Efficient Biodiesel Production Research Articles

Screening of microalgae species and evaluation of algal-lipid stimulation strategies for biodiesel production.

Microalgae is considered an alternative source for biodiesel production producing renewable, sustainable and carbon-neutral energy. Microalgae property changes among species, which determines the efficiency of biodiesel production. Besides the lipid content evaluation, multi-principles (including high lipid productivity, high biomass yield, pollution resistance and desired fatty acid, etc.) for superior oil-producing species screening was proposed in this review and three microalgae species (Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus obliquus and Mychonastes afer) with high bio-lipid producing prospect were screened out based on big data digging and analysis. The multilateral strategies for algal-lipid stimulating were also compared, among which, nutrient restriction, temperature control, heterotrophy and chemicals addition showed high potential in enhancing lipid accumulation; while electromagnetic field showed little effect. Interestingly, it was found that the lipid accumulation was more sensitive to nitrogen (N)-limitation other than phosphorus (P). Nutrient restriction, salinity stress etc. enhanced lipid accumulation by creating a stressed environment. Hence, optimum conditions (e.g. N:15-35 mg/L and P:4-16 mg/L) should be set to balance the lipid accumulation and biomass growth, and further guarantee the algal-lipid productivity. Otherwise, two-step cultivation could be applied during all the stressed stimulation. Different from lab study, effectiveness, operability and economy should be all considered for stimulation strategy selection. Nutrient restriction, temperature control and heterotrophy were highly feasible after the multidimensional evaluation.

Efficient biodiesel production from waste cooking oil by fast co-immobilization of lipases from Aspergillus oryzae and Rhizomucor miehei in magnetic chitosan microcapsules

To achieve an efficient and cost-effective conversion from waste cooking oil (WCO) to biodiesel, a facile one-pot co-immobilization of Aspergillus oryzae lipase (AOL) and Rhizomucor miehei lipase (RML) was developed by rapid encapsulation of magnetic chitosan microcapsules. The encapsulation process was accomplished by self-assembly of negatively charged magnetic nanoparticles (citrate modified Fe3O4) on ionic cross-linked chitosan-citrate aggregates containing lipases. Integrating Tween 80 bio-imprinting of lipases, the co-immobilized AOL@RML (co-im Tween 80-AOL@RML) achieved a significant increase in activity and reached 98.5 % biodiesel yield under optimal conditions, which was 1.3 and 1.6 times higher than that of single immobilized AOL and RML, respectively. Notably, owing to the beneficial synergistic impact of methanol-tolerable AOL and thermal-stable RML, co-im Tween 80-AOL@RML displayed superior activity over single lipase counterparts under excess methanol and variable temperatures. The co-im Tween 80-AOL@RML could maintained 96 % activity after 3 cycles of biodiesel production; however, showed an obvious inactivation after continued reuse. Moreover, methanol-induced denaturation of lipases and glycerol-caused agglomeration of the magnetic nanoparticles during continued transesterification were ascertained by fourier transform infrared analysis and scanning electron microscopy. This study provides new pathways for constructing multi-lipase co-immobilzation as well as an economical and effective biocatalyst for biodiesel production from WCO.

Utilization of Fungal Bioprocess for Biodiesel Production as a Green Energy Source

The trend toward new research studies focused on searching for sustainable sources of clean energy has increased to ensure the sustainability of energy worldwide due to reasons such as the scarcity of fossil-based fuels and the environmental impact of conventional sources. Biofuel is a good candidate to become a world leader in the development and deployment of renewable energy sources among other green energy sources. Biodiesel is an alternative fuel produced from renewable biological resources and can be produced using microbial resources such as algae, bacteria, and fungi. Biodiesel produced from microbial lipids is an important and effective green energy source. Fungi exhibit a high capacity for biodiesel production by accumulating more than 70 percent of intracellular lipids in their biomass during metabolic stress periods. This study aims to examine the studies focused on the use of fungal lipids as a source of biodiesel in recent years. In addition, the conditions in which the highest biodiesel production efficiency was obtained, including preliminary information that will guide further studies on large-scale production of biodiesel from fungi were reviewed.

