Efficient Production Research Articles

Black Titania Janus Mesoporous Nanomotor for Enhanced Tumor Penetration and Near-Infrared Light-Triggered Photodynamic Therapy.

Thanks to their excellent photoelectric characteristics to generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) under the light-activation process, TiO2 nanomaterials have shown significant potential in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for solid tumors. Nevertheless, the limited penetration depth of TiO2-based photosensitizers and excitation sources (UV/visible light) for PDT remains a formidable challenge when confronted with complex tumor microenvironments (TMEs). Here, we present a H2O2-driven black TiO2 mesoporous nanomotor with near-infrared (NIR) light absorption capability and autonomous navigation ability, which effectively enhances solid tumor penetration in NIR light-triggered PDT. The nanomotor was rationally designed and fabricated based on the Janus mesoporous nanostructure, which consists of a NIR light-responsive black TiO2 nanosphere and an enzyme-modified periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) nanorod that wraps around the TiO2 nanosphere. The overexpressed H2O2 can drive the nanomotor in the TME under catalysis of catalase in the PMO domain. By precisely controlling the ratio of TiO2 and PMO compartments in the Janus nanostructure, TiO2&PMO nanomotors can achieve optimal self-propulsive directionality and velocity, enhancing cellular uptake and facilitating deep tumor penetration. Additionally, by the decomposition of endogenous H2O2 within solid tumors, these nanomotors can continuously supply oxygen to enable highly efficient ROS production under the NIR photocatalysis of black TiO2, leading to intensified PDT effects and effective tumor inhibition.

Breakthrough in CO2 Electroreduction to Multi-Carbon Products at Ampere-Level Enabled by Active Sites Engineering.

Efficient production of value-added chemicals with high selectivity from CO2 electroreduction at industrial-level current density is highly demanded, yet remains a big challenge. In a recent issue of Angewandte Chemie, Han and colleagues have elegantly increased the Faradaic efficiency (FE) of multi-carbon (C2+) products to over 70% at amperes level (1.4 A cm-2) by engineering the active sites for the key reactions involved in the CO2 electroreduction. In this study, the highly dispersed Pd atoms have two unique functions: active sites for water dissociation and to induce the electron rearrangement of the surrounding Cu atoms to form new active sites for CO conversion, while the Cu far from Pd are the active sites for efficient CO2 conversion to CO, the synergistic functions of these three active sites result in high FE and yields of C2+ products at industrial-level current density. This research is a remarkable step forward in the methodology for developing efficient and durable catalysts for CO2 electroreduction and beyond.

Impacts of Catalyst Ink Composition and Wet Film Thickness on Fuel Cell Catalyst Layers Fabricated by Direct Film Coating Method

Abstract Utilizing a direct film coating method (DFCM), such as doctor blade coating, offers a promising approach for efficient and scalable catalyst layer (CL) production for fuel cells. To further widen the understanding of lab-scale DFCM, the present research investigates how different Pt-based catalyst ink formulations coated via doctor blade coating with varying blade gap thickness (BGT) affect the CL quality and catalyst loading. In total, 120 CL samples were prepared by coating 20 different catalyst ink formulations with varying solids content, ionomer-to-carbon (I/C) ratio, and water-to-isopropanol solvent ratio with BGTs of 75, 125, and 200 μm. Inspection of these samples showed that the solvent ratio affects the coating uniformity, with the most uniform films achieved with a ratio of 1.67 or greater. Furthermore, increasing the I/C ratio for a given solids content ink formulation decreases the Pt loading, whereas an I/C ratio above or below 1.0 reduces cell performance due to mass transport or proton conductivity impacts, respectively. In addition, a relationship factor and equations are presented to estimate the solid weight and catalyst loading of the fabricated CL based on the ink formulation and BGT. Overall, this work provides important guidance for lab-scale DFCM fabrication of industrially relevant CLs

Hot spots and trends in microbial disease research on cultural heritage: a bibliometric analysis.

