Efficient Sorting Research Articles

Corrigendum to: Current Status of Patent Research on Picking End Effector

An error appeared in the citation of Tables 2 and 3 in the manuscript titled “Current Status of Patent Research on Picking End Effector”, 2024; 18(6): e190523217074 [1]. <p> Original: <p> Li [69] developed a self-triggering apple picking and collecting machine, which consists of five parts: a selftriggering gripper, a telescopic adjustment device, a rotary turntable, a collecting device, and a floor car. The gripper part innovatively adopts a selftriggering gripper design. The invention solves the problem of low apple-picking efficiency and causes less damage to apples. <p> Wang et al. [78] invented an end effector suitable for gripping spherical fruits. The fingers of the bionic human form an effective gripping space through the upper gripping finger, the lower gripping finger, and the auxiliary gripping finger, providing reliable gripping performance. This leads to the avoidance of mechanical damage to the fruit. This device has been found to improve fruit sorting efficiency and reduce labor, but its applicability is not wide enough. <p> Corrected: <p> Li [69] developed a self-triggering apple picking and collecting machine, which consists of five parts: a selftriggering gripper, a telescopic adjustment device, a rotary turntable, a collecting device, and a floor car. The gripper part innovatively adopts a selftriggering gripper design. The invention solves the problem of low apple-picking efficiency and causes less damage to apples (Table 2). <p> Wang et al. [78] invented an end effector suitable for gripping spherical fruits. The fingers of the bionic human form an effective gripping space through the upper gripping finger, the lower gripping finger, and the auxiliary gripping finger, providing reliable gripping performance. This leads to the avoidance of mechanical damage to the fruit. This device has been found to improve fruit sorting efficiency and reduce labor, but its applicability is not wide enough (Table 3). <p> The original article can be found online at https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/131925

Enhancing Bucket Sort Efficiency: A Combinatorial Approach to Algorithm Optimization

Abstract: The efficiency of sorting algorithms is critical to numerous computational processes, including data management, search operations, and real-time applications. Among these algorithms, Bucket Sort is notable for its linear-time performance when data is uniformly distributed over a defined range. However, its efficiency suffers significantly with non-uniform data distributions, resulting in unbalanced buckets and increased sorting time. In our research, we explore how combinatorial algorithms can enhance Bucket Sort’s efficiency by optimizing bucket partitioning, dynamic allocation, and internal sorting strategies. Through rigorous mathematical proofs and analysis, we demonstrate that the application of combinatorial techniques yields substantial improvements in average-case performance, particularly in handling skewed data distributions. Practical case studies in large-scale data processing illustrate the adaptability and effectiveness of these optimizations, supporting their potential in real-world applications.

Magnetic particles–integrated microfluidics: from physical mechanisms to biological applications

Abstract Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have garnered significant attention in biomedical applications. Due to their large surface area and tunable properties, MNPs are used in microfluidic systems, which allow for the manipulation and control of fluids at micro- or nanoscale. Using microfluidic systems allows for a faster, less expensive, and more efficient approach to applications like bioanalysis. MNPs in microfluidics can precisely identify and detect bioanalytes on a single chip by controlling analytes in conjunction with magnetic particles (MPs) and separating various particles for analytical functions at the micro- and nanoscales. Numerous uses for these instruments, including cell-based research, proteomics, and diagnostics, have been reported. The successful reduction in the size of analytical assays and the creation of compact LOC platforms have been made possible with the assistance of microfluidics. Microfluidics is a highly effective method for manipulating fluids as a continuous flow or discrete droplets. Since the implementation of the LOC technology, various microfluidic methods have been developed to improve the efficiency and precision of sorting, separating, or isolating cells or microparticles from their original samples. These techniques aim to surpass traditional laboratory procedures. This review focuses on the recent progress in utilizing microfluidic systems that incorporate MNPs for biological applications.

