Efficient Material Processing Research Articles

Development of jerked sausage technology with grain bioproducts

Research work on the development of technology of fermented sausages to provide them probiotic properties and microflora protection by the use of grain product is conducted in the article.On the basis of theoretical and practical part of science it is concluded that the development of technology of sausages with probiotic properties is possible and appropriate. Materials and products are chosen. Modern technological scheme of production to ensure efficient processing of raw materials and production are selected and supplemented.Overview of scientific literature, selection and refinement of the technological scheme of production are done.The scheme of bacterial cultures is developed, stage of starter addition (formation of mince) is defined, amount of starter addition (6% by weight to unsalted raw materials) is defined, physical, chemical, organoleptic, structural, mechanical and microbiological parameters are defined.

Selection and Precise Application of Operating Parameters of Nd: YAG and Other Laser Sources for Material Processing

Nd: YAG laser has been a versatile tool for variety of material processing in the modern manufacturing industries. Apart from the easy manipulation and robustness of Nd: YAG laser beam, its wavelength absorbed by wide range of materials. Therefore, the possibility of controlling and precised values for prominent operating parameters such as average peak power, average peak power density (APPD), mean power, pulse duration, pulse energy, pulse repetition rate, interaction, pulse overlap theory and its mathematical relationships were discussed for pulsed and continuous wave. Hence, the selection of satisfactory combinations of associated parameters to produce efficient and effective material processing with reduced defects.

Problems of efficient processing and use of collagen-containing materials

Abstract Collagen is an important biopolymer in numerous applications due to its special characteristics, such as biodegradability and weak antigenecity. Interest recently, has grown in fish collagen. This stems from the fact, that the use of animal collagen is unsafe due to the effects from cattle rabies disease. Furthermore, fish collagen is 96 % identical to human protein. Modern fish production is accompanied by the formation of a large number of protein-containing wastes. Depending on the degree of fish processing waste hydrolysis we obtain different products, such as feed additives or growth accelerators. Available technologies are unacceptable, because they require the consumption of large amounts of time and energy. The enzymatic method of obtaining collagen hydrolysates is the most suitable because it can be implemented under milder conditions and it prevents the destruction of amino acids, carbohydrates and other substances contained in the waste. Application of the alkaline enzymatic hydrolysis method with hydrogen peroxide pretreatment at elevated temperature provides a collagen hydrolysate, which is characterized by a high content of total nitrogen; collagen is amorphous, has fully homogeneous structure and has a balanced amino acid composition.

Fused fiber components for “eye-safe” spectral region around 2 $$\upmu $$ μ m

Thulium-doped fiber lasers operating at wavelengths around 2 \(\upmu \)m are rapidly developing a new class of coherent light sources with a high slope efficiency reaching 70 %. The 2-\(\upmu \)m radiation sources have many advantages over the 1-\(\upmu \)m sources, e.g., better eye-safety, relaxed non-linear limits and often more efficient material processing. Particularly important application of 2-\(\upmu \)m fiber lasers is in a highly-efficient generation of wideband mid-infrared radiation through third order nonlinear effects in soft-glass fibers. In this paper we report on the development of passive components intended for fiber laser operation around 2 \(\upmu \)m, namely fiber couplers and wavelength division multiplexers for combination of 1.6- and 2-\(\upmu \)m radiation. Three commercially available fibers were used for the preparation of these components. The measured characteristics of the components are compared and the limitations are discussed, particularly the two-mode operation and high bend loss. Specific fiber designs are proposed in order to optimize the performance of the wavelength division multiplexer.

Self-Assembly of Light-Harvesting Crystalline Nanosheets in Aqueous Media

A methodology leading to facile self-assembly of crystalline aromatic arrays in dilute aqueous solutions would enable efficient fabrication and processing of organic photonic and electronic materials in water. In particular, soluble 2D crystalline nanosheets may mimic the properties of photoactive thin films and self-assembled monolayers, covering large areas with ordered nanometer-thick material. We designed such solution-phase arrays using hierarchical self-assembly of amphiphilic perylene diimides in aqueous media. The assemblies were characterized by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), revealing crystalline order and 2D morphology (confirmed by AFM studies). The order and morphology are preserved upon drying as evidenced by TEM and AFM. The 2D crystalline-like structures exhibit broadening and red-shifted absorption bands in UV-vis spectra, typical for PDI crystals and liquid crystals. Photophysical studies including femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy reveal that two of the assemblies are superior light-harvesters due to excellent solar spectrum coverage and fast exciton transfer, in one case showing exciton diffusion comparable to solid-state crystalline systems based on perylene tetracarboxylic dianhidride (PTCDA).