This study is to understand and analyze the development history, research hotspots, and research trends in the study of microbial diseases of cultural heritage through bibliometric analyses in order to fill the current gap of no literature review in this research field and to make certain contributions to the research in this field and the protection of cultural heritage. Bibliometric and visual analyses of the literature on cultural heritage microbial diseases in the Web of Science (WoS) core collection were carried out using VOSviewer and R-bibliometrix, choosing the two main literature types of papers and reviews. The emphasis was placed on analyzing and summarizing core research strengths, hotspots, and trends. Six hundred sixty-seven documents (573 articles and 94 reviews) were retrieved. αIn the WoS core collection, the first literature on cultural heritage microbial disease research was published in January 2000, and the annual number of publications from 2000 to 2009 did not exceed one; the annual number of publications from 2010 onwards increased rapidly, and after 2018, the number of publications per year exceeded 60, reaching 94 in 2020, which indicates that cultural heritage microbial disease research is booming. Our research showed that Italy, the USA, and China were the leading research countries, and Univ Milan was the institution with the most publications. International Biodeterioration &Biodegradation was the most published and co-cited journal, and Gu JD was the most prolific author. The research hotspots in the study of microbial diseases of cultural heritage mainly include biological degradation of cultural heritage; identification of diseased microorganisms and disease mechanisms; cultural heritage microbial disease prevention and control methods; monitoring, prevention, and control of diseased microorganisms in indoor air; antibacterial agents, especially essential oils, nanoparticles, and other safe and efficient antibacterial products research and development; and exploration of the mechanisms of biofilm protection of cultural heritage on cultural heritage surfaces. Monitoring and identifying cultural heritage microbial communities, identifying disease mechanisms, and researching safe and efficient bacteriostatic products such as essential oils and nanoparticles will be the main research directions in the field of cultural heritage microbial disease prevention and control in the future.

Effects of intercropping and regulated deficit irrigation on the yield, water and land resource utilization, and economic benefits of forage maize in arid region of Northwest China

Intercropping has been widely recognized to have great advantages in terms of increasing yield, controlling pests and diseases, and saving land, particularly in developing countries. Regulated deficit irrigation reduces water consumption and improves water productivity (WP). However, it is unclear whether the combination of intercropping and deficit irrigation could improve crop yield and WP simultaneously. In this experiment, three planting modes, including forage maize (Zea mays L.) monoculture (M), lablab bean (Lablab purpureus L.) monoculture (L), and maize-lablab bean intercropping (ML) were used. Six irrigation modes were set for each planting mode, including severe water deficit (W1), late water deficit (W2), alternate water deficit (W3), late moderate water deficit (W4), early moderate water deficit (W5), and full irrigation (W6). Results showed that compared with M, the ML treatment significantly increased the fresh forage yield (9.8%-17.0%), hay yield (9.5%-13.1%), crude protein yield (22.9%-25.9%), and WP (7.8%-8.7%). The W5 treatment achieved similar fresh forage yield, hay yield, and crude protein yield as that of the W6 treatment but reduced irrigation water by 25% and increased the WP (21.9%-24.8%). Intercropping achieved a high-water equivalence ratio (WER;1.52-1.81) and land equivalence ratio (LER;1.56-1.84), indicating its advantages over monocultures. The W6 treatment had the lowest WER and LER, suggesting that excessive irrigation can reduce the efficiency of utilizing land and water resource in maze-based forage production. Among all treatments, ML-W5 achieved the highest net income and output to input ratio. Overall, intercropping of forage maize and lablab bean with moderate deficit irrigation at an early stage could be used as a high-yield and efficient forage production system in the arid areas of northwest China.

3D printing of reversible solid oxide cell stacks for efficient hydrogen production and power generation

Renewable hydrogen offers a promising pathway to address the challenge of large-scale chemical energy storage in the transition to a decarbonized future. The most efficient devices to convert renewable electricity into hydrogen, and vice versa, are reversible solid oxide cells (SOC-s). Despite recent advances in materials performance and durability, conventional ceramic manufacturing technologies strongly limit the huge potential of SOC-s, imposing severe geometrical restrictions that penalize the overall system efficiency. Here we capture the benefits of using previously unexplored complex-shapes by scaling 3D-printed reversible solid oxide cells with improved mechanical properties, higher performance, and embedded functionality. Stacks made of 45 cm2-3D-printed electrolyte-supported solid oxide cells combined with ultrathin flat metallic interconnects were successfully fabricated and operated in fuel cell (SOFC) and electrolysis (SOEC) modes delivering up to 85 L/h of hydrogen production while presenting less than 5 % degradation after more than 500 h of operation. The advances presented here demonstrate the viability of upscaling the process of solid-oxide-cell 3D printing and brings advantageous stack designs aimed for a cost-competitive and customizable hydrogen technologies deployment. In particular, the enhancement by design achieved here provides innovative SOC stacks with volumetric and gravimetric power densities that are three and four times higher, respectively, than their planar counterparts using the same set of materials.