Review on Automated Storage and Retrieval System for Warehouse

The swift expansion of e-commerce and supply chain operations has significantly enhanced the efficiency of warehouse management systems, establishing them as vital components in augmenting organizations' competitiveness. This paper delves into warehouse sorting systems to enhance the sorting process, reduce error rates, and simplify internal warehouse procedures. It aims to develop a scalable, adaptable, and efficient warehouse sorting system that can maximize sorting efficiency while effectively responding to changing market demands through the use of advanced automation technologies. The study provides an in-depth review of the literature that has explored the Automated Storage and Retrieval System (ASRS) within the context of warehouse operations. It offers a comprehensive introduction to the operational systems of warehouses, detailing each type of ASRS along with the technologies that can improve the efficiency and accuracy of these systems. Moreover, the paper thoroughly investigates and classifies the ASRS design decision problem and compares multiple types of ASRS. The analysis aims to delineate the distinctions among various ASRS configurations, assessing their scalability, adaptability, and their impact on operational efficacy in warehouse environments Through this comparative review, the paper emphasizes the potential enhancements in sorting processes that modern ASRS can provide, ensuring that warehouse operations can rapidly adapt to market changes and demands. The goal is to highlight best practices and technological innovations that can lead to more responsive and efficient warehouse management systems. This exploration contributes to a better understanding of how cutting-edge automation and adaptable system designs can significantly influence the efficiency of warehouse sorting processes.

Classification of Rice Grains by Image Processing

General Background: The assessment of the surface quality of pre-treated rice grains is crucial for determining their market acceptability, storage stability, processing quality, and overall consumer satisfaction. Traditional evaluation methods are often time-consuming and yield subjective classifications. Specific Background: The lack of a comprehensive tagged image dataset hinders the application of advanced convolutional neural networks (CNN) for detailed damage classification of healthy rice grains. Knowledge Gap: Existing datasets and methods limit the effective exploration of sophisticated CNN models for categorizing rice types, particularly in identifying subtle damage characteristics. Aims: The study aims to create a robust rice grain classification system using image processing techniques, primarily deep learning algorithms, to improve the classification of rice varieties. Results: Utilizing a dataset of 75,000 images across five widely cultivated rice varieties in Turkey, we achieved classification accuracies of 100% for CNN, 99.95% for deep neural networks (DNN), and 99.87% for artificial neural networks (ANN). Novelty: The proposed approach represents a significant advancement in rice classification technology, employing a combination of image acquisition, feature extraction, and machine learning to streamline the process, effectively addressing the challenges faced in traditional methods. Implications: The findings underscore the potential for improved sorting and grading efficiency in the rice industry, facilitating better market outcomes and consumer satisfaction through enhanced quality control Highlights: Innovative: Uses CNN for accurate rice variety classification. Data-Driven: Analyzes 75,000 images for enhanced quality evaluation. Impactful: Increases efficiency in sorting and grading processes. Keywords: Rice Classification, Image Processing, CNN, Machine Learning, Agricultural Technology

Efficient indexing and querying of annotations in a pangenome graph.

The current reference genome is the backbone of diverse and rich annotations. Simple text formats, like VCF or BED, have been widely adopted and helped the critical exchange of genomic information. There is a dire need for tools and formats enabling pangenomic annotation to facilitate such enrichment of pangenomic references. The Graph Alignment Format (GAF) is a text format, tab-delimited like BED/VCF files, which was proposed to represent alignments. GAF could also be used to store paths representing annotations in a pangenome graph, but there are no tools to index and query them efficiently. Here, we present extensions to vg and HTSlib that provide efficient sorting, indexing, and querying for GAF files. With this approach, annotations overlapping a subgraph can be extracted quickly. Paths are sorted based on the IDs of traversed nodes, compressed with BGZIP, and indexed with HTSlib/tabix via our extensions for the GAF format. Compared to the binary GAM format, GAF files are easier to edit or inspect because they are plain text, and we show that they are twice as fast to sort and half as large on disk. In addition, we updated vg annotate , which takes BED or GFF3 annotation files relative to linear sequences and projects them into the pangenome. It can now produce GAF files representing these annotations' paths through the pangenome. We showcase these new tools on several applications. We projected annotations for all Human Pangenome Reference Consortium Year 1 haplotypes, including genes, segmental duplications, tandem repeats and repeats annotations, into the Minigraph-Cactus pangenome (GRCh38-based v1.1). We also projected known variants from the GWAS Catalog and expression QTLs from the GTEx project into the pangenome. Finally, we reanalyzed ATAC-seq data from ENCODE to demonstrate what a coverage track could look like in a pangenome graph. These rich annotations can be quickly queried with vg and visualized using existing tools like the Sequence Tube Map or Bandage.

