Efficient Multihop Research Articles

Fault Tolerance and Energy Efficient Multi-Hop Clustering with Dual Base Stations in Large Scale Wireless Sensor Network

Fault Tolerance and Energy Efficient Multi-Hop Clustering with Dual Base Stations in Large Scale Wireless Sensor Network

Energy Efficient Multi-Hop Multipath Sub Clustering Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network

The aim of this paper is to design Energy Efficient Multi-Hop Multipath Sub Clustering Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. This paper presented a routing protocol for heterogenous WSN for the selection of cluster head based on the highest remaining residual energy in a node by using the optimal probabilistic equation. The heterogenous technique contains the multi-hoping of inter clustering communication and connectivity of remaining sensor nodes by using sub clustering technique. The sensor nodes with high residual energy will become cluster head and sends data packets to the base station. After successive simulations of this routing protocol on to MATLAB 2022b software, it was consequently found out that it improves the number of alive nodes, number of data packets transmitted to the sink in a network and also improves the network lifetime by 75%-80% in comparison with other protocols. The simulation results were carried out by comparing the proposed method with O LEACH, EEE LEACH, Z-SEP, LEACH. The result shows that, our proposed method is more stable and energy efficient than the other routing protocols.

ESTEEM – Enhanced stability and throughput for energy efficient multihop routing based on Markov Chain Model in wireless body area networks

Wireless Medical Body Area Sensor Network (WMBASN) monitors vital human biological parameters used for various healthcare and fitness applications. The design and development of a reliable WMBASN routing protocol with improved network performance are significant tasks for researchers and healthcare industries. This work focuses on multi-hop routing to select a relay node to collect data from far away sensor nodes and to Central Coordinator Node (CCN). A novel approach for choosing best fitted Assistive Node (AN) by incorporating Hidden Markov Chain Model (HMCM) called Enhanced Stability and Throughput for Energy Efficient Multihop routing protocol (ESTEEM). Selection Function selects the best-fitted AN based on HMCM relating to maximum residual energy and minimum distance between the sensor node and CCN. The outcome of the proposed ESTEEM achieves increased throughput, better stability with the first dead node and extended network lifetime with the last dead node at 71% and 95.1% of total simulation time, respectively. In addition, the proposed work also concentrates on CCN placed at different positions on the human body to analyze and identify its best position for better routing. Overall, an improved multi-hop, energy efficiency and better quality of service are achieved based on specific network parameters with random postural movements through ESTEEM, and the results are superior to conventional routing protocols.

An Hybrid Heuristic optimal relay selection strategy for energy efficient multi hop cooperative cellular communication

One of the major constraints for mobile relay networks is energy-efficient communication owing to the restricted battery power of user terminals. Among them, the production method is cooperative cellular networks that focus on enhancing the data rate, network reliability, and network system capacity and also improving the spectrum resources in the Fifth Generation (5 G) networks. Thus, recent research works investigate the selection of mobile relays in vehicular networks and also the relay selection in cooperative communication. Here, the mobile relay is selected by the base station (operator) for every mobile user for reducing the cost with improved data rates and reducing the total transmission power. The selection of relay is performed by considering the benefits or utilities offered to three players such as mobile relay, mobile user, and operator. Conventional relay node selection approaches face challenges regarding reduced network lifetime, delay, increased energy consumption, and collusion attacks. For next-generation wireless networks, both energy efficiency and capacity are vital. To cope with these problems, a new multi-objective derived energy efficient accurate selection of relay in multi-hop cooperative cellular communication in the vehicular network through a hybrid heuristic strategy is implemented. The conventional approaches are utilized for probability-based multi-hop broadcasting for low latency. On the other hand, the major demerits of cellular communication are developing an effective multi-hop communication strategy that generates hidden node problems, and also it decreases the speed of the vehicles and the lack of infrastructure in network topology. Thus, this paper aims to propose a hybrid optimization model to choose the lowest count of multi-hops among the source and destination for the cooperative cellular vehicular communication network. The major issue well thought-out here is accurately choosing the count of hops or relays for appropriate communication, which is carried out through the multi-objective function regarding link reliability, energy consumption, outage probability, mobility factor, and transmission delay of the system. The adoption of the new hybrid algorithm with the aid of the Best Fitness-derived Crow Tunicate Swarm Optimization (BF-CTSO) algorithm is designed as the major contribution for optimally selecting the multi-hops between source and destination in a cooperative cellular communication network. Numerical results show that the proposed energy-efficient cooperative communication system outperforms traditional methods.

