustice in the United States; not surprising given the history of Black feminism and athlete activism in this league. Using underwater waves as a metaphor, we examine how the intersectionality of Black feminism and Black athlete activism has largely gone unnoticed. Feminism and women’s rights movements have largely been associated with White women while Black activism has been associated with Black men. This manuscript aims to highlight the efforts of Black women and nonbinary athletes whose work has been instrumental in societal progression.

Comparative Analysis of the Efforts of Highly Qualified Elite Armwrestlers with Different Strength Abilities

Study purpose. Determination of the peculiarities of the manifestation of strength in competitive exercises of highly qualified armwrestlers with different strength abilities. Materials and methods. The study involved the 4 best armwrestlers in the world weighing from 80 to 100 kg (m = 87.50 ± 2.47 kg) in 2017–2020. Four power test exercises have been identified that ensure the performance of a competitive action in armwrestling: flexion of the fingers, stretch with a hammer, hook and bending the hand. Strength indicators in all test exercises were measured with an FL1K 0.5N, 1000N electric strain gauge dynamometer, Kern & Sohn GmbH (China), fixed on the armwrestling table using an author’s block device. Results. The results of the correlation analysis of the relationships between the studied indicators confirm the presence of a difference in the direction and strength of the relationships between the strength and time characteristics of the efforts of athletes with different strength and speed-strength abilities. Thus, out of 36 correlation indicators, the data of armwrestlers 1 and 2 have 11 modules with very high connection strength (r = 0.926–0.999), of which 7 modules are with time and 4 modules are with force characteristics of efforts. Athletes 3 and 4 also have 3 modules with very strong connections (r = 0.916–0.948) and 8 modules with strong connections (r = 0.739–0.886), of which 7 modules are with strength indicators and 4 modules are related to time characteristics. But the other correlation indicators have very weak (r < 0.29) and weak (r = 0.3–0.5) levels of relationships. Conclusions. Analysis of the time and force characteristics of the manifestation of force in the process of achieving boundary resistance allows us to clearly establish the genetically determined speed and strength abilities of the explosive, fast and slow force of armwrestlers.

Public Reaction to Athlete Advocacy: Examining the Effects of Perceived Effort and Fit

Athlete advocacy refers to the efforts of elite athletes to raise public awareness of social and political issues. While previous research has examined the public’s mixed reaction to athlete advocacy from various perspectives, little has been studied about the factors that determine this reaction. This study aims to investigate the determinants of public reaction to athlete advocacy, focusing on two key factors : perceived effort and perceived fit. Additionally, the moderating effect of athlete attachment is also examined. Specifically, this study explores public reaction to the racial advocacy of Naomi Osaka. Data was collected from 855 Japanese adults through an online survey. Results from Latent Moderated Structural Equation Modeling (LMS) analysis indicate that perceived effort and perceived fit significantly associate with the public’s positive or negative reaction to athlete advocacy. However, the moderating effects of athlete attachment on the relationship between advocacy attributes and public reaction are mixed. This study contributes to the literature by examining the determinants of public reaction to athlete advocacy from the attribution theory perspective. Furthermore, as athletes’ engagement in social issues can affect their brand image, the findings of this study are useful for athletes developing strategies for disseminating their advocacy efforts.

IMPACTOS DO TREINAMENTO DE COORDENAÇÃO FÍSICA SOBRE A VELOCIDADE NA PATINAÇÃO DE VELOCIDADE EM PISTA CURTA

ABSTRACT Introduction Although the development time of short-track speed skating in China is relatively short, with the joint efforts of many athletes and coaches, the special technical level can be comparable with that of European and American countries. Objective Verify the impacts of physical coordination training on speed in short track speed skating. Methods Athletes from the provincial skating team were randomly selected and distributed into control and experimental groups to apply the training method on physical coordination in short track speed skating. Results The average body fat rate of the skaters in the control group was 15.24%, the average body fat rate in the control group was 15.20%, and the T value of the experimental group and control group was 1.00, P = 0.374 < 0.05. Conclusion Because they are special equipment, the turn resistance training device and the air resistance parachute played an important role in improving the special fitness of Chinese short track speed skaters. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