A bi-population cooperative scatter search algorithm for distributed hybrid flow shop scheduling with machine breakdown

The occurrence of machine breakdowns is a frequent and dynamic phenomenon in the production process. The implementation of effective preventive measures can mitigate such events and result in reduced production costs. This paper investigates the distributed hybrid flow shop scheduling problem with machine breakdown (DHFSSPB) considering short maintenance time. The bi-population cooperative scatter search (BCSS) algorithm is proposed to address the DHFSSPB, wherein the search for the optimal scheduling sequence is transformed into genetic evolution aiming to obtain a gene chain with both minimum lower bound and minimum cost attributes. Firstly, the DHFSSPB problem is modeled through a combination of predictive maintenance strategy and right-shift rescheduling rule. Subsequently, a diversification approach is developed to facilitate attribute inheritance, enhance the efficiency of job allocation, and establish a reference set. The reference set is partitioned into two subpopulations based on lower bound attributes and cost attributes, respectively. The corresponding hybrid search strategies are designed to enhance the efficiency of job sorting and machine selection for subpopulations with distinct attributes. The cooperative evolution between subpopulations occurs through the competitive interaction and fusion of individuals. An enhanced reinforcement learning approach is proposed to expedite the acceleration of individual attribute evolution by leveraging evolutionary knowledge acquired from populations, thereby effectively guiding the evolutionary trajectories of individuals. Additionally, a method for evaluating the population during the learning process is developed based on problem characteristics to enhance learning efficiency. Experimental results demonstrate that BCSS outperforms the comparative algorithm in solving the DHFSSPB.

An in-depth study of sorting algorithms

Sorting algorithms are very popular fundamental algorithms in the field of computer science. Its job is sorting statistics so that they are arranged according to certain rules. In this paper, the kinds of sorting algorithms and their research method of them will be discussed. It will consist of discussing bubble sort, selection sorting, insertion sorting, hill sorting, and merge sorting. Those of them are that arrange a group of elements according to a certain number of ones. They are widely used in computer science and data processing in all walks of life. The most common sorting methods are numerical order and lexicographic order. Efficient sorting algorithms are significant in some of the algorithms, such as search and merge algorithms, so that they can arrive at the correct solution. Dealing with textual data and producing readable output are also important applications of sorting. The outcome is a permutation or recombination of the original input. So learning about the principles of those sorting algorithms by recognizing the code or reading pictures is significant. It is also necessary to be familiar with the applications of those algorithms which are beneficial to the daily life.

Intelligent detection of coal gangue in mining Operations using multispectral imaging and enhanced RT-DETR algorithm for efficient sorting

The coal gangue generated during coal mining causes serious environmental pollution. To efficiently screen coal gangue, we developed an efficient approach combining multi-spectral imaging with an improved Real-Time Detection Transformer (RT-DETR) for coal gangue detection. Firstly, spectral data from 25 bands were optimized into 3 bands and combined into a pseudo RGB image. Then, the backbone network was enhanced through lighter Faster-Block and Efficient Multi-scale Attention (EMA) mechanisms, with learnable position coding introduced in the Attention based Intra scale Feature Interaction (AIFI) layer and the Re-param Convolutional (RepC3) structure of the Cross scale Feature Fusion Module (CCFM) layer upgraded to Dilated Re-param Block (DRB). Additionally, we propose a Stable Diffusion model based on Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) fine-tuning for image generation and enhance the model’s robustness by combining it with data augmentation to simulate specific environments. Our results showed that the method achieves detection accuracy, recall, and mean average precision of 92.18%, 86.78%, and 91.95%, respectively. The lightweight model and high detection accuracy provide an effective solution for mine sorting.

Deep Recyclable Trash Sorting Using Integrated Parallel Attention.

Sorting recyclable trash is critical to reducing energy consumption and mitigating environmental pollution. Currently, trash sorting heavily relies on manpower. Computer vision technology enables automated trash sorting. However, existing trash image classification datasets contain a large number of images without backgrounds. Moreover, the models are vulnerable to background interference when categorizing images with complex backgrounds. In this work, we provide a recyclable trash dataset that supports model training and design a model specifically for trash sorting. Firstly, we introduce the TrashIVL dataset, an image dataset for recyclable trash sorting encompassing five classes (TrashIVL-5). All images are collected from public trash datasets, and the original images were captured by RGB imaging sensors, containing trash items with real-life backgrounds. To achieve refined recycling and improve sorting efficiency, the TrashIVL dataset can be further categorized into 12 classes (TrashIVL-12). Secondly, we propose the integrated parallel attention module (IPAM). Considering the susceptibility of sensor-based systems to background interference in real-world trash sorting scenarios, our IPAM is specifically designed to focus on the essential features of trash images from both channel and spatial perspectives. It can be inserted into convolutional neural networks (CNNs) as a plug-and-play module. We have constructed a recyclable trash sorting network building upon the IPAM, which produces an acuracy of 97.42% on TrashIVL-5 and 94.08% on TrashIVL-12. Our work is an effective attempt of computer vision in recyclable trash sorting. It makes a positive contribution to environmental protection and sustainable development.

