Effluent Management Research Articles

Effective treatment of real acid mine drainage using MgO-metakaolinite nanocomposite

In this study, synergistic effects of mechanochemically synthesized metakaolinite-Ca-rich-MgO nanocomposite for effective treatment of real acid mine drainage (AMD) was meticulously reported. The obtained results were underpinned using the state-of-the-art analytical techniques and instruments, such as FTIR, HR-FIB/SEM, EDS, XRF, and XRD. The pH REdox EQuilibrium (in C language) was employed to complement experimental results. Optimum conditions were observed to be 45–60 min of mixing time, ≥10 g L−1 of feedstock dosage, i.e. nanocomposite, and ambient temperature and pH. The metal content (Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Al, and Zn) embedded in real AMD matrices was practically depleted (>99 % removal) and sulphate greatly reduced (≥50 %). PHREEQC predicted metals to exist as mono-, di-, and-tri-valents including variety of chemical complexes, and they precipitated as metals hydroxides, (oxy)-hydroxides, carbonates, and (oxy)-hydro-sulphates. This synergistic treatment approach holds great promise for the sustainable management of real AMD effluents from coal mining activities and can provide a simple and effective solution for its management. Thenceforth, softening and filtration technologies will need to be coupled to this process to further enhance the reclamation of drinking and to explore possible recovery of valuable minerals from the generated sludge.

Dynamics of soluble soil organic matter in Mediterranean maize-based forage system under organic and mineral fertilization

In Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (NVZ), the impact of animal effluent management on soil fertility is essential. A three-year study was carried out in a NVZ (Arborea, Central-western Sardinia, Italy), aiming to analyze the effect of different fertilization systems on soluble and total soil organic matter (SOM) within a silage maize-hay crop cropping system on sandy soil (Oxyaquic Xeropsamment). Four types of fertilization systems were compared: (i) cattle manure; (ii) cattle slurry; (iii) mineral; (iv) slurry + mineral. The water-extractable C and N content (WEC and WEN) from the topsoil (0–20 cm layer, the Ap1 horizon), the dissolved carbon (DC) and the dissolved nitrogen (DN) of the soil solution collected by disk lysimeters placed along the soil profiles, and the C content at the beginning and at the end of the experiment were determined.The seasonal dynamics of WEC in the topsoil seemed mainly associated with the timing of the fertilizer distribution. In the topsoil, WEC was larger under slurry than under mineral treatment. The DC was rather low in the deeper soil layers and did not show any variation due to the fluctuations of fertilizer distribution that were seemingly influenced by the groundwater table. The fertilization systems influenced the soil C inputs and, in turn, the SOM content. Manure promoted a higher C stock in the deeper soil layers among the organic fertilizers. However, the hay crop added with manure and slurry showed lower crop residues and, thus, C input than that added with mineral fertilizer. This result suggests that the management of these organic fertilizers should carefully consider their impact on the overall productivity of the studied cropping system in Mediterranean NVZ to avoid a potential limitation for soil C accumulation in the long term.

Occurrence and toxicity impact of pharmaceuticals in hospital effluents: Simulation based on a case of study

In the University Hospital of Albacete (Spain), the distribution of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) was studied to estimate the occurrence of the most prevalent analgesics and anti-inflammatories and antibiotics in patients’ urines. This estimation was based on the consumption amounts of APIs and their pharmacokinetic data. Results showed that metamizole would be the most prevalent drug among analgesics and anti-inflammatories with estimated concentrations ranging 100 – 1000 mg dm−3 in patients’ urines hospitalized in the surgical ICU, followed by around 10 mg dm−3 of acetylcysteine in surgical ICU and paracetamol in geriatrics. Likewise, estimated concentrations of 1–10 mg dm−3 were calculated for the 20 most representative antibiotics. Two β-lactam antibiotics (imipenem, meropenem) and one fluoroquinolone antibiotic (levofloxacin) would be present in patients’ urine from more than 3 surgical and medical areas. Additionally, the simulation of the toxicity impacts of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in hospital effluents was developed using the SimaPro 9.3.0.3 software and Ecoinvent 3.3 database since few studies were reported based on the real occurrence of drugs in urines. Ibuprofen was observed to have 2.4 times more ecotoxicity in freshwaters than paracetamol, although they did not show human toxicity related to carcinogenic effects. Amoxicillin presented a high potential ecological risk with a 3 kg equivalence of 1.4-DB per gram of drug. Overall, results demonstrate the importance to develop an adequate management and treatment of hospital effluents, including hospital urines, to reduce environmental and sanitary impacts.