Alliffa HUBUNGAN UPAH DAN TINGKAT KESEJAHTERAAN PEMAIN BOLA VOLI DALAM MENGIKUTI PERTANDINGAN ANTAR KAMPUNG (TARKAM) DI KOTA SEMARANG

The purpose of this study was to determine the needs and welfare level of volleyball players in participating in inter-village matches. This study uses a mixed method research, namely in conducting research the researcher uses a combination of quantitative methods and qualitative methods. Methods of data collection using questionnaires, observation, documentation, and interviews. The research instrument used a questionnaire (questionnaire). The data analysis technique uses quantitative descriptive analysis techniques which are expressed in the distribution of scores and percentages to predetermined rating scale categories. The results showed that according to the sub-indicators of physiological needs, security needs, ownership needs, reward needs, self-activation needs, the welfare level of volleyball players in participating in inter-village competitions (tarkam) in Semarang City, the majority are in the high category. This shows that volleyball players who participate in inter-village competitions have been fulfilled from all sub indicators ranging from athlete's physiology, safety when competing, having good needs, awards awarded according to the efforts of athletes, and athlete's self-actualization

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ ФИЗИЧЕСКОГО ВОСПИТАНИЯ ОБУЧАЮЩИХСЯ В ВЫСШЕЙ ШКОЛЕ

According to the order of the Ministry of Sports of the Russian Federation No. 364 "On the recognition and inclusion in the All-Russian register of sports of sports disciplines, a sport and amendments to the All-Russian register of sports", dated April 20, 2018, karate is included in the unified state register of sports, which indicates state support for the development of this sport among young people. In addition, "karate has received official recognition from the International Olympic Committee and is a contender for inclusion in the program of the Summer Olympics for its entertainment and mass development." It should be noted that the rapid development of the popularity of karate in our country is primarily due to the efforts of professional athletes positioning this sport. However, the existing methods of physical training of students involved in this sport, previously used by teachers, have now lost their relevance, because. the requirements for its organization have changed, which led to the development of new effective forms of conducting. The purpose of the study was to substantiate the effectiveness of the organization of physical education by a teacher of students in higher education, aimed at preventing a decrease in their working capacity and stress load. The study was conducted in two groups of students involved in karate: the respondents of the control group carried out physical training according to the traditional technical and tactical methodology, characterized by a systemic organization at the initial stage of training, and the students of the experimental group used the author's methodology, which was based on an individual approach, taking into account their psychophysical features.

Obscene or Exemplary? Robert Marchand’s Cycling World Hour Record

The cycling world hour record for riders over 105 years old set in 2017 by Robert Marchand was much discussed in France in a context of neoliberal discourses about work and retirement. Within a debate about work characterized by desires to encourage “active aging,” Marchand’s sporting athletic effort was variously perceived as exemplary hard work and productive old age, or as an obscene abuse of athleticism. This article examines the reception of Marchand’s record within the wider context of contemporary neoliberal trends in French politics, culture, and society. It considers Marchand’s working life, active sporting retirement, and left-wing politics. It shows how media coverage and public discussion of the sporting “work” of his “performance” exemplified competing discourses in France’s national discussions about neoliberalism.

SARS-CoV2 infection: functional and morphological cardiopulmonary changes in elite handball players

There is increasing evidence of cardiac involvement post-SARS-CoV-2 infections in symptomatic as well as in oligo- and asymptomatic athletes. This study aimed to characterize the possible early effects of SARS-CoV-2 infections on myocardial morphology and cardiopulmonary function in athletes. Eight male elite handball players (27 ± 3.5 y) with past SARS-CoV-2 infection were compared with four uninfected teammates (22 ± 2.6 y). Infected athletes were examined 19 ± 7 days after the first positive PCR test. Echocardiographic assessment of the global longitudinal strain under resting conditions was not significantly changed (− 17.7% vs. − 18.1%). However, magnetic resonance imaging showed minor signs of acute inflammation/oedema in all infected athletes (T2-mapping: + 4.1 ms, p = 0.034) without reaching the Lake-Louis criteria. Spiroergometric analysis showed a significant reduction in VO2max (− 292 ml/min, − 7.0%), oxygen pulse (− 2.4 ml/beat, − 10.4%), and respiratory minute volume (VE) (− 18.9 l/min, − 13.8%) in athletes with a history of SARS-CoV2 infection (p < 0.05, respectively). The parameters were unchanged in the uninfected teammates. SARS-CoV2 infection caused impairment of cardiopulmonary performance during physical effort in elite athletes. It seems reasonable to screen athletes after SARS-CoV2 infection with spiroergometry to identify performance limitations and to guide the return to competition.