ZrMo oxides supported catalyst with hierarchical porous structure for cleaner and sustainable production of biodiesel using acidic oils as feedstocks

Ameliorating the reactant mass transfer and fabricating the multiple active sites on the catalyst surface are feasible strategies to synthesize efficient and recyclable catalysts for efficient biodiesel production by using acidic oils as feedstocks. Herein, hierarchical porous solid acids with Zr and Mo oxides as active sites were prepared by using polystyrene spheres (PS) and P123 as templates. It was shown that the active species of Zr and Mo oxides were uniformly dispersed on the hierarchical porous silica support, and the solid catalysts featured high surface area and interconnected mesoporous/macropores with high mass diffusive extent, showing improved catalytic performances for the biodiesel production as compared to the control catalyst without hierarchical pores, owing to the mass transfer enhancement and more easily accessible active sites. The transesterification reaction in 93.8% of oil conversion as well as complete conversion of free fatty acids (FFAs) were simultaneously performed by using this solid catalyst, hence achieving one-pot transformation of acidic oils to biodiesel and minimizing the complex and tedious separation process. Moreover, the higher water and FFA-resistance capacity was shown for this solid catalyst, posing its more suitable for the biodiesel production with acidic oils as feedstocks. This hierarchical porous solid catalyst could be facilely recycled using simple filtration, and still maintained high activities after reuse for five runs, which rendered it to have the potential of cost-effective production of biodiesel in particular from low-grade acidic oils.

One-step production of biodiesel by wet Escherichia coli cells expressing a non-specific and methanol-resistant lipase

The efficient methanol-resistant biocatalysts with low costs are always desirable for biodiesel production. Here, an Escherichia coli whole-cell catalyst was constructed with the methanol-resistant MAS1 lipase being expressed intracellularly. Notably, this whole-cell catalyst showed significantly higher methanol-resistance than the purified MAS1 lipase. The whole-cell catalyst with the non-specific MAS1 lipase enabled efficient biodiesel production. Moreover, high-density fermentation was found to reduce the production costs and improve the catalytic activity of the whole-cell catalyst. The wet cells collected by centrifugation were directly used for fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) production from olive oil with one-step addition of methanol. Under the optimal conditions (catalyst loading of only 1.5 wt%, water content of 30 % (v/w), methanol content of 30 % (v/w) and reaction temperature of 29 °C), the maximum yield of 93.56 % was obtained. Furthermore, the whole-cell catalyst showed favorable reusability, with 85 % of the original activities left after a 4-cycle usage. Overall, the whole-cell catalyst reported in the present study would provide great potentials for the enzymatic production of biodiesels.

Reaction‐controlled microgel‐lipase co‐stabilized compartmentalized emulsion for recyclable biodiesel production

AbstractPickering emulsions have been widely used for biphasic catalysis in the past decade. However, it remains a great challenge to achieve simple product collection and enzyme recovery. Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM)‐based microgels can endow Pickering emulsions with stimuli‐responsiveness, while most microgel‐stabilized emulsions are oil‐in‐water (O/W) type and not ideal for interfacial catalysis. Besides, altering temperature or pH value for demulsification is time‐ and energy‐consuming and may cause irreversible deactivation of enzymes. In this work, inverse water‐in‐oil (W/O) Pickering emulsions were formed using hexanoic acid‐swollen microgels as the sole emulsifiers. When lipase was added in the water phase, stable oil‐in‐water‐in‐oil (O/W/O) Pickering double emulsions could be formed through one‐step emulsification, owing to the synergistic effect of the hydrophobic microgels and hydrophilic lipase at the interface. Compared with other biphasic systems, such double emulsion systems represent a desirable platform for highly efficient biodiesel production because of the ultra‐high interfacial areas and fast mass transport between two phases. More importantly, the switchable transition between hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity of microgels is controlled by the catalytic reaction. Therefore, double emulsions demulsify spontaneously when substrates are used up without the need for energy input or loss of enzymatic activity, enabling the facile collection of products and demonstrating the excellent recyclability of the biphasic catalysis system.