Retraction Note to: Improving QoS and efficient multi-hop and relay based communication frame work against attacker in MANET

Retraction Note to: Improving QoS and efficient multi-hop and relay based communication frame work against attacker in MANET

Survey on Q-Learning-Based Position-Aware Routing Protocols in Flying Ad Hoc Networks

A flying ad hoc network (FANETs), also known as a swarm of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), can be deployed in a wide range of applications including surveillance, monitoring, and emergency communications. UAVs must perform real-time communication among themselves and the base station via an efficient routing protocol. However, designing an efficient multihop routing protocol for FANETs is challenging due to high mobility, dynamic topology, limited energy, and short transmission range. Recently, owing to the advantages of multi-objective optimization, Q-learning (QL)-based position-aware routing protocols have improved the performance of routing in FANETs. In his article, we provide a comprehensive review of existing QL-based position-aware routing protocols for FANETs. We rigorously address dynamic topology, mobility models, and the relationship between QL and routing in FANETs, and extensively review the existing QL-based position-aware routing protocols along with their advantages and limitations. Then, we compare the reviewed protocols qualitatively in terms of operational features, characteristics, and performance metrics. We also discuss important open issues and research challenges with potential research directions.

The Wireless Control Bus: Enabling Efficient Multi-Hop Event-Triggered Control with Concurrent Transmissions

Event-triggered control ( ETC ) holds the potential to significantly improve the efficiency of wireless networked control systems. Unfortunately, its real-world impact has hitherto been hampered by the lack of a network stack able to transfer its benefits from theory to practice specifically by supporting the latency and reliability requirements of the aperiodic communication ETC induces. This is precisely the contribution of this article. Our Wireless Control Bus ( WCB ) exploits carefully orchestrated network-wide floods of concurrent transmissions to minimize overhead during quiescent, steady-state periods, and ensures timely and reliable collection of sensor readings and dissemination of actuation commands when an ETC triggering condition is violated. Using a cyber-physical testbed emulating a water distribution system controlled over a real-world multi-hop wireless network, we show that ETC over WCB achieves the same quality of periodic control at a fraction of the energy costs, therefore unleashing and concretely demonstrating its full potential for the first time.

Optimal Firefly based Balanced Energy Efficient Multi-hop (BEEM) Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Network

Life time of sensor network is very crucial and hot topic of research in wireless sensor network (WSN) from past to future. It is crucial due to system recharging and replacing the sensors are difficult and costly affair. Clustering provides some solution to extend the network lifetime. Existing clustering algorithms, such as LEACH and other heterogeneous routing protocol, can significantly minimize the power consumption on each sensor and prolong the network lifetime but not consideration of coverage network area. Balanced Energy Efficient Multi-hop (BEEM) algorithm has implemented to simulated WSN network and the selection of the cluster head on the basis of firefly (FF) optimization algorithm. Performance of the proposed hybrid Algorithm is well suited in terms of energy consumptions, stability period, network lifetime, throughput, Alive & Dead Nodes & other parameters. Proposed algorithm has showed improved result in energy consumption with firefly-BEEM over the existing BEEM.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Improving QoS and efficient multi-hop and relay based communication frame work against attacker in MANET