Atomically dispersed asymmetric cobalt electrocatalyst for efficient hydrogen peroxide production in neutral media

Electrochemical hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production (EHPP) via a two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e- ORR) provides a promising alternative to replace the energy-intensive anthraquinone process. M-N-C electrocatalysts, which consist of atomically dispersed transition metals and nitrogen-doped carbon, have demonstrated considerable EHPP efficiency. However, their full potential, particularly regarding the correlation between structural configurations and performances in neutral media, remains underexplored. Herein, a series of ultralow metal-loading M-N-C electrocatalysts are synthesized and investigated for the EHPP process in the neutral electrolyte. CoNCB material with the asymmetric Co-C/N/O configuration exhibits the highest EHPP activity and selectivity among various as-prepared M-N-C electrocatalyst, with an outstanding mass activity (6.1 × 105 A gCo−1 at 0.5 V vs. RHE), and a high practical H2O2 production rate (4.72 mol gcatalyst−1 h−1 cm−2). Compared with the popularly recognized square-planar symmetric Co-N4 configuration, the superiority of asymmetric Co-C/N/O configurations is elucidated by X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy analysis and computational studies.

Solar-integrated binary chemical cracking of heavy oil for efficient high-order fuel transformation and extra hydrogen storage

Solar energy is an attractive alternative to fossil fuels (electricity and coke) for petroleum products generation. A solar-integrated binary chemical cracking of heavy oil system integrates solar energy into oil processing for carbon neutrality，in which pyrolysis and electrolysis benefit heavy oil conversion and hydrogen storage. This system has been studied in terms of solar chemical engineering, electrolyte engineering and electrode engineering. The results show improved hydrogen yield and cracking rate of heavy oil and a significant reduction in the operating temperature compared to catalytic cracking. The performance of molten salt electrolytes is as follows: binary NaOH–KOH > ternary KCl–LiCl + NaOH > ternary KCl–LiCl + NaHCO3. In electrode engineering, the electro-catalytic electrodes are in an order of Inconel 718> Ni > Incoloy 825 electrodes in the cracking rate, Ni > Inconel 718>Incoloy 825 electrodes in the hydrogen yield, and Incoloy 825>Inconel 718>Ni electrodes in the ability, for sustainable and stable efficient production.

Introducing the glycyrrhizic acid and glabridin rich genotypes from the cultivated Iranian licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) populations to exploit in production systems

Currently, the stable, uniform, and highly efficient production of raw materials for pharmaceutical companies has received special attention. To meet these criteria and reduce harvesting pressure on the natural habitats of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.), cultivation of this valuable plant is inevitable. In the present study, to introduce the glycyrrhizic acid (GA)- and glabridin-rich genotypes from cultivated Iranian licorice, forty genotypes from eight high-potential wild populations were cultivated and evaluated under the same environmental conditions. The GA content varied from 5.00 ± 0.04 mg/g DW (TF2 genotype) to 23.13 ± 0.02 mg/g DW (I5 genotype). The highest and lowest glabridin content were found in the K2 (0.72 ± 0.021 mg/g DW) and M5 (0.02 ± 0.002 mg/g DW) genotypes, respectively. The rutin content in the leaves of the studied genotypes varied from 1.27 ± 0.02 mg/g DW in E4 to 3.24 ± 0.02 mg/g DW in BO5 genotypes. The genotypes from the Ilam population were characterized by higher vegetative growth and yield traits in the aerial parts and roots. The average root dry yield was 2.44 tons per hectare (t/ha) among the studied genotypes and a genotype from Ilam (I5) yielded the maximum value (3.08 ± 0.034 t/ha). The highest coefficient of variation among the genotypes was observed for leaf width (CV = 34.9%). The GA and glabridin-rich genotypes introduced in this study can be used in the future breeding programs to release new bred licorice cultivars.