Boosting the Transesterification Reaction by Adding a Single Na Atom into g-C3N4 Catalyst for Biodiesel Production: A First-Principles Study

Increasing environmental problems and the energy crisis have led to interest in the development of alternative energy. One of the most promising sustainable alternatives to fossil fuel is biodiesel which is typically produced from the transesterification of refined vegetable oils using a homogeneous base catalyst. However, the current process limitations and steep production costs associated with the use of homogeneous catalysts have limited the global-wide acceptance of biodiesel. Heterogeneous catalysts have been considered suitable alternatives, but they still suffer from low catalytic activity. In this study, by using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we examined the electronic and catalytic activity of the single Na-doped graphitic carbon nitrides (indicated by Na-doped g-C3N4) toward the efficient biodiesel (acetic acid methyl ester) production via the transesterification of triglyceride (triacetin). Our DFT calculation on reaction energetics and barriers revealed the enhancement of biodiesel productivity in the Na-doped catalyst compared to the pristine g-C3N4 catalyst. This was related to the large reduction of the barrier in the rate-limiting step. In addition, we investigated the acidity/basicity and electron distribution and density of state for the Na-doped and pristine g-C3N4 catalysts to better understand the role of the Na atom in determining the transesterification reaction. This study highlights the importance of the dopant in a g-C3N4 catalyst in determining the transesterification reaction, which may open new routes to improve biodiesel production.

Evaluation of Ukrainian Camelina sativa germplasm productivity and analysis of its amenability for efficient biodiesel production

Camelina or false flax ( Camelina sativa ) is an emerging crop that is currently considered one of the most promising feedstock for production of vegetable oil-based liquid biofuels: biodiesel and jet biofuel. Originally, camelina comes from the East European region, where this crop used to be widely cultivated before it was substituted with other oilseed crops, such as rapeseed, sunflower, etc. Due to increasing interest in biofuel production and sustainable agriculture, camelina has re-emerged as a viable oil-rich crop of multiple purposes. However, camelina varieties are not free from some undesirable traits, one of which is low yields. Over the recent years, extensive research efforts have been dedicated to breeding and improving this crop although this work has been restricted by limited genetic diversity of camelina. This limitation can be overcome by using unexploited germplasm, which previously was not involved into the camelina breeding process. In present study, we aimed to evaluate the productivity potential of unexploited Ukrainian spring camelina varieties and to perform comprehensive estimation of their suitability for use as oil feedstock for biodiesel production. The productivity data of all nine existing Ukrainian varieties of spring camelina was assessed for the 2001–19 period, based on the available data. It has been established that average productivity of the analyzed cultivars is 1756 kg/ha in the Ukrainian Forest-Steppe zone and 1146 kg/ha in the Steppe zone. The latter is characterized by a dryer climate, which significantly impacts spring camelina seed yields and thus their oil outputs, which are crucial for biofuel production. Potential rates of FAME- and FAEE-based biodiesel production have been evaluated. The conducted comprehensive analysis suggests that cultivation of spring camelina for biofuel production purposes can be more sustainable and feasible in the Forest-Steppe zone, rather than in the Steppe zone. Finally, a brief investigation of potential obstacles, impacting the production efficiency and feasibility of different biodiesel types, has also been conducted, as well as potential solutions were proposed for them. The obtained results create strong background for further efficient camelina breeding and for analyses of techno-economic feasibility of production camelina-based biofuels in Eastern Europe and specifically in Ukraine. • Performance of unexploited Ukrainian camelina germplasm was first evaluated. • Productivity of Ukrainian varieties of camelina was assessed for the 2001–19 period. • The average camelina yields were 1.76 t/ha in Forest-Steppe and 1.15 t/ha in Steppe. • Camelina oil yields depends more on seed yield, rather than seed oil content. • Biodiesel production rates were 726.53 and 374.96 L/ha in Forest-Steppe and Steppe.