The habit of using mobile devices increasing constantly, Considerably MANETs as the nodes are mobile, Trust management can help to improve the security in routing that guaranteed QoS provisioning in MANETs to achieve better deterministic behavior and appropriately the networks delivered the information in a better way and it can be well gain to exploit the network resources. Trust Calculation solves the problem of providing corresponding access control based on judging the quality of Sensor Nodes and their services and to analyze the route and alternate to route for efficient data transmission. This paper deals with the efficient approach based on multi-hop and relay dependent communication for enhancing the security. The improvement of QoS is based on Random Repeat Trust Computational Approach obtain a various trust evaluation Stages by estimating the direct and indirect trust degree to avoid the incorrect trust derivation problem and later than update the node trust of routing table as detection of malicious node subsequent to attain the trusted QoS routing of data transmission. Then it investigates the node location and distances among the nodes for data transmission to verify the false injection. To evaluate the trustworthy paths and nodes using to design and develop a trust based QoS routing integrated by Random Repeat Trust Computational Approach to improve QoS. Simulation results show that the progressing QOS and distrust worthy node detection of the proposed system more than 30% when compared to the existing system.

Energy efficient broadcast protocols for asynchronous duty-cycled wireless sensor networks

In asynchronous duty-cycled wireless sensor networks (WSNs), each node has its own sleep schedule that is independent of the schedules of neighboring nodes. Since each node follows its own independent sleep schedule, the probability that a node’s neighbors will wake up concurrently is quite low. For this reason, each single hop broadcast must be completed through multiple unicast transmissions, and the sender node must remain awake until all of its neighboring nodes have received the broadcast packet. In this paper, we present two energy efficient broadcast protocols, namely Broadcast Progress-based Efficient Multihop Broadcast (BPEMB) protocol and Tree-based Efficient Multihop Broadcast (TEMB) protocol, for asynchronous duty-cycled WSNs. In both of the proposed protocols, the decision of whether to transmit the broadcast packet is based on the link quality information and without any forwarder’s guidance list. The redundant transmissions and collisions are avoided effectively with cooperation among the neighbors, so that the node with the best link quality to the receiver node takes responsibility to forward the packet to the receiver node. With this approach, nodes that are not involved in transmitting the broadcast packet can go to sleep and save their energy. In the BPEMB protocol, the forwarding decision of transmitting the broadcast packet is also influenced by the broadcast progress information, which is piggybacked in the broadcast packet. Through extensive simulations, we demonstrate that the proposed protocols can significantly improve the broadcast efficiency through reducing the energy consumption and minimizing the broadcast latency. The evaluation results also show that both the BPEMB and TEMB protocols can substantially reduce the collisions and redundant transmissions in asynchronous duty-cycled WSNs.

PCSM: an efficient multihop proximity aware clustering scheme for mobile peer-to-peer systems

A mobile peer-to-peer (MP2P) system results from overlaying a peer-to-peer (P2P) system over a mobile ad hoc network (MANET). A cluster/superpeer based architecture can be used as an efficient solution to reduce communication redundancy and network traffic induced by flooding. In this paper, we propose an efficient multihop Proximity aware Clustering Scheme for Mobile peer-to-peer systems (PCSM). PCSM is based on the physical proximity of peers and reduces the mismatch between the P2P overlay and the network layer. PCSM integrates three factors to allow the new peer to efficiently select the cluster to join, namely the number of physical hops, the cluster size and the availability of the clusterhead. Additionally, a maintenance process manages the mobility of peer. The simulation results show that our overlay topology fits the MANET underlay and that PCSM enhances the results of the search process in terms of the average file-discovery delay and false-negative ratio. Additionally, PCSM performs better than the existing cluster-based P2P overlay regarding of load balancing and routing overhead.