Removing aromatic organic pollutants by cloud point extraction using biodegradable nonionic surfactants: equilibrium constants and diffusion kinetics

ABSTRACT The impacts of inadequate disposal of industrial wastewater cause environmental, economic, social and human health damage. The search for innovative and viable methodologies from a technical and economic standpoint aims to promote suitable management of effluents produced by different industrial activities. The objective of this paper was to study phenol, aromatic alcohol and aromatic amine removal using cloud point extraction based on analysis of extraction capacity, miscibility curves, equilibrium lines, distribution coefficients and mass transfer solubilisation diffusion. The oxo-C10E3P4E2 surfactant produced the best results, exhibiting smaller coacervate volume fractions, low concentration in the diluted phase and efficient extraction (E%) of phenol (81.79%), 1-phenylethanol (67.88%), 2-phenylethanol (65.41%), benzyl alcohol (57.01%), aniline (56.91%), p-toluidine (73.96%) and 2,4-dimethylaniline (84.87%). The ternary phase diagrams revealed a large miscibility area favourable to extraction, with equilibrium lines showing a pronounced slope in favour of the coacervate, indicating high compound concentration factors. Equilibrium isotherms were used to obtain the distribution and solubilisation constants (Log KC/D KS), in the following order: aniline (1.05; 9.15) < p-toluidine (1.35; 20.40) < 2,4-dimethylaniline (1.76; 45.10) and benzyl alcohol (1.07; 8.19) < 2-phenylethanol (1.22; 14.04) < 1-phenylethanol (1.28; 15.23) < phenol (1.59; 36.72). These parameters show a linear correlation with Log KO/W, revealing that micellar solubilisation is governed by the hydrophobic nature of aromatic organic compounds. The evolution of pH demonstrated that the ionised forms of phenol and 2,4-dimethylaniline do not establish interactions (electrostatic, van der Waals, hydrogen bonds) with surfactants. Mass transfer diffusion is governed by hydrophobic compounds, slightly compromising phenol due to its high solubility in water.

Analysis of industrial pollution in India

Barry Commoner, American biologist once said, “Environmental pollution is an incurable disease. It can only be prevented”. But instead of preventing we are aggravating it. Around 7.4 Lacks people die in India annually because of abnormal temperatures due to climate change according to a recent Lancets study. 51% of air pollution in India is due to industries. Indians are exposed to 25 micrograms per cubic metre above World Health Organisations limit of 10 micrograms per cubic metre of particulate matter. We know how much industrial pollution has been damaging our environment, but do we have effective laws in order to protect citizens of India against environmental offenders? Are existing laws and legislation efficient enough to punish the offenders and protect the victims? We do not have any systematic approach for making Industrial sector accountable and responsible towards proper management of waste effluents as it contributes around 50% of environment pollution. Industries like leather, cement, plastic, garments, sugar, steel and petroleum are the major polluting industries. The objective of this paper is to throw light on the important issue of mismanagement of our future and future of our generations so that some useful solutions can come out.

Public health performance of sanitation technologies in Tamil Nadu, India: Initial perspectives based on E. coli release