Facile synthesis and economic analysis of Cu/C catalyst for efficient biodiesel production

Facile synthesis and economic analysis of Cu/C catalyst for efficient biodiesel production

Highly efficient heteropoly acid decorated SnO2@Co-ZIF nanocatalyst for sustainable biodiesel production from Nannorrhops ritchiana seeds oil

In this study, TPA-impregnated SnO2@Co-ZIF catalyst was synthesized to employ for biodiesel production from locally available Mazari palm feedstock. The morphological and structural properties of the synthesized catalyst were studied by different analytical techniques such as Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA/DTA), X-Ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-Ray (EDX) analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) and Temperature Programmed Desorption of ammonia (NH3–TPD) and carbon dioxide (CO2–TPD) to identify suitable catalyst formulation for efficient biodiesel production from Mazari palm oil.The important variables such as molar ratio of alcohol to oil, reaction temperature, amount of catalyst, reaction time and agitation speed were also investigated to achieve best parameters setup for highest biodiesel yield. The results showed that the highest biodiesel yield of 94.05% was obtained at the 18:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 100 °C reaction temperature, reaction time of 180 min, 5% catalyst dosage and agitation speed of 500 rpm. Moreover, the catalyst possesses high stability and can be recycled up to 5 consecutive biodiesel reactions without any loss in activity and additional treatment.

Green synthesis of heterogeneous polymeric bio-based acid decorated with hydrophobic regulator for efficient catalytic production of biodiesel at low temperatures

Biodiesel is being deemed a kind of important renewable energy source and also shows the great potential to replace fossil fuels to respond to global primary energy demands. However, by-product water generated during the esterification reaction of biodiesel production is not conducive to the forward progress of the reaction, and even affects the pristine structure and activity of the employed catalytic material. In this work, the hydrophobic polymeric bio-based solid acid catalyst FDCA/SA-UiO-66(Zr) was prepared by a facile grinding method using biomass-derived stearic acid (SA) and 2,5-furandicarboxylicacid (FDCA) as hydrophobic ligand and green organic linker, respectively. Accordingly, the corresponding characterization results showed that the relevant material had a good particle shape along with a highly hydrophobic network (136.4°), wherein the significant hydrophobic environment was determined to promote the adsorption of lipophilic acid and the desorption of water on the Lewis acid site. Compared with traditional heterogeneous and homogeneous acid catalysts, just at a low temperature (60.2 °C, 98.4% yield), FDCA/SA-UiO-66(Zr) exhibited superior or equivalent catalytic performance in the esterification of FFAs for biodiesel manufacture. More importantly, thanks to the stable skeleton structure of UiO-66(Zr), the catalyst demonstrated a stable structure and good reusability during 6 consecutive recycles (92.5% biodiesel yield).

Efficient biodiesel production from oleic and palmitic acid using a novel molybdenum metal–organic framework as efficient and reusable catalyst

In this study, metal–organic framework based on molybdenum and piperidine-4-carboxylic acid, was synthesized through a simple solvothermal method and employed as an effective catalyst for biodiesel production from oleic acid and palmitic acid via esterification reaction. The prepared catalyst was characterized by XRD, FTIR, TGA, DSC, BET, SEM, TEM, ICP-OES, X-ray mapping and EDX analysis. The resulting Mo–MOF catalyst exhibit a rod-like morphology, specific surface area of 56 m2/g, and thermal stability up to 300 °C. The solid catalyst exhibited high activities for esterification of oleic acid and palmitic acid. Moreover, the catalyst could be simply recovered and efficiently reutilized for several times without significant loss in its activity, also obtained results revealed that metal–organic framework could be used for the appropriate and rapid biodiesel production.

Synthesis of Bio-based oxides nano-composites catalyst from croton macrostachyus leaves for biodiesel production from croton macrostachyus seed oil

This study explored the prospective of croton macrostachyus leaves as bio-based minerals rich resource found for metal oxides nano-catalyst synthesis by sol–gel-thermal oxidation method and the seeds as a future lipid-rich non edible resource used for synthesis of biodiesel by ultrasound-supported transeserification process. The prepared catalyst was characterized by diverse analytical practice such as x-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive x-ray (EDX), and Brunauer emmett teller (BET) analysis. The metal oxides nano-catalyst demonstrated very strong basic sites with surface area (126.3 m2/g), and particle size (23.8 nm) which extensively reduced the diffusion resistance of triglycerides. EDX analysis indicated the presence of Ca-Fe-K-P-Al-Si/C oxides composites was used as nano-catalyst. Maximum yield of 98.85 ± 0.99 wt% achieved with1.23 wt% catalyst, 1:9.13 M ratio of oil to methanol, 36.4085 (round of 36) min reaction period at 50 KHz and 55.48 °C.The oil fatty acid profile and biodiesel were characterized by gas chromatography (GC) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy, the energy specification of croton macrostachyus biodiesel were analysed and contrasted with ASTM D6751 standard. Nano-catalyst strong basic site enhances the efficiency of biodiesel production.