Industrial optical sorting for marine plastic litter management

The aim of this study is to evaluate the possibility of incorporating marine litter from the coast into the management system of the non-selectively collected fraction of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). With this purpose, the technical feasibility of automatic separation of marine plastic litter is evaluated, which would allow for subsequent recycling. This solution requires mechanical–biological-treatment plants (MBT) to be able to sort marine plastic litter. Poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) bottles constitute one of the most commonly reported types of marine plastics. Considering the sorting methods employed in MBT plants, optical sorting tests were performed with marine PET litter and compared with those for post-consumer municipal PET waste, in order to assess whether the current technology implemented in these plants would allow their automatic sorting. Results show that the separation efficiency of PET degraded under marine conditions and outdoors is very high, and close to that of post-consumer municipal PET waste. The separation efficiency by transparent colour for different types of PET materials evaluated is also very effective and similar to that obtained for separation by chemical composition. Therefore, the chemical differences observed would not affect the efficiency of automatic sorting of marine origin PET in a waste treatment plant.

Design and Performance Analysis of a Tea Impurity Eliminator

The present tea production technology is extensive and unsanitary as tea processing has the issues of easily mixing in hair, animal hair, and other debris problems. The production enterprises can only use a large number of workers to manually sort the tea, requiring large labor for low efficient and unideal sorting results. Hence, tea production enterprises urgently need to solve this problem to meet the product to meet the quality requirements of health food. In this paper, the design and development of the vibration motor of the key components in the tea impurity removal unit were studied. The specific work is as follows. The dynamic analysis of the movement of the material on the vibrating working surface is performed, the motion state of the tea declutter vibration machine is determined as throwing motion, and the structure scheme of the elastic link eccentric type vibration machine is designed. The structure scheme of the elastic link eccentric vibration motor was modeled by Inventor 3D design software, and the suitable parameters were selected for trial production of a prototype.

Identifikasi Kematangan Buah Pisang Berdasarkan Variasi Jarak Menggunakan Metode K-Nearest Neighbor

This research aims to identify the level of ripeness of kepok bananas based on the color of their skin using the K-Nearest Neighbor (K-NN) method. Bananas are an important commodity in Indonesia, and various ripeness levels need to be identified. The current process of identifying banana ripeness is still done manually, which requires a lot of labor and tends to be subjective. The K-NN method is used to classify bananas based on their skin color. This research involves the collection of banana images with three ripeness levels (raw, ripe, and overripe) and the extraction of RGB color features from these images. Three distance methods, namely Euclidean, Minkowski, and Manhattan, are also employed to compare accuracy results. The evaluation results of this research show that the accuracy value for the Euclidean distance method is 84%, the Minkowski distance method is 82%, and the Manhattan distance method is 80%. Thus, the findings indicate that the K-NN method and the Euclidean distance method provide good results in identifying the ripeness level of bananas. By implementing the K-NN algorithm, this research attempts to address the weaknesses of the time-consuming and subjective manual identification process, with the hope of providing a more accurate and efficient solution for the banana industry. The results of this research can be used to automate the identification process of banana ripeness levels and improve efficiency in banana sorting. It is expected that this research can provide practical benefits to the community and serve as a basis for further research in this field.

Prediction of sperm motion behavior in microfluidic channel using sperm swimming model

Several investigations have recently been conducted using microfluidic channels to sort highly motile sperm and thereby increase the probability of fertilization. To further enhance the efficiency of sperm sorting, predicting sperm movement in microfluidic channels through simulation techniques could be beneficial. In this study, we constructed a sperm swimming model based on the concept of an agent-based model. This model allows analysis at the same spatio–temporal scale similar to microfluidic channels. Sperm movement was simplistically modeled as a random walk, utilizing the distribution of sperm velocity and deflection angle obtained from experimental data. We have developed a thigmotaxis model to describe the phenomenon where sperm near the wall exhibit a reduced tendency to move away from it. Additionally, we created a rheotaxis model, in which sperm reorient in the direction opposite to the flow depending on the shear rate. Using these models, we investigated sperm behaviors within a microchannel featuring a tapered area. The results reveal that sperm accumulate within the tapered area, leading to a significant increase in sperm concentration for specific flow velocity ranges in the microchannel. This model provides valuable information for predicting the effects of sperm sorting in various microfluidic channels.