The need for fundamental measurements for a sustainable extraction of metals

The increased need for efficient material processing and efficient utilisation of more complex raw materials and the need for recycling or reusing byproduct and waste streams, are all increased challenges in material processing. To cope with these challenges, there is a need for new basic physical and thermodynamic data. The present paper gives four examples, as well as preliminary data, of areas where increased knowledge of fundamental parameters will increase the possibility for a sustainable extraction of metals. The examples include measurement of solubility of pure individual slag minerals, determination of distribution of leachable elements between different mineralogical phases in slag, influence of alumina on liquidus temperature of a copper slag and thermal diffusivity measurements in magnetite based iron ore pellets, all important in different ways to increase the sustainability of the respective materials involved.

PCC Training for Copy Catalogers

This paper presents a case study program implemented at Columbia University Libraries that trains copy catalogers in Program for Cooperative Cataloging (PCC) and Name Authority Cooperative Program (NACO) principles. Under the guidance of the NACO coordinator and cataloging supervisors, copy catalogers create PCC-level records for belles lettres materials, construct name and uniform title headings, and submit classification number proposals for literary authors in a variety of languages in both roman and nonroman scripts. The benefits of the program include timely and efficient processing of materials, high-quality bibliographic records, better collocation of belles lettres, and upgrade of vendor or member records utilized by the shared cataloging community. The program serves as an important step in the professional development of copy catalogers and contributes to the growth of training and mentoring skills of professional catalogers. The skills acquired by copy catalogers can be used in future cataloging projects such as metadata creation and name disambiguation.

Efficient Methodologies for Processing of Fluids by Thermal Convection within Porous Square Cavities

Effective use of thermal energy is the key for the energy-efficient processing of materials. A proper understanding of heat flow would be very useful in designing the systems of high energy efficiency with a minimal waste of precious energy resources. In the current study, a distributed heating methodology is proposed for the efficient thermal processing of materials. A detailed investigation on the processing of various fluids of industrial importance (with a Prandtl number of Pr = 0.015, 0.7, 10, and 1000) in differentially and discretely heated porous square cavities is presented. Analysis of laminar convective heat flow within a range of Darcy number, Da = 10−6−10−3 and Rayleigh number, Ra = 103−106 has been carried out, based on a heatline visualization approach. The effect of Da and the role of distributed heating in enhancing the convection in the cavities is illustrated via heatline distributions, which represent the paths of the heat flow, the magnitude of heat flow, and zones of high heat transfer. It is observed that distributed heating plays an important role in enhancement of thermal mixing and temperature uniformity. Furthermore, the effect of Da for various Pr values on the variation of local Nusselt number (Nu) is analyzed, based on heatline distributions.

Ablative microstructuring with plasma-based XUV lasers and efficient processing of materials by dual action of XUV/NIR–VIS ultrashort pulses

We report on a single-shot micropatterning of an organic polymer achieved by ablation with demagnifying projection using a plasma-based extreme ultraviolet (XUV) laser at 21 nm. A nickel mesh with a period of 100 μ m was 10×demagnified and imprinted on poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) via direct ablation. This first demonstration of single-shot projection, single-step lithography illustrates the great potential of XUV lasers for the direct patterning of materials with a resolution scalable down to the submicrometer domain. In the second part, we present a novel experimental method for improving the efficiency of surface processing of various solids achieved by simultaneous action of XUV, obtained from high-order harmonic generation, and near-infrared (NIR)–VIS laser pulses. The NIR–VIS pulse interacts with free charge carriers produced by the energetic XUV photons, so that its absorption dramatically increases. Laser-induced periodic surface structures were effectively produced using this technique.