Sanitation is intended to reduce the spread and burden of diseases transmitted from excreta. Pathogen reduction from excreta before sludge or effluent discharge to the environment would seem a logical and useful performance indicator for sanitation systems. However, the relative magnitudes of pathogen release from common sanitation technologies are not well understood. We, therefore, investigated the feasibility of performance measurement of different sanitation technologies in Tamil Nadu, India in reducing the release of the pathogen indicator Escherichia coli (E. coli). After conducting users’ surveys and technical assessments of the locally prevalent sanitation systems, we classified them into 7 distinct categories (based on both observed physical characteristic and usage) within a widely-accepted physical typology. Faecal sludge and wastewater samples were collected and analysed for E. coli and total solids from 136 household systems, 24 community systems, and 23 sanitary sewer oveflows. We estimated the average volumetric release rates of wastewater and faecal sludge from the different sanitation technologies. Average daily per capita E. coli release was computed, and used as one indicator of the public health performance of technologies. We found that on-site installations described by owners as “septic systems” included diverse forms of tanks and pits of uncertain performance. We observed a statistically significant difference in the average daily per capita E. coli release from different sanitation technologies (p = 0.00001). Pathogen release from the studied on-site sanitation technologies varied by as much as 5 orders of magnitude from “lined pits” (5.4 Log10 E. coli per person per day) to “overflowing sanitary sewers” and “direct discharge pipes” (10.3–10.5 Log10 E. coli per person per day). Other technologies lay between these extremes, and their performances in E. coli removal also varied significantly, in both statistical and practical terms. Our results suggest that although faecal sludge management along the sanitation service chain is important, sanitation planners of the observed systems (and probably elsewhere) should direct higher priority to proper management of the liquid effluents from these systems to minimize public health hazards. We conclude that (i) the work demonstrates a new and promising approach for estimating the public health performance of differing sanitation technologies, (ii) if E.coli is accepted as an indicator of the public health hazard of releases from sanitation systems, our results strongly suggest that safe containment of excreta for an extended period substantially reduces pathogen numbers and the risk of pathogen release into the environment; and (iii) there are some simple but little-used technical improvements to design and construction of on-site sanitation systems which could significantly reduce the release of pathogens to the environment.

Zero Liquid Discharge System for the Tannery Industry—An Overview of Sustainable Approaches

The tannery industry is characterized by the consumption of a large quantity of water, around 30–40 m3 for processing 1000 kg of hide or skin. This amount becomes wastewater, containing about 300 kg of different chemicals, mainly refractory organic compounds, with high chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved salts (TDS), chromium, and evolution of toxic gases, such as ammonia and sulfides, etc. The remaining tanning chemicals are released as effluent having high resistance against biological degradation, becoming a serious environmental issue. Usually, end-of-pipe treatment is not sufficient to meet the concerns of environmental issues. In terms of cleaner production options, the redesigning of the existing effluent treatment procedures with alternate or additional treatment techniques, which “supports resource recovery with no added chemicals”, is expected to give a sustainable solution for the management of toxic effluent. The Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) system serves to ensure zero water emission, as well as treatment facilities by recycling, recovery, and reuse of the treated wastewater using advanced cleanup technology. The international scenario shows the implementation of ZLD thanks to pressure from regulatory agencies. The ZLD system consists of a pre-treatment system with conventional physicochemical treatment, tertiary treatment, softening of the treated effluent, reverse osmosis (RO) treatment for desalination, and thermal evaporation of the saline reject from RO to separate the salts. By adopting this system, water consumption is reduced. Moreover, ZLD also becomes effective in disaster mitigation in areas where the tannery industry is a strong economic actor. With this review, we aim to give an outlook of the current framework.

Assessment of the Effect of Electromagnetic Field on Bacterial Load and Physicochemical Properties of A Selected Food and Dairy Industry Effluent in Akure

Management of industrial effluents is one of the major challenges affecting developing nations of the world. Many of these industries release their effluents indiscriminately into the environment without proper treatment, which has caused a great health hazards to the environment and living population of this nation. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of electromagnetic field on microbial load of industrial effluents from food and dairy industry at Akure, Ondo state, Nigeria. Bacteria were isolated and identified using biochemical and molecular methods. Microbiological analysis and physicochemical characterization of the industrial effluent were carried out to determine the effect of electromagnetic field on microbial load and physicochemical parameters of the industrial effluents. Eleven bacteria were isolated from the effluents, the morphological, microscopic and biochemical characteristics of the eleven isolated bacteria suggests the isolates to be Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis ,Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Lactococcous lactis, Micoccocus luteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Rhodococcus equi, Serratia marcesans and Staphylococcous aureus. It was observed that electromagnetic field (EMF) had significant effect on the bacterial load of the industrial effluent. Mean differences was considered significant at P≤0.05. Bacterial load decreases as the magnitude of the EMF increases with time. The physicochemical analysis of the raw and EMF treated effluents revealed that EMF treated effluent had lower mean values of physicochemical. This outcome of study shows that Electromagnetic field treatment of effluent is effective in reducing the bacterial load of food and dairy industrial effluents, hence making the effluent safe for the environment to which it will be discharged. The method for the treatment can be developed and modified for effective use in industrial settings which will be of great economic importance to food and dairy industries and waste water management of developing nations.