Protonation of an Imine-linked Covalent Organic Framework for Efficient H2O2 Photosynthesis under Visible Light up to 700 nm.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are promising photocatalysts for H2O2 production from water via oxygen reduction reactions (ORR). The design of COFs for efficient H2O2 production indubitably hinges on an in-depth understanding of their ORR mechanisms. In this work, taking an imine-linked COF as an example, we demonstrate that protonation of the functional units such as imine, amine, and triazine, is a highly efficient strategy to upgrade the activity levels for H2O2 synthesis. The protonation not only extends the light absorption of the COF but also provides proton sources that directly participate in H2O2 generation. Notably, the protonation simplifies the reaction pathways of ORR to H2O2, i.e. from an indirect superoxide radical ([[EQUATION]]) mediated route to a direct one-step two-electron route. Theoretical calculations confirm that the protonation favors H2O2 synthesis due to easy access of protons near the reaction sites that removes the energy barrier for generating *OOH intermediate. These findings not only extend the mechanistic insight into H2O2 photosynthesis but also provide a rational guideline for the design and upgradation of efficient COFs.

Protonation of an Imine‐linked Covalent Organic Framework for Efficient H2O2 Photosynthesis under Visible Light up to 700 nm

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are promising photocatalysts for H2O2 production from water via oxygen reduction reactions (ORR). The design of COFs for efficient H2O2 production indubitably hinges on an in‐depth understanding of their ORR mechanisms. In this work, taking an imine‐linked COF as an example, we demonstrate that protonation of the functional units such as imine, amine, and triazine, is a highly efficient strategy to upgrade the activity levels for H2O2 synthesis. The protonation not only extends the light absorption of the COF but also provides proton sources that directly participate in H2O2 generation. Notably, the protonation simplifies the reaction pathways of ORR to H2O2, i.e. from an indirect superoxide radical ([[EQUATION]]) mediated route to a direct one‐step two‐electron route. Theoretical calculations confirm that the protonation favors H2O2 synthesis due to easy access of protons near the reaction sites that removes the energy barrier for generating *OOH intermediate. These findings not only extend the mechanistic insight into H2O2 photosynthesis but also provide a rational guideline for the design and upgradation of efficient COFs.

Nanotechnology's potential in advancing renewable energy solutions

Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising frontier in the quest for sustainable energy solutions, offering transformative opportunities to address pressing challenges in renewable energy generation, storage, and conversion. This review explores the potential of nanotechnology in advancing renewable energy solutions, encompassing a wide range of applications spanning solar energy, wind energy, energy storage, and fuel cells. By leveraging the unique properties of nanomaterials, such as high surface area-to-volume ratio, tunable optical and electronic properties, and enhanced catalytic activity, researchers and engineers can develop innovative materials and devices with unprecedented performance and efficiency. Nanotechnology-enabled advancements in solar photovoltaics include the development of next-generation solar cells incorporating nanostructured materials, such as quantum dots, nanowires, and perovskite-based solar cells, to enhance light absorption, charge transport, and overall power conversion efficiency. In the realm of energy storage, nanomaterials hold promise for improving the performance and longevity of batteries, supercapacitors, and other energy storage devices through enhanced electrode materials, electrolytes, and nanostructured architectures. Furthermore, nanotechnology-driven innovations in wind energy, such as lightweight and durable nanocomposite materials for turbine blades, and advancements in fuel cell technologies, including catalyst nanoparticles for efficient hydrogen production and conversion, exemplify the diverse applications and transformative potential of nanotechnology in renewable energy. Through a comprehensive analysis of recent research and development efforts, this abstract underscores the critical role of nanotechnology in accelerating the transition to a sustainable and renewable energy future. Keywords: Nanotechnology, Renewable Energy, Solar Energy, Wind Energy, Energy Storage, Nanomaterials.

An Efficient Multi-level Vending Machine FSM using Kintex-7 FPGA

The need for efficient multi-level product vending machines is in high demand. In this paper, we propose a multi-level effective vending machine design using a finite state machine (FSM), with the targeted FPGA being Kintex-7. The proposed design was developed in Verilog HDL to achieve better performance in terms of speed, power and area. The proposed design efficiency is validated using XILINX ISE 13.2.