Preparation of Ca- and Na-Modified Activated Clay as a Promising Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production via Transesterification

For efficient biodiesel production, an acid-activated clay (AC) modified by calcium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide (CaNa/AC) was prepared as a catalyst. CaNa/AC and Na/AC were characterized by Hammett indicators, CO2-TPD, FT-IR, XRD, and N2 adsorption techniques. The influence of catalyst dose, reaction temperature, methanol/oil molar ratio, and reaction time on the transesterification of Jatropha oil was studied. Due to the introduction of calcium, CaNa/AC displayed a higher activity and stability, thereby achieving an oil conversion of 97% under the optimal reaction conditions and maintaining over 80% activity after five successive reuses. The reaction was accelerated as the temperature rose, and the apparent activation energy of CaNa/AC was 75.6 kJ·mol−1. The enhanced biodiesel production by CaNa/AC was ascribed to the increase in active sites and higher basic strength. This study presents a facile and practical method for producing biodiesel on large-scale operation.

Prospects of biodiesel production: the place and role of Ukraine in the context of implementation of the eu green course

The purpose of the study is to conduct a systematic analysis of global processes of biodiesel production and to establish priority areas of biodiesel production in Ukraine based on the calculation of economic efficiency of production from different raw materials to ensure energy independence of the agro-industrial sector. The article highlights the historical processes, current trends, and prospects for the production and consumption of biodiesel in the world. Modern approaches to the formation, development, and support of biodiesel production in the European Union are outlined. The following methods, as well as techniques, have been used during the research: economic-historical and analytical generalizations; monographic; graphic; statistical analysis; prognostication; abstract-logical. Statistical results have been processed on a personal computer using special WindowsXP applications: Word, Excel 7.0, and the system "STATISTICA". The economic efficiency of biodiesel production in Ukraine from different types of raw materials (rapeseed, sunflower, soybean) is considered. Modern approaches to efficient biodiesel production in Ukraine and perspective directions of formation of raw material base for increase of biodiesel production are offered.

Analysis of The Ratio Catalys Promoters BaO/CaO to Methyl Ester Content and Yield in Biodiesel Using Electrocatalytic Reactor

The efficiency of biodiesel production from vegetable oils needs to be developed. The process of transesterification using heterogeneous catalysts has been widely studied to replace the role of homogeneous catalysts. The use of BaO promoters into metal oxides increases the activity of heterogeneous catalysts in transesterification reactions. This study was conducted to provide information about the effect of BaO concentrations that are filtered into calcium oxide (CaO) on the transesterification reaction of tofu pulp oil into methyl ester using electrocatalytic methods. The study was conducted at room temperature with a voltage of 18.5 Volts and a reaction time of 120 minutes. Methanol ratio: tofu oil is used at 10:1 with Tetra Hydro Furan (THF) as a co-solvent. The electrocatalytic process is carried out using graphite electrodes. The research variables are the concentration of BaO promoters used at 2%, 4%, and 8%. The parameter of the test is methyl ester content obtained from the results of transesterification reactions with chromatography gas analysis (GC-MS). In this study, the BaO/CaO catalyst was impregnated by wet method and calcined at 450oC for 180 minutes. From the experiments conducted the highest methyl ester yield was obtained in bao / cao catalyst 2% with a yield of 99.99% and biodiesel yield of 94%.