Separation of Crystal Violet Dye from Wastewaters by Using Supported Liquid Membrane Technology

The current study enumerates the use of supported liquid membrane (SLM) technology to remove and recover crystal violet dye from wastewaters. The management of textile industry waste effluents is one of the main concerns of environmental health experts due to having excessive concentrations of dyes and resistance to biodegradation. Liquid membranes offer an affordable and green method for the selective removal of dyes from aqueous solutions. To create a liquid membrane, refined and edible vegetable oils were supported on microporous polymeric films of polypropylene (PP1E). Various parameters influencing transport, such as pH range in the feed solution, initial dye concentration, acid concentration in the strip solution, oil viscosities, and membrane lifetime, have been studied. The maximum flux value ( 1.7 × 10 − 5 mg/cm2/s) for crystal violet dye was obtained with sunflower oil-supported membrane at a pH of 12 in the feed solution and a concentration of 0.3 M hydrochloric acid in the strip solution. Under ideal conditions, the maximum amount of dye was transported within 6 hours. Studies on membrane stability and morphology revealed that the flux remained constant up to about 24 hours and then decreased gradually. Morphological studies showed that this may be attributed to deformation of pores shape and gradual clogging.

Structure and biosynthesis of carotenoids produced by a novel Planococcus sp. isolated from South Africa

BackgroundThe genus Planococcus is comprised of halophilic bacteria generally reported for the production of carotenoid pigments and biosurfactants. In previous work, we showed that the culturing of the orange-pigmented Planococcus sp. CP5-4 isolate increased the evaporation rate of industrial wastewater brine effluent, which we attributed to the orange pigment. This demonstrated the potential application of this bacterium for industrial brine effluent management in evaporation ponds for inland desalination plants. Here we identified a C30-carotenoid biosynthetic gene cluster responsible for pigment biosynthesis in Planococcus sp. CP5-4 through isolation of mutants and genome sequencing. We further compare the core genes of the carotenoid biosynthetic gene clusters identified from different Planococcus species’ genomes which grouped into gene cluster families containing BGCs linked to different carotenoid product chemotypes. Lastly, LC–MS analysis of saponified and unsaponified pigment extracts obtained from cultures of Planococcus sp. CP5-4, revealed the structure of the main (predominant) glucosylated C30-carotenoid fatty acid ester produced by Planococcus sp. CP5-4.ResultsGenome sequence comparisons of isolated mutant strains of Planococcus sp. CP5-4 showed deletions of 146 Kb and 3 Kb for the non-pigmented and “yellow” mutants respectively. Eight candidate genes, likely responsible for C30-carotenoid biosynthesis, were identified on the wild-type genome region corresponding to the deleted segment in the non-pigmented mutant. Six of the eight candidate genes formed a biosynthetic gene cluster. A truncation of crtP was responsible for the “yellow” mutant phenotype. Genome annotation revealed that the genes encoded 4,4′-diapolycopene oxygenase (CrtNb), 4,4′- diapolycopen-4-al dehydrogenase (CrtNc), 4,4′-diapophytoene desaturase (CrtN), 4,4′- diaponeurosporene oxygenase (CrtP), glycerol acyltransferase (Agpat), family 2 glucosyl transferase 2 (Gtf2), phytoene/squalene synthase (CrtM), and cytochrome P450 hydroxylase enzymes. Carotenoid analysis showed that a glucosylated C30-carotenoid fatty acid ester, methyl 5-(6-C17:3)-glucosyl-5, 6′-dihydro-apo-4, 4′-lycopenoate was the main carotenoid compound produced by Planococcus sp. CP5-4.ConclusionWe identified and characterized the carotenoid biosynthetic gene cluster and the C30-carotenoid compound produced by Planococcus sp. CP5-4. Mass-spectrometry guided analysis of the saponified and unsaponified pigment extracts showed that methyl 5-glucosyl-5, 6-dihydro-apo-4, 4′-lycopenoate esterified to heptadecatrienoic acid (C17:3). Furthermore, through phylogenetic analysis of the core carotenoid BGCs of Planococcus species we show that various C30-carotenoid product chemotypes, apart from methyl 5-glucosyl-5, 6-dihydro-apo-4, 4′-lycopenoate and 5-glucosyl-4, 4-diaponeurosporen-4′-ol-4-oic acid, may be produced that could offer opportunities for a variety of applications.