Opportunistic Mobile Sensing in the Fog

The increasing adoption of mobile personal devices and Internet of Things devices is leveraging the emergence of a wide variety of opportunistic sensing applications. However, the designers of this type of applications face a set of technical challenges related to the limitations and heterogeneity of the hardware and software platforms and to the dynamics of the scenarios where they are deployed. In this paper, we introduce a Semantic‐Centric Fog‐based framework aimed at effectively and efficiently supporting this type of applications. The proposed framework is composed of local and distributed algorithms that support the establishment and coordination of sensing tasks in the Fog. First, it performs ontology‐driven in‐network processing to locate the most adequate devices to carry out a given sensing task and then, it establishes efficient multihop routes that are used to coordinate relevant devices and to transport the collected sensory data to Fog sinks. We present a set of theorems that prove that the proposed algorithms are correct and the results of a series of detailed simulation‐based experiments in NS3 that characterize the performance of the proposed platform. The results show that the proposed framework outperforms traditional sensing platforms that are based on centralized services.

Efficient Multihop Broadcasting With Network Coding in Duty-Cycled Wireless Sensor Networks (NET)

In this article, we focus on the issue of multihop broadcasting for a batch of packets in duty-cycled wireless sensor networks (WSNs). When the conventional single-hop broadcasting scheme with network coding is applied to multihop scenario, a forwarder has to occupy its surrounding wireless medium until all its one-hop forwarders decode the received packets. Thus, forwarding of neighboring forwarders is significantly delayed. We propose an efficient multihop broadcasting with network coding (EMBNC) by selecting downstream forwarders in a two-hop manner. Encoded packets are delivered from a forwarder to its downstream forwarders with the cooperation of auxiliary nodes. A forwarder terminates its forwarding once auxiliary nodes collectively receive enough packets, which efficiently decreases time to occupy wireless medium. Auxiliary nodes can also receive more encoded packets when downstream forwarders are transmitting. Simulation results show EMBNC achieves high performance in terms of broadcast delay, energy consumption, and average duty cycle.

Energy efficient multi hop cross layer design for large scale wireless sensor networks

Energy efficient multi hop cross layer design for large scale wireless sensor networks

Trajectory-Based Hierarchical Adaptive Forwarding in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

This paper proposes a Trajectory-Based Hierarchical Adaptive Forwarding (THAF) scheme, tailored and optimized for the efficient multihop vehicle-to-vehicle (v2v) data delivery in vehicular ad hoc networks. We utilize the trajectories of vehicles provided by GPS-based navigation systems to predict forward delay and access area in a privacy-preserving manner. Different from existing trajectory-based forwarding schemes, we establish a hierarchical VANET topology to optimize forwarding path and adopt adaptive diffusion strategy to forward data in light-traffic situations. Through theoretical analysis and extensive simulation, it is shown that our design performs better than the existing schemes.

Fast and Energy Efficient Multihop D2D Routing Scheme

Device-to-device (D2D) communications are expected to offload cellular networks and enhance public safety. In addition to the capability of direct communication between devices, the capability of delivering data over multihops in an ad hoc manner by autonomous decision of each device is highly desired to expand application areas of D2D communications. To address this issue, we propose a fast and energy efficient D2D multihop routing method using the geographic locations of nodes. To expedite data delivery while saving transmission powers of nodes, we devise the next hop selection method considering the congestion levels of potential next hops. In addition, we devise a detour scheme to move around a routing hole that is encountered when a node cannot find a neighbor that is closer to the destination of a packet than itself. We also propose management procedures so that each node acquires the locations of destinations and its neighboring nodes. Through extensive simulations, we validate the proposed method by comparing the performance of the proposed method with those of maximum progress method (MaxP), cost over progress method (CoP), and congestion-aware forwarder selection method (CAFS). Even though the number of hops obtained by the proposed method is larger than those obtained by MaxP and CAFS, our method is superior to them in terms of the probability of successfully delivering packets to destinations and total amount of energy consumption. We also show that our method can reduce end-to-end delay considerably compared with CoP.