The role of passion for sport in college student-athletes’ motivation and effort in academics and athletics

This study connected the dualistic model of passion and self-determination theory to examine the motivational determinants of student-athlete perceived efforts within- and across- athletic and academic domains. College student-athletes completed questionnaires measuring passion for sport as well as psychological needs (competence, choice, and relatedness), autonomous motivation (intrinsic motivation, identity, and perceived value), and effort in athletics and academics. Results showed that athletic effort was regulated through interest in sport; whereas academic effort was regulated through academic identity and the perceived value of classes. Across-domain relationships emerged between athletic identity and academic effort and between perceived academic value and sport effort. Results revealed a salient role of harmonious passion for sport in psychological needs and autonomous motivation, both within- and across-domains. Obsessive passion for sport was advantageous to athletic identity and perceived sport value, but detrimental to perceived choice of major. Taken together, findings highlight the importance of considering cross-domain spillover effects in student-athletes’ motivation and effort.

The Reality of Drug Abuse Internationally Prohibited among Bodybuilders in the City of Nasiriyah

The aim of the research was to identify the most internationally prohibited stimulants used by bodybuilders,and the researchers used the descriptive method and the field survey method and that As the search problemsuitability, was selected sample of bodybuilders in the city of Nasiriyah and the way random number of 89players. Man tried to use medicinal drugs as a type of stimulant a long time ago and the goal in that periodwas to raise and increase the tender and physical and athletic effort from the natural borders where theancient Spanish history indicated that the ancient (Pale Inca) where its members chew coca leaves and wereable to Then, from very long distances, hundreds of kilometers within several days. The sports circles inour country witnessed in recent years the growing state of abuse of internationally prohibited stimulants invarious activities, especially those aimed at building the muscle mass in which the importance of researchlies in developing a scientific assessment of the status of stimulants to the research community and standingon the ground for the extent of this phenomenon and the quality of the substances being used.

Eating, Sleep, and Social Patterns as Independent Predictors of Clinical, Metabolic, and Biochemical Behaviors Among Elite Male Athletes: The EROS-PREDICTORS Study.

Objectives: Physiological hormonal adaptions in athletes and pathological changes that occur in overtraining syndrome among athletes are unclear. The Endocrine and Metabolic Responses on Overtraining Syndrome (EROS) study evaluated 117 markers and unveiled novel hormonal and metabolic beneficial adaptive processes in athletes. The objective of the present study was to uncover which modifiable factors predict the behaviors of clinical and biochemical parameters and to understand their mechanisms and outcomes using the parameters evaluated in the EROS study.Methods: We used multivariate linear regression with 39 participants to analyze five independent variables—the modifiable parameters (caloric, carbohydrate, and protein intake, and sleep quality and duration of concurrent cognitive activity) on 37 dependent variables—that were elected among the parameters evaluated in the EROS study.Results: Carbohydrate intake predicted quick hormonal responses to stress and improved explosive responses during exercise. Protein intake predicted improved body composition and metabolism and caloric intake, regardless of the proportion of macronutrients, predicted muscle recovery, and alertness in the morning. Sleep quality predicted improved mood and excessive concurrent cognitive effort in athletes under intense training predicted impaired metabolism and libido.Conclusions: The results support the premise that eating, sleep, and social patterns modulate metabolic and hormonal function, clinical behaviors, and performance status of male athletes, and should be monitored continuously and actively to avoid dysfunctions.