Application of nonlinear dynamic techniques to high pressure plasma jets

Arcs and arc plasmas have been known and used for welding, cutting, chemical synthesis and multitude of other industrial applications for more than hundred years. Though a copious source of heat, light and active species, plasma arc is inherently unstable, turbulent and difficult to control. During recent years, primarily driven by the need of new and energy efficient materials processing, various research groups around the world have been studying new and innovative ways of looking at the issues related to arc dynamics, arc stabilization, species non equilibrium, flow and heat transfer in a stabilized arc plasma device. In this context, experimental determination of nature of arc instabilities using tools of non-linear dynamics, theoretical model formulation, prediction of instability behavior under given operating conditions and possible control methods for the observed instabilities in arcs are reviewed.Space selective probing of the zones inside arc plasma devices without disturbing the system is probably the best way to identify the originating zone of instabilities inside such devices. Existence of extremely high temperature and inaccessibility to direct experimentations due to mechanical obstructions make this task extremely difficult. Probing instabilities in otherwise inaccessible inner regions of the torches, using binary gas mixture as plasma gas is a novel technique that primarily rests on a process known as demixing in arcs. Once a binary gas mixture enters the constricted plasma column, the demixing process sets in causing spatial variations for each of the constituent gases depending on the diffusion coefficients and the gradient of the existing temperature field. By varying concentrations of the constituent gases in the feeding line, it is possible to obtain spatial variations of the plasma composition in a desired manner, enabling spatial probing of the associated zones. Detailed compositional description of different zones inside the torch may be obtained through appropriate numerical simulation. Potential of such experiments with judicious mix of numerical simulations is discussed.

A novel concept on discrete samples for efficient microwave processing of materials

A novel concept on discrete samples has been introduced to analyze the efficient heating processes due to microwave radiations. A preliminary investigation on average power absorption within samples vs sample thickness has been carried out for continuous samples and various regimes have been identified such that these regimes may correspond to minima or maxima of average power. Two discrete sample pieces replace a continuous sample for each of these regimes such that the total thickness of the discrete samples is identical with the thickness of the continuous sample. Electric fields and temperature have been solved for each discrete sample layer and the intermediate air layer. The thickness of air layer plays a significant role to dramatically alter the interference of waves and power absorption within each sample layer. It is observed that the discrete sample layers exhibit larger heating rate than that within continuous sample especially for smaller sample thicknesses. Suitable ratios of discrete sample thickness and the thickness of air layer also show large heating rate for larger sample thicknesses. The discrete samples also play important role to optimize thermal runaway. Based on two factors: ‘large heating rate’ and ‘optimal thermal runaway’, the efficient heating strategy has been recommended for highly lossy food substances, and case studies are also demonstrated for low lossy substances.

Grain Dust as an Energy and Food Resource

Grain dust is a by-product produced in large quantities from grain storage and milling facilities but as of yet is treated as waste locally and regionally. Based on the conviction that material properties determination is a necessary first step for the efficient handling, processing, and use of materials, this work was initiated with the purpose of characterizing grain dust in terms of its physicochemical and thermal properties. Grain dust as a special waste material is a complex, dry, grey powder, composed mainly of grain chips, soil, whole wheat and barley seeds, and straw. The material was found to have a bulk density of 362 kg/m3, specific heat, thermal conductivity, and gross calorific value were 1540 J/kg K, 0.27 W/m K, and 4120 kJ/kg, respectively. Nutritional composition showed low concentrations of protein, and ether extract, and high concentrations of carbohydrates, ash, and crude fiber. Mineral analysis showed that Ca, Fe, and K were available in significant amounts ranging from 30 to 135 ppm. The as-received material is dry enough to be stored very safely and burned for energy production in either its loose form or as pellets. Moreover, adjustments to the ash content and C:N ratio of the material deems it a promising candidate as an animal feed and as a substrate for composting and biogasification.