Physico-chemical, microbial and toxicity assessment of industrial effluents from the southern Tunisian tannery

The management of tanning effluents is a real problem for leather-producing countries. Therefore, the treatment solution search for this potentially toxic industrial wastewater constitutes a priority. In this study, the physico-chemical, microbiological, and spectral characterizations as well as micro-toxicity study, of these effluents, were carried out. The physico-chemical analyses showed the complex nature of such untreated effluent. In fact, its composition revealed a high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5 = 3100 ± 100 mg/L), chemical oxygen demand (COD = 14,065.2 ± 155 mg/L), total suspended solids (TSS = 12.30 ± 2.64 mg/L), total dissolved solution (TDS = 44.2 ± 3.46 mg/L), sulphate (2076.068 ± 50.27 mg/L), chromium (4.525 ± 0.23 mg/L), sodium (22,800 ± 80.16 mg/L), and lead (0.739 ± 0.04 mg/L) content with alkaline pH (12.93) and greenish-blue color. Moreover, the spectral analyses (UV-vis and FT-IR) of the basin 1, 2 and 3 effluents show its complexity, before treatment, which justifies the physico-chemical characterization. The final effluent (basin 5), after biological treatment, was characterized and a decrease was noticed in all cited parameters. In addition, the ratio COD/BOD5 was decreased 3.3 folds. The microbiological characterization revealed the presence of revivable aerobic bacteria as; total coliforms, fecal coliforms, Pseudomonas, Enterococcus (streptococci D), sulphite-reducing bacteria, and fungi. In contrast, a complete absence of Salmonella, Yersinia enterocolitica, Vibrio cholerae, and Helminth egg was noted. To confirm the efficiency of the biological treatment via an adapted consortium, micro-toxicity tests using Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis were carried out. Results of this monitoring showed an important decrease in the toxicity levels for the final effluent.

Sustainable Development: Use of Agricultural Waste Materials for Vanillic Acid Recovery from Wastewater

The management of agricultural waste is an important issue related to environment protection, as the inappropriate disposal of this waste yields negative effects on the environment. Proper management of industrial effluents is totally aligned with sustainable development goal (SDG) number six “clean water and sanitation”, as well as partially related to other several SDG. In this work, two agricultural waste materials were used for vanillic acid recovery from wastewater. In this scenario, vanillic acid could be considered as both an organic pollutant present in several industrial effluents and a high added-value product when isolated. Therefore, its removal from wastewaters, as well as its recovery and isolation, are very interesting from environmental and economical points of view. Peanut and pistachio shells were studied as no-cost and readily accessible potential adsorbents for the removal and recovery of vanillic acid from aqueous solutions. The evolution of equilibrium isotherms of vanillic acid on both biosorbents was investigated. Three isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin) were tested to fit the experimental equilibrium data and compared. The Langmuir model provided the best correlation for vanillic acid biosorption onto both peanut and pistachio shells. Finally, the negative values of ΔG indicated that the biosorption process was spontaneous and thermodynamically favorable for both agricultural waste materials. Accordingly, peanut and pistachio shells were shown to be very efficient low-cost adsorbents, and a promising alternative for vanillic acid recovery from industrial wastewaters.

Water quality assessment, reasons of river water pollution, impact on human health and remediation of polluted river water

Bangladesh is a land of rivers. The pride of Bangladesh is her rivers with one of the largest networks in the world. The Rivers of Bangladesh play an important role in the wealth of our country. The prosperity of agriculture and fisheries are depending on the rivers. But our resourceful rivers become polluted day by day due to over growth of population and uncontrolled industrialization and urbanization, which is deploying harmful impacts both on human health as well as aquatics ecosystem and environment. Improper management of industrial and seawage effluents are major causes of river water pollution. The microorganisms within the water are prime sources to cause different water borne diseases like Diarrhea, Cholera, Scabies, Asthma etc. To find out the remedies to this problem, urgent emphasis should be given on preventive measures and to take appropriate steps to improve the existing pollution of the rivers. A lots of water treatment systems like physical chemical treatments, microbial remediation, wetland remediation etc. are being practiced throughout the world to restore the health of the rivers. So, our government should take necessary steps to prevent river water as soon as possible.