A New Lamellar Biocarbon Catalyst with Enhanced Acidity and Contact Sites for Efficient Biodiesel Production

A New Lamellar Biocarbon Catalyst with Enhanced Acidity and Contact Sites for Efficient Biodiesel Production

Efficient production of biodiesel at low temperature using highly active bifunctional Na-Fe-Ca nanocatalyst from blast furnace waste

In this study, nanocatalysts for biodiesel production were prepared via wet impregnation of blast furnace dust (BFD) in Na2CO3 (Na-BFD) and CaCO3 (Ca-BFD) suspension solutions and calcination at 500 and 600 °C, respectively. Biodiesel yields of 100.0 wt% (Na-BFD500) and 98.3 wt% (Ca-BFD600) were achieved at 65 °C. Synthesized catalysts showed outstanding activity and recyclability, due to the transition of CaCO3, Na2CO3 and Fe2O3 to nanocrystals of NaFeO2 (29.9 nm), Ca2Fe2O5 (10.5 nm), CaO (100.1 nm) and Ca2Fe2O5 (50.0 nm). Na-BFD500 achieved 95.8 wt% biodiesel yield with 16 cycles, whereas Ca-BFD600 reached 94.1 wt% biodiesel yield with 7 cycles via magnetic separation. BFD containing convertible magnetic and active components (Fe2O3 and CaCO3) was an ideal raw material to synthesize catalyst for biodiesel production with high catalytic efficiency and easy separation. The study provided a practical utilization of industrial solid waste for biodiesel production.

Generation of biodiesel from edible waste oil using ZIF-67-KOH modified Luffa cylindrica biomass catalyst

To produce biodiesel from edible waste oil, a new heterogeneous catalyst based on Luffa cylindrica biomass was used. For this purpose, first, Luffa cylindrica carbon was modified using zeolite imidazole metal-organic framework (ZIF-67) and KOH and used in the biodiesel production. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Raman, and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) techniques were used to investigate the properties of the synthesized catalyst. BET values for activated carbon of Luffa cylindrica (ACL), ZIF-67, ACL/ZIF-67, and ACL/ZIF-67/KOH samples were determined to be 99.714, 1695.7, 956.99, and 2.322 m2/g, respectively, indicating that modification of biomass using ZIF-67 improved its specific active surface, which can retain more KOH in the pores of catalyst. To evaluate the ability of the synthesized catalyst, the effect of various parameters such as reaction time, temperature, amount of catalyst, the molar ratio of oil to methanol, and mixing speed were investigated. The results showed good catalytic activity in converting edible waste oil to biodiesel and maximum efficiency of biodiesel production (98.31%) in laboratory conditions such as a temperature of 65 °C, a catalyst concentration of 3 wt%, a reaction time 3 h, a methanol: oil ratio of 15:1 and a mixing speed of 600 rpm. After determining the optimal laboratory conditions, the study of regeneration and reuse of the catalyst showed that the catalyst had a suitable catalytic activity and can use more than 4 steps in the biodiesel production process. The properties of biodiesel obtained under optimal conditions were evaluated according to the international standards (ASTM D6751 and EN-14214). The results showed that the produced biodiesel possess suitable properties and can replace fuels derived from fossil fuels.

Enhanced waste glycerol recycling by yeast for efficient biodiesel production: Towards waste biorefinery

The present study aimed to evaluate a new oleaginous yeast for biodiesel production with high potential of lipid accumulation in waste glycerol as a carbon source. Seven strains were isolated and identified using 5.8S-ITS based on their ability to assimilate glycerol. Naganishia diffluens CDU-M7rc showed the maximum lipid productivity (LP) of 881.9 mg L−1 d−1 at 96 h. Further optimization of pretreated waste glycerol (PWG) concentration enhanced the biomass yield to 20.3 g L−1 using 100 g L−1 PWG and enhanced lipid content to 34.36 dw% at 120 g L−1 PWG. However, the highest LP of 1.704 g L−1 d−1 was recorded at 100 g L−1 PWG, which represented 2.2-time more than the control. Using glucose as a carbon source, the dominant fatty acids in N. diffluens CDU-M7rc lipids were C16:0, C18:1, and C18:2, representing 23.91%, 55.45%, and 13.46% of total fatty acids, respectively. Utilization of PWG enhanced the proportion of C16:0 (33.39% of total fatty acids), with simultaneous reduction in C18:1 (41.12% of total fatty acids). Thus, supplementation of PWG enhanced saturated fatty acids proportion, which resulted in 10.8% reduction in the unsaturation degree of the produced biodiesel. All studied biodiesel characteristics showed acceptable values with the biodiesel international standards.