The Impact of Physiological and Psychological Fatigue on Work Efficiency: A Case Study of Parcel Sorting Work.

The popularity of online shopping in China has increased significantly, creating new development opportunities for the express delivery industry. However, the rapid expansion of the express industry has also created challenges in the parcel sorting process. The demanding nature of parcel sorting work, which is characterized by intense and prolonged repetitive tasks, makes individuals particularly vulnerable to the effects of fatigue. Fatigue is a complex condition that encompasses both physiological and psychological exhaustion. It often results in reduced energy levels and diminished functionality, significantly impacting an individual's performance at work and their overall well-being. This study aimed to investigate how physiological and psychological fatigue affects sorting efficiency and to identify appropriate rest periods that will allow employees to maintain their performance levels. The research involved fifteen participants who took part in a 60 min continuous sorting experiment and a similar experiment with scheduled breaks. During both trials, we collected data on participants' electromyography (EMG) and electrodermal activity (EDA), as well as subjective fatigue ratings (RPE). Signal features such as the median frequency (MF) of EMG and the skin conductance level (SCL) were analyzed to assess physiological and psychological fatigue, respectively. The results show that physiological fatigue mainly affects sorting efficiency in the first 30 min, while psychological fatigue becomes more influential in the following half-hour period. In addition, subjective fatigue levels during the first 30 min are primarily determined by psychological factors, while beyond that point, both physiological and psychological fatigue contribute to subjective fatigue. Rest periods of 415-460 s, based on EDA recovery times, effectively support sorting efficiency and participants' recovery. This study highlights the complex ways in which fatigue affects parcel sorting performance and provides valuable theoretical and practical insights for establishing labor quotas and optimizing work schedules in the parcel sorting industry.

Real-time Sorting of Broiler Chicken Meat with Robotic arm: XAI-enhanced Deep Learning and LIME Framework for Freshness Detection

Ensuring food safety in poultry processing is crucial due to the risk of contamination, which can lead to health hazards. Traditional methods for sorting chicken meat based on freshness are often manual and prone to error, necessitating the development of an automated, accurate sorting system. This research focuses on integrating Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) with Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations (LIME) to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of sorting broiler chicken meat into fresh and rotten categories. This study employed the InceptionV3 CNN model combined with LIME for transparent decision-making. The model was trained and tested on a dataset of chicken meat images to guide a robotic arm for real-time sorting. The system achieved an impressive sorting accuracy of 96.3 %, outperforming traditional manual methods. With the guidance of the CNN-LIME integration, the robotic arm successfully processed 1000 samples of fresh and 300 samples of rotten chicken meat, achieving a precision of 94.19% for fresh meat and 97.24% for rotten meat. This integration significantly improved sorting accuracy and efficiency in poultry processing, providing a reliable method for distinguishing between fresh and rotten chicken meat. This system improves food safety and operational efficiency in automated food processing. It shows the effectiveness of combining explainable AI with robotics, reducing human exposure to harmful contaminants ethically. It also contributes to public health by ensuring safer food products. This research presents a new approach to automated food sorting by integrating CNNs with LIME for transparency and accuracy. This can be beneficial for food processing industries and researchers in the field of AI and robotics.

Refined home-brew media for cost-effective, weekend-free hiPSC culture and genetic engineering

Background Cost-effective, practical, and reproducible culture of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) is required for both basic and translational research. This is especially crucial for large-scale expansion of hiPSCs for cell therapy, which should be made accessible to many patients regardless of their socioeconomic background. Basal 8 (B8) has emerged as a cost-effective solution for weekend-free and chemically-defined hiPSC culture. However, homebrewing of some recombinant growth factors for B8 can be a bottleneck towards both access and reproducibility of this technology. Moreover, we found the published B8 formulation to be suboptimal in normoxic hiPSC culture, which is widely used. Lastly, the suitability of B8 for applications such as genome editing or organoid differentiation remains to be assessed. Methods We formulated B8 with commercially available, animal-free growth factors, refined its composition to support normoxic culture of the widely-used WTC11 hiPSC line, and compared it to commercial Essential 8 (E8) and a home-made, weekend-free E8 formulation (hE8). We measured pluripotency marker expression and cell cycle with flow cytometry, and investigated the transcriptional profiles by bulk RNA sequencing. We also assessed the efficiency of gene editing, single-cell sorting, and cardiac differentiation in both monolayer and organoids. Results hE8 performed similarly to commercial E8 in all the assays. Despite morphological changes, cells in B8+, our optimised variant of B8, expressed the pluripotency marker NANOG at the highest level. At the same time, cells grown in B8+ were primed towards a mesendodermal fate. B8+ outperformed other media with regard to genome editing via homology directed recombination, and was on par with other media in other assays. Conclusions Overall, optimised weekend-free media formulations promise to democratise the generation of engineered cells for a wide range of applications.