Managing the Effluents of Anaerobic Fermentations by Bioprocess Schemes Involving Membrane Bioreactors and Bio-Electrochemical Systems: A Mini-Review

Anaerobic bioprocesses, such as anaerobic digestion and dark fermentation, provide energy carriers in the form of methane and hydrogen gases, respectively. However, their wastewater-type residues, that is, the fermentation effluents, must be treated carefully due to the incomplete and non-selective conversion of organic matter fed to the actual system. For these reasons, the effluents contain various secondary metabolites and unutilized substrate, in most cases. Only a fraction of anaerobic effluents can be directly applied for fertilization under a moderate climate. Conventional wastewater treatment technologies may be used to clean the remainder, but that approach leads to a net loss of energy and of potentially useful agricultural input materials (organic carbon and NPK fertilizer substitutes). The rationale of this paper is to provide an overview of promising new research results in anaerobic effluent management strategies as a part of technological downstream that could fit the concept of new-generation biorefinery schemes aiming towards zero-waste discharge, while keeping in mind environmental protection, as well as economical perspectives. According to the literature, the effluents of the two above processes can be treated and valorized relying either on membrane bioreactors (in case of anaerobic digestion) or bio-electrochemical apparatus (for dark fermentation). In this work, relevant findings in the literature will be reviewed and analyzed to demonstrate the possibilities, challenges, and useful technical suggestions for realizing enhanced anaerobic effluent management. Both membrane technology and bio-electrochemical systems have the potential to improve the quality of anaerobic effluents, either separately or in combination as an integrated system.

Incorporating solution alkalinity into a hydraulic reduction model to account for disaggregation and dispersion

The use of alkaline and sodic water for irrigation has increased in recent years due to constrained freshwater sources and a rapid increase in industrial by-product wastewater from industries such as coal seam gas and effluent management from other industrial sources. The use of alkaline sodic water can significantly impact soil condition, in particular soil physical properties. The threshold electrolyte concentration (CTH) is generally used to assess soil structural stability when it is subjected to a solution of a given sodium adsorption ratio and electrolyte concentration. The current disaggregation model commonly used is mainly based on the sodium and calcium system, without considering the adverse effects of alkaline anions (e.g., HCO3–) reducing saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks). This study aimed to assess the incorporation of HCO3– into the semi-empirical disaggregation model approach to determine CTH. The percentage reduction in Ks increased with increasing solution alkalinity and this reduction rate was dependent on soil type. The results indicated that there is a correlation between the reduction of Ks produced by non-alkaline and alkaline solutions represented as SAR and adjusted SAR (SARadj) for up to 30% Ks reduction. This association confirms that the effect of SAR and SARadj on CTH are similar. Therefore, HCO3– can be incorporated into the current disaggregation model to determine CTH (≤20% Ks reduction) for alkaline irrigation waters when disposed of on lands.

Repurposing anaerobic digestate for economical biomanufacturing and water recovery.

Due to mounting impacts of climate change, particularly increased incidence of drought, hence water scarcity, it has become imperative to develop new technologies for recovering water from nutrient-rich, water-replete effluents other than sewage. Notably, anaerobic digestate could be harnessed for the purpose of water recovery by repurposing digestate-borne minerals as nutrients in fermentative processes. The high concentrations of ammonium, phosphate, sulfate, and metals in anaerobic digestate are veritable microbial nutrients that could be harnessed for bio-production of bulk and specialty chemicals. Tethering nutrient sequestration from anaerobic digestate to bio-product accumulation offers promise for concomitant water recovery, bio-chemical production, and possible phosphate recovery. In this review, we explore the potential of anaerobic digestate as a nutrient source and as a buffering agent in fermentative production of glutamine, glutamate, fumarate, lactate, and succinate. Additionally, we discuss the potential of synthetic biology as a tool for enhancing nutrient removal from anaerobic digestate and for expanding the range of products derivable from digestate-based fermentations. Strategies that harness the nutrients in anaerobic digestate with bio-product accumulation and water recovery could have far-reaching implications on sustainable management of nutrient-rich manure, tannery, and fish processing effluents that also contain high amounts of water. KEY POINTS: • Anaerobic digestate may serve as a source of nutrients in fermentation. • Use of digestate in fermentation would lead to the recovery of valuable water.