Optimizing the Number of Hops and Retransmissions for Energy Efficient Multi-Hop Underwater Acoustic Communications

Energy efficient underwater communications systems design is a crucial task, once battery replacement may be barely feasible in this scenario. As acoustic underwater channels are usually harsher than terrestrial wireless channels, decreasing the transmission distance through a multi-hop approach is very appealing. In this sense, in this paper, we analyze how much energy is required to successfully transfer an information bit over a multi-hop underwater acoustic network while considering the optimum number of hops, retransmissions, code rate, and signal-to-noise ratio. We also investigate the impact of delay constraints in the total energy consumption, by allowing limited or unlimited retransmissions. Our results show that great energy savings can be obtained when the above-mentioned parameters are jointly optimized for a given link distance. Moreover, even though the impact of multiple hops is more beneficial, allowing for a small number of retransmissions lead to important energy savings. Finally, we compare the obtained results with a terrestrial wireless communications case, showing that an adequate modeling of the underwater scenario is imperative for an energy efficient design, once the optimal number of hops for terrestrial wireless may considerably differ from that for underwater communications.

Energy Efficient Multi Hop Routing Protocols in Decentralized Autonomic Wireless Sensor Networks: Max Energy Min Distance Routing Protocol and Mix Routing Protocol

In this paper we present Max Energy Min Distance and Mix Routing Protocols, energy efficient multi hop routing protocols for decentralized wireless sensor network. We simulate their performance with NetLogo, a multi-agent simulation tool. Also, we compare their performance with other protocols, namely flooding, gossiping, and Min Distance Routing protocols. Simulations show that Max Energy Min Distance Routing Protocol and Mix routing Protocol increase network lifetime, achieve significant energy saving, and consequently accomplish some characteristics of autonomic networking. Simulations also show that although Min Distance Routing protocol, also known as energy-location gossiping protocol, achieves more network lifetime and less spent energy in relay routing than the proposed protocols, however, it is not suited for wireless sensor networks, whereas the formers are.

Channel-quality-aware multihop broadcast for asynchronous multi-channel wireless sensor networks

In this paper, we propose Multi-channel EMBA (M-EMBA), efficient multihop broadcast for asynchronous multi-channel wireless sensor networks. Our scheme employs two channel-quality-aware forwarding policies of improved forwarder's guidance and fast forwarding to improve multihop broadcast performance. The improved forwarder's guidance allows forwarders to transmit broadcast messages with guidance to their receivers through channels with good quality. The guidance indicates how each receiver should forward the broadcast message to its neighbor nodes. The improved forwarder's guidance tremendously reduces redundant transmissions and collisions. Fast forwarding allows adjacent forwarders to send their broadcast messages simultaneously through different channels that have good quality, which helps to reduce multihop broadcast latency and improve multi-channel broadcast utility. In this work, we evaluate the multihop broadcast performance of M-EMBA through theoretical analysis of the system design and empirical simulation-based analysis. We implement M-EMBA in ns-2 and compare it with the broadcast schemes of ARM, EM-MAC, and MuchMAC. The performance results show that M-EMBA outperforms these protocols in both light and heavy network traffic. M-EMBA reduces message cost in terms of goodput, total bytes transmitted, as well as broadcast redundancy and collision. M-EMBA also achieves a high broadcast success ratio and low multihop broadcast latency. Finally, M-EMBA significantly improves energy efficiency by reducing average duty cycle.

Energy Effective Routing Protocol forMaximizing Network Lifetime of WSN

Efficiency is the keynote factor going to be addressed in this paper. Considering the fact that there are relatively very few wireless sensor networks and hardly any efficient ones, EMBA (Efficient Multihop Broadcast Asynchronous), a duty-scheduled asynchronous wireless sensor networks is being proposed that carries the ability to wake up according to its own schedule. This is accomplished by the forwarders’ guidance and the overhearing of broadcast messages and ACK. A forwarders’ guidance is when a node transmits broadcast messages to its neighbour nodes by using unicast transmissions thereby reducing redundant transmissions and arising collisions. The active time of nodes is considerably decreased by the overhearing of broadcast messages and ACKs by keeping a thorough check on the number of transmissions and reducing them. In this paper, we put the EMBA and conventional protocols of ADB and RI-MAC broadcast to test in both sparse and dense networks. And, in the end, results exhibit that EMBA achieve a lower message cost due to higher efficiency and lower energy consumption than the conventional protocols