Design of intelligent agricultural landscape planning and ecological balance control system based on remote sensing images

Abstract With the modernization of agricultural production and the acceleration of urbanization, agricultural landscape planning and ecological balance control have become important issues in promoting sustainable development. Traditional agricultural production methods have problems such as resource waste, environmental pollution, and ecological damage. This article aimed to achieve scientific planning and management of agricultural landscapes, and promote the efficiency of agricultural production, rational utilization of resources, and protection of the ecological environment, thereby promoting sustainable agricultural development. This study first focused on denoising and feature extraction of agricultural remote sensing data images, using remote sensing technology to obtain agricultural landscape information. After that, artificial intelligence was adopted to achieve intelligent agricultural landscape planning, with the goal of maintaining ecological balance and promoting efficient, eco-friendly, and sustainable agricultural production. This study took the landscape of a certain city as an example to test the processing effect of remote sensing images, and it was proved that the effect was good. We tested the performance of an intelligent agricultural landscape planning and ecological balance control system based on remote sensing images. According to the experimental results, it can be concluded that the resource utilization efficiency of farmland A monitored by the intelligent agricultural landscape planning system using remote sensing image technology was 82%, while the traditional one was only 60%. This indicated that the collection effect of remote sensing image technology was much better than that of traditional technology. This article comprehensively and timely monitored and evaluated farmland through remote sensing image technology, including crop growth status, soil moisture, nutritional status, etc. The system can provide precise planting and management suggestions for farmers based on this information, and help them optimize farmland layout, crop selection, and irrigation management, thereby improving the production efficiency of farmland and crop yield.

Bangladesh towards green growth: a review of environmental sustainability indicators

Pursuing green growth is crucial for Bangladesh to transition from an unsustainable economic trajectory to a more sustainable and inclusive one. Bangladesh is picked for this study because of impending and severe economic and environmental threats. This study intends to review the present scenario of various environmental sustainability-related indicators in Bangladesh, focusing on renewable energy consumption, freshwater resources, water productivity, CO2 emissions, energy intensity, air pollution, and natural resource rents. The World Bank database has been utilized to obtain secondary time series data of Bangladesh spanning from 2000 to 2020. As a descriptive study, cross-sectional and observational research methods as well as descriptive statistics and figures are used to elucidate the secondary data. Data demonstrate that Bangladesh now generates 41.16% of its energy from renewables, despite considerable variability. Regardless of the variation in freshwater availability, averaging at 708.19 cubic meters per capita, efficient water productivity remains consistent, indicating a robust water management system. The country demonstrates a relatively low carbon footprint, emitting 0.35 metric tons of CO2 per capita, alongside varying energy intensity levels, highlighting the need for enhanced efficiency measures. While pervasive PM2.5 air pollution poses a significant health risk, Bangladesh's reliance on natural resource rents underscores the importance of sustainable resource management practices for long-term economic stability. The observations of this study might assist in the formulation of policies of water management systems, air pollution control initiatives, and conservation of ecology to promote Bangladesh's long-term sustainability objectives and formulate policies.

Fused in sarcoma (FUS) inhibits milk production efficiency in mammals

Efficient milk production in mammals confers evolutionary advantages by facilitating the transmission of energy from mother to offspring. However, the regulatory mechanism responsible for the gradual establishment of milk production efficiency in mammals, from marsupials to eutherians, remains elusive. Here, we find that mammary gland of the marsupial sugar glider contained milk components during adolescence, and that mammary gland development is less dynamically cyclic compared to that in placental mammals. Furthermore, fused in sarcoma (FUS) is found to be partially responsible for this establishment of low efficiency. In mouse model, FUS inhibit mammary epithelial cell differentiation through the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p57Kip2, leading to lactation failure and pup starvation. Clinically, FUS levels are negatively correlated with milk production in lactating women. Overall, our results shed light on FUS as a negative regulator of milk production, providing a potential mechanism for the establishment of milk production from marsupial to eutherian mammals.