Herbal plant leaves classification for traditional medicine using convolutional neural network

<p>The classification of herbal plant leaves can be implemented in agriculture and traditional medicine. Primarily, sorting leaves was done before it was processed into medicinal ingredients. Currently, the sorting was still done manually by writing it on notes. Sometimes there were errors in the selection of leaves for medicinal ingredients. Herbal plants had various forms and are very greatly. Artificial intelligence technology was needed to have fast-paced time efficiency in sorting leaves. In the field of artificial intelligence, there was a specific or detailed learning process known as deep learning. The objective of this research was to classify herbal plant leaves images by applying and combining the convolutional neural network (CNN) deep learning method with data augmentation methods without the pre-trained architecture such as MobileNet and LeNet. This technique consisted of 4 main stages such as collecting data, preprocessing or normalizing data, building a model, and evaluating. The dataset used in this research were 4 types of herbal plants that do not flower and do not bear fruit including gulma siam, piduh, sirih, and tobacco. Each class had 250 images with total dataset used in this research was 1,000 images of herbal plant leaves and divided into 2 data, namely 80% data training 20% data testing, and validation. The data was trained with the epoch of 100 for the best training. It had an accuracy score of 98.74%. Without the data augmentation process it had an accuracy score of 91.43%.</p>

Classification of coal gangue and identification of coal type based on first-derivative of mid-infrared spectrum

Efficiently sorting coal gangue and identifying coal types are vital operations in coal preparation, yet they are traditionally resource-consuming, labor-intensive, and potentially hazardous. This work puts forward an straightforward method employing mid-infrared spectroscopy with first derivative spectrum to address these issues. The proposed technique focuses on the delineation and enhancement of characteristic spectra to detect subtle differences among samples. The method utilizes just a few characteristic spectra of 3740–3700 cm−1, 1790–1750 cm−1, 1615–1583 cm−1, 1580–1540 cm−1, 1550–1440 cm−1, 1270–1210 cm−1 and 867–854 cm−1 to achieve 100 % high-accuracy classification of coal gangue and identification of coal types with total 250 spectra, such as bituminite, anthracite, lignite, roof sandstone and gangue, without the need for secondary sample processing or the assistance of machine learning algorithms, simplifying the process considerably. Such a strategy not only significantly improves the efficiency of coal sorting but also endorses real-time on-site detection. It offers a theoretical foundation for advanced coal separation technology and its implementation in real-world mining operations.

Rapid Vacuolar Sorting of the Borate Transporter BOR1 Requires the Adaptor Protein Complex AP-4 in Arabidopsis.

Plants maintain nutrient homeostasis by controlling the activities and abundance of nutrient transporters. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the borate (B) transporter BOR1 plays a role in the efficient translocation of B under low-B conditions. BOR1 undergoes polyubiquitination in the presence of sufficient B and is then transported to the vacuole via multivesicular bodies (MVBs) to prevent B accumulation in tissues at a toxic level. A previous study indicated that BOR1 physically interacts with µ subunits of adaptor protein complexes AP-3 and AP-4, both involved in vacuolar sorting pathways. In this study, we investigated the roles of AP-3 and AP-4 subunits in BOR1 trafficking in Arabidopsis. The lack of AP-3 subunits did not affect either vacuolar sorting or polar localization of BOR1-GFP, whereas the absence of AP-4 subunits resulted in a delay in high-B-induced vacuolar sorting without affecting polar localization. Super-resolution microscopy revealed a rapid sorting of BOR1-GFP into AP-4-positive spots in the trans-Golgi network (TGN) upon high-B supply. These results indicate that AP-4 is involved in sequestration of ubiquitinated BOR1 into a TGN-specific subdomain "vacuolar-trafficking zone," and is required for efficient sorting to MVB and vacuole. Our findings elucidate the rapid vacuolar sorting process facilitated by AP-4 in plant nutrient transporters.