The Impact of the Weight Status on Cardiovascular Parameters Related to Physical Effort in Young Athletes

Excess weight leads to an impaired cardiovascular response to physical exertion even at a young age. Sports training during youth promotes cardiovascular adaptations. The aim of the study is to verify the impact of weight status on cardiovascular parameters related to physical effort in young people who engage in competitive sports. A retrospective study was conducted on 8307 young athletes (5578 males and 2729 females) aged 6–18 years (mean age 13.9 ± 2.2 years). The data concerning graded exercise tests of young athletes in normal weight and overweight were compared. Approximately, 13.4% of the sample had excess weight. Young overweight athletes show a higher resting heart rate as well as systolic and diastolic pressure than young normal weight athletes. Excess weight condition leads to a reduction in the duration of the graded exercise test, reaching higher blood pressure values at the end of the test compared to those with normal weight. After four min from the end of the test, heart rate and systolic/diastolic blood pressure remained higher in the young overweight athletes. Excess weight affects cardiovascular parameters both at rest and in response to physical exertion during youth; however, competitive sport seems to be able to keep these parameters within the normal range even in young overweight athletes.

Transformational Leadership Inspired Extra Effort: The Mediating Role of Individual Consideration of the Coach-Athlete Relationship in College Basketball Players

Transformational leadership has been shown to impact a wide range of outcomes in sport. Previously, researchers have begun to examine the mechanisms by which transformational leadership exerts its impact on followers. However, there is still little known about the mediating variables between transformational leadership and followers' performance. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to examine the relationship between transformational leadership and the leader-inspired extra effort with the potential mediating role of the coach-athlete relationship in college basketball players. The differentiated transformational leadership inventory (DTLI) was used to assess college coaches' leadership behaviours and the coach-athlete relationship questionnaire (CART-Q) was used to examine the athletes' perceptions of the relationship with their current coach. Accordingly, the leader-inspired extra effort scale (LIEE) was used to investigate the college basketball players' perception of their effort. The sample comprised 78 college basketball players (43 men, 35 women; Mage = 21.60, SD = 3.05). Results did not provide support for full mediation except the direct effects between individual consideration and leader-inspired extra effort had a significant relationship ( = .491; SE = .143, p ˂ 0.01) as well as the individual consideration and the closeness ( = .069; SE = .101, p ˂ 0.01). The results highlight that coaches and educators should endeavour to display transformational leadership behaviours as they are related to coach and athlete relationship on the athletic effort.

Flint’s Toxic Narratives: Tales of Uplift and Athletes Who Resist Them

This article considers the narratives of sports-based uplift, which have followed in the wake of Flint, Michigan’s lead-poisoned water crisis. It provides context for the sports culture of Flint, the corrupted educational system that fostered it, and the consequential sense of identity sports teams provide. Examining the water crisis via the off-the-field charitable efforts of (mostly Black) athletes in Flint and the preformed narratives in which they are figured by the media, the article demonstrates the means by which sports narratives have served the White American public’s interest in forgetting or minimizing the suffering of mostly Black Flint. These media narratives celebrate Black athletes for “giving back” as if it is their responsibility or duty to so, in large part so that White audiences do not have to confront the failures of neoliberal capitalism. The article also examines what it means that these redemptive narratives are premised on athletes’ off-the-field labor, rather than on-the-field triumph. Finally, it asserts that the athletes who write back against narratives that would co-opt their efforts in service of forgetting importantly complicate linear narratives of progress.

Mediating Effects of Sport Failure Tolerance in Relationship Between Perceived Motivational Climate and Effort in Active High School Athletes