Key role of K+ and Ca2+ in high-yield ethanol production by S. Cerevisiae from concentrated sugarcane molasses

BackgroundSaccharomyces cerevisiae is an important microorganism in ethanol synthesis, and with sugarcane molasses as the feedstock, ethanol is being synthesized sustainably to meet growing demands. However, high-concentration ethanol fermentation based on high-concentration sugarcane molasses—which is needed for reduced energy consumption of ethanol distillation at industrial scale—is yet to be achieved.ResultsIn the present study, to identify the main limiting factors of this process, adaptive laboratory evolution and high-throughput screening (Py-Fe3+) based on ARTP (atmospheric and room-temperature plasma) mutagenesis were applied. We identified high osmotic pressure, high temperature, high alcohol levels, and high concentrations of K+, Ca2+, K+ and Ca2+ (K+&Ca2+), and sugarcane molasses as the main limiting factors. The robust S. cerevisiae strains of NGT-F1, NGW-F1, NGC-F1, NGK+, NGCa2+ NGK+&Ca2+-F1, and NGTM-F1 exhibited high tolerance to the respective limiting factor and exhibited increased yield. Subsequently, ethanol synthesis, cell morphology, comparative genomics, and gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis were performed in a molasses broth containing 250 g/L total fermentable sugars (TFS). Additionally, S. cerevisiae NGTM-F1 was used with 250 g/L (TFS) sugarcane molasses to synthesize ethanol in a 5-L fermenter, giving a yield of 111.65 g/L, the conversion of sugar to alcohol reached 95.53%. It is the highest level of physical mutagenesis yield at present.ConclusionOur results showed that K+ and Ca2+ ions primarily limited the efficient production of ethanol. Then, subsequent comparative transcriptomic GO and pathway analyses showed that the co-presence of K+ and Ca2+ exerted the most prominent limitation on efficient ethanol production. The results of this study might prove useful by promoting the development and utilization of green fuel bio-manufactured from molasses.

China’s ecological footprint via biomass import and consumption is increasing

As China’s economic and population demands grow, the need for biomass imports rises, presenting challenges for sustainable development and global ecosystem protection. Here we examine China’s increasing influence on global ecosystems through its biomass product consumption and trade using the Human Appropriation of Net Primary Productivity framework, analyzing data from 2004 to 2017 with projections until 2050. In 2017, China was the world’s largest biomass consumer, consuming approximately 1.75 petagrams of carbon per year, projected to rise by 317.6% by 2050, highlighting China’s major role in global ecosystem stress. Our findings also show an increase in biomass imports from lower-middle-income and low-income countries between 2004 and 2017, and these imports are expected to continue increasing by 402.9% in 2050. The analysis reveals that domestic product demand and changes in foreign production efficiency are key drivers of this trend, suggesting the need for China to shift towards more efficient trade practices and support cleaner production methods internationally.

How can open public data promote efficient and equitable green production? Evidence from eco-efficiency in China.

Nowadays, concurrent attention to economic development and ecological issues is becoming an important trend. In this paper, we measure the eco-efficiency of 285 Chinese cities from 2003 to 2019 using a non-radial directional distance function and the data envelopment analysis method, based on which we analyze the club convergence of cities' eco-efficiency using the logt test; we estimate the impact of open public data platforms on eco-efficiency and its convergence using a multi-period difference in difference model and panel-ordered logit model, respectively. We find that, first, open public data platforms improve cities' eco-efficiency by about 6.5%, and the impact mechanisms include scale efficiency, technical efficiency, and total factor productivity, or, at the micro level, increasing the economic agglomeration degree, boosting the amount of foreign investment used, and increasing green innovation level. Second, there are three convergence clubs of eco-efficiency in China's cities, whose average eco-efficiency trends are above, close to, and below average, respectively. Third, public data platforms significantly increase the probability of cities belonging to the convergence clubs of high and medium eco-efficiency (Clubs 1 and 2) and decrease the probability of belonging to the low one (Club 3). However, the mechanisms only include technical efficiency and total factor productivity, or the amount of foreign investment used and the green innovation level at the micro level.

Engineering Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Microalgae: Recent Progress and Perspectives

Microalgal lipids hold significant potential for the production of biodiesel and dietary supplements. To enhance their cost-effectiveness and commercial competitiveness, it is imperative to improve microalgal lipid productivity. Metabolic engineering that targets the key enzymes of the fatty acid synthesis pathway, along with transcription factor engineering, are effective strategies for improving lipid productivity in microalgae. This review provides a summary of the advancements made in the past 5 years in engineering the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway in eukaryotic microalgae. Furthermore, this review offers insights into transcriptional regulatory mechanisms and transcription factor engineering aimed at enhancing lipid production in eukaryotic microalgae. Finally, the review discusses the challenges and future perspectives associated with utilizing microalgae for the efficient production of lipids.