Evaluation of water quality and ecological risk assessment index from highly oil-contaminated sites in the Niger Delta Nigeria

Multi-element indices in an aquatic ecosystem provide insight into the synergistic effects of many ecological parameters. Using standard analytical techniques and pollution indicators, the eco-toxicological state of oil-contaminated water in three communities in Warri Southwest, Niger Delta, Nigeria, was assessed. Water samples were examined for physicochemical properties, heavy metals, PAH and TPH levels. The ANOVA results showed no significant difference (p &gt;0.05) between the means of the physicochemical parameters and the study stations for the combined parameters. Out of the twenty-five parameters evaluated, the Nemerow Pollution Index (NPI) results revealed thirteen contributing parameters to overall water contamination in the research areas. Conductivity, TSS, TDS, DO, BOD, COD, Oil and Grease, Heavy Metals (Cu, Ni, Mn, and Cd), and Hydrocarbons are among them. These parameters also exceeded the maximum permitted limits set by NESREA. Heavy metal evaluation index (HEI) and geo-accumulation index (Igeo) in water were both found to be high. The PERI (potential ecological risk index) had values &gt;100, indicating a high level of ecological risks. The study areas' overall water quality index (WQI) indicated poor to unsuitable water quality. Water pollution in the selected communities is attributed to various industrial and domestic activities along the waterways, crude oil spills, illegal refining, dredging, and ship and speed boat movement. Periodic monitoring and preventive measures are required in the study areas to keep the aquatic ecosystems from entirely degrading. Adequate legislation and proper effluent management could aid in the prevention of indiscriminate toxic compound discharge into water.

Production of Local Microorganism by Utilizing Organic Matter in PT Ultra Peternakan Bandung Selatan

Unmanaged waste in livestock can cause pollution, but it can benefit the environment if managed properly. PT Ultra Peternakan Bandung Selatan reported that effluent produced every day from this farm is about 150.000 liter. The application of local microorganisms (MOL) could be practical because used as a starter for decomposition. However, the most efficient way to produce MOL to manage waste effectively in this company needs to be carried out. This study aimed at improving effluent management by using MOL most efficiently from some organic matters. The analysis performed three treatments for making 10 liters MOL: M1 (Main MOL + molasses + water), M2 (Main MOL + mastitis milk), M3 (Main MOL + milk MOL + water). Each treatment was given a dose of 10% and 15% of 10 liters for main MOL, molasses, and milk MOL. The fermentation experiment was carried out by mixing all the ingredients, that is, main MOL, molasses, and water for M1. For the second ingredient, M2 is mixing mastitis milk and main MOL. Then M3 combines the main MOL, milk MOL, and water. After seven days fermented, observations in local microorganism characteristics were pH, density, and brightness value. The result suggested that treatment M2 (Main MOL + mastitis milk) 10% was the most efficient local microorganism reproduce based on the pH is 4,36, density has a value of 531 gram, and brightness value is 897 lux. The study underlined the importance of mastitis milk to produce MOL and seems effective and efficient to improve the effluent before being evacuated to the land.

Are human urine recycling technologies becoming a worldwide trend in Agri-Food sector? A review by bibliometric analysis from 1999 to 2020

The recovery of organic fertilizers from human urine as one of the solutions for the sustainable management of effluents and sanitation can be very promising, by the strategy of reuse urban wastewater, combined with the development of agricultural input. The aim of this study was to conduct a bibliometric analysis of the publications available in the ScienceDirect and Wiley Online Library databases on the subject of human urine nutrient recovery for the period from 1999 to 2020 to respond whether human urine recycling can improve cities resilience, through urban water management has the potential to become a competitive solution in the Agri-Food global market based on scientific findings. The process of bibliometric analysis exploring databases were divided in 8 steps: 1) Key-word selection, 2) Period selection, 3) Database selection, 4) Scanning the publications, 5) Removal of duplicates, 6) Verification of publications, 7) Selection of the publications with the highest adherence, 8) Final classification. A total of 985 scientific publications were selected from the Wiley Online Library and 996 from Science Direct. Out of these, only 45 were selected for being potentially aligned with urine recycling technologies relate to water management in a worldwide perspective. Human urine as a bio-fertilizer has the potential to the Agribusiness market, based on statistical data analysis, however to become a marketable product, especially in low-middle income countries, sustainability assessment studies of urine technologies, integrating economic, social and environmental aspects are needed.

Evaluation of Effluent Management at the Gynco Obstetric and Pediatric Hospital of DOUALA

Evaluation of Effluent Management at the Gynco Obstetric and Pediatric Hospital of DOUALA