Purpose: The purposes of this study were (a) to investigate the relationships between perceived motivational climate and athlete effort, and (b) to examine the mediating effects of sport failure tolerance on the relationships between motivational climate and athlete effort. The conceptual model of this study assumed that motivational climate would affect sport failure tolerance and these would, in turn, affect athlete effort through the mediation of the sport failure tolerance. Methods: A total of 321 Korean active high school student athletes from 6 sports participated in the study (Mage=17.83years, SD=±.80). The participants completed four questionnaires: a demographic questionnaire, Sport Failure Tolerance Questionnaire, Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire, and Athlete Effort Questionnaire. Results: The results of the final model indicated that competitive climate was positively related to task difficulty (.21), whereas after failure emotion and behavior factors did not. Mastery climate was significantly related to all three dimensions of sport failure tolerance (task difficulty .39, after failure emotion .39 and failure behavior .57). Task difficulty was only significantly related to athlete effort (.14). Mastery climate was significantly related to athlete effort (.31). Significant indirect effects were observed. The bootstrapping results indicated that the relationship between mastery climate and athlete effort was mediated by task difficulty, after failure emotion and failure behavior. Conclusion: The findings of this study contribute to the current understanding of the relationships between perceived mastery climate and athlete effort and shed light on the important roles of sport failure tolerance.

Coach and peer normative perceptions in relation to youth athlete effort

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between perceived social norms emanating from two different channels (i.e. coaches and peers) and individual self-reported effort in youth athletes. Female youth athletes (N = 145, Mage = 13.9 years) attending a five-day summer volleyball sport camp self-reported their perceptions of their coach's approval of effort during the camp (coach subjective norm), how many of their peers exerted effort during the camp (peer descriptive norm), and their own effort during the camp. Results from a regression analysis indicated that perceived social norms associated with both channels were positively associated with self-reported effort, accounting for 13% of the variance. These results suggest that both coach and peer normative information may be important external sources of motivation associated with individual effort in youth sport. This highlights the possible importance of including normative information from either source, and suggests that both coaches and peers may be important channels of normative influence. If replicated, the current findings have implications for understanding the social influences associated with athlete effort in youth athletes.

Определение уровня тактической подготовленности квалифицированных бегунов на 800 м

Purpose: determine the change in the level of tactical preparedness and tactics of competitive activity of qualified runners at 800 m. Material & Methods: theoretical analysis and generalization of literary sources; pedagogical observation; analysis of competitive activities; method of expert evaluation; methods of mathematical statistics. To determine the level of tactical preparedness of the runners, 20 experts were involved (10 coaches and 10 highly qualified athletes). The study involved athletes I category and CMS, specializing in running at 800 m aged 17–21 (10 boys and 10 girls). Results: revealed a low level of tactical preparedness of runners at 800 m. Improved tactical readiness indicators, namely the ability to analyze information about their rivals and the ability to use it during competitions, increase the diversity of the arsenal of tactical actions, increase the ability to impose their tactics and ability to quickly respond to the situation, which has changed, and instantly change tactical techniques depending on the opponent's behavior . Conclusion : shows the positive effect of specially designed exercises on the level of tactical preparedness of athletes. The redistribution of efforts of athletes at a distance, an increase in the average competitive speed and sports result.

Attitudes of Junior National Team Athletes towards Opponents: Ideology/Morals

Competitions between countries occur in every field, from science to industry. This competition is inevitable in the field of sports, which is the greatest feature of publicity in countries, one of the tools of getting political advantage and the greatest focus of global capital. This competition, which is seen in the fields of sport, sometimes becomes extreme and situations arise which are far from reflecting the nature of sports. Especially the efforts of athletes to represent their countries in the best way sometimes cause them to behave inappropriately to their opponents. Thus, the purpose of this study is to find out whether athletes’ being on the national team has any effects on their moral structure and to find out whether the attitudes they show to their opponent during competition are ideological or moral. Phenomenologic design was used in the study which was prepared with qualitative research method. The sample group of the study consists of 10 athletes in the junior national team who were determined with maximum variation sampling method. Individual interviews of an average of 10-12 minutes were conducted with the athletes within the context of semi-structured interview technique. The participants were informed that the interviews would be voice recorded and their expressions would later be converted into text to avoid data loss; the interviews were recorded after the necessary permissions were taken. Descriptive and content analysis method were used to analyze the expressions converted into text. Analysis results showed that the athletes stated that being on the national team had positive effects on moral structure due to motivating factors such as representing one’s country and being role models and that they were led by their moral structure while competing with their opponents.