Role of various elliptical shapes for efficient microwave processing of materials

AbstractA detailed theoretical analysis has been carried out to assess the role of various elliptical shapes/cross sections on microwave heating of 2‐D cylinders for beef and oil samples. Two types of elliptical cross sections are considered as type A (ellipse with major axis along the horizontal plane), and type B (ellipse with minor axis along the horizontal plane.) A preliminary analysis on microwave heating of samples has been shown via average power within a sample vs. sample radius of circular cross section for beef and oil samples. Several regimes (I–III) based on small and large radius for circular cross sections have been selected. The effect of elliptical shapes for type A and B configurations has been studied initially via average power vs. aspect ratio distributions for various regimes. The grayscale images of power absorption have been analyzed further for elliptical cross section with varying aspect ratios for regimes I–III where aspect ratio and types of configuration are shown to influence spatial power absorptions. The detailed temperature profiles have also been shown to illustrate the role of elliptical shapes on uniform heating and thermal runaway. Depending on the material dielectric properties and sample dimension, either type A or B or both configuration has been recommended. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007

Role of metallic, ceramic and composite plates on microwave processing of composite dielectric materials

A detailed theoretical analysis has been carried out to study efficient heating of one-dimensional composite dielectric food slabs attached with metallic or ceramic or composite plate due to microwaves. A detailed spatial distribution on power and temperature of beef–oil assembly have been analyzed for metallic and ceramic supports. It has been found that metallic support does enhance the heating rate of beef samples (high dielectric loss). However, the regime of beef–oil layer attached with metallic support corresponds to small power absorption and hence the role of metallic–ceramic composite plate has been investigated. It has been found that metallic–ceramic composite plate sometime gives higher heating rate than that with metallic or ceramic plate especially for smaller oil thicknesses. The efficient processing of composite dielectric food materials with metallic or metallic–ceramic composite plate have been further illustrated with two factors such as heating rate and degree of thermal runaway.

New closed form analysis of resonances in microwave power for material processing

AbstractA new closed form material invariant analysis on resonances of microwave induced power absorption is presented. It is shown that resonances in average power is confined within two asymptotic limits of thin and thick samples, and the resonances occur if λm ⩽ 1.5Dp,m for λm ≈ λ0 and λm ⩽ 3Dp,m for λm ≉ λ0. Here λm and Dp,m denote the wavelength and penetration depth within the sample, respectively, and λ0 is the wavelength within the free space. It has been shown that average absorbed power does not exhibit resonance for one side incidence if λm ≈ λ0, while the occurrence of resonance is independent of ϕl for λm ≉ λ0. Here, ϕl is the fractional power input from the left side. The amplitudes of subsequent resonating peaks are also shown to decay monotonically with sample length for λm ≈ λ0, while they vary nonmonotonically for λm ≉ λ0 and ϕl ≉ 0, 1 or 1/2 due to suppressions of odd (for λm < λ0), or even (for λm > λ0) resonating peaks, which increase as ϕl approaches 1/2 from either 0 or 1. Finally, at ϕl ≈ 1/2 with λm ≉ λ0 odd (for λm < λ0), or even (for λm > λ0) resonating peaks of average absorbed power vanish reducing the number of resonating points by a factor of two from one side incidence (ϕl ap; &0 or 1), to both side incidence with equal power input from left and right sides (ϕl ≈ 1/2). This work provides correlations (corresponding to λm ≈ λ0 and λm ≉ λ0) for predicting the locations of resonating peaks as function of λm/λ0, λm/Dp,m, and ϕl. The theoretical prediction on average power characteristics have been shown to be useful in forecasting the heating patterns for efficient material processing. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006

Technical services and user service improvement

PurposeFrom the cataloging librarians' point of view, this paper aims to present how technical services, especially the cataloging department, can play important roles in the improvement of user services.Design/methodology/approachThe paper examines the practices of the University of Oklahoma Libraries.FindingsThe paper identifies several aspects in which technical services can enhance the quality of user services, especially in the cataloging department. A library's online catalog becomes the first point of access to the library's information resources. Its quality can be improved and enriched in many ways to raise users’ satisfaction. Aside from the improvement in technical aspects, efforts should also be made to promote collaboration between technical and public services so as to ensure efficient processing of materials and to meet the needs of library users.Originality/valueThe value of the paper is in showing that the quality of an online catalog and the cooperation between public and technical services are two of the key factors in achieving high quality of user services.

A7003 합금의 환경친화적 압출공정을 위한 Mg 조성 및 공정비교 연구

A7003 alloy has characteristics of their excellent weldability, high corrosion resistance and superior plastic working however the broadening of application for the alloy has been hampered by the lower extrudability associated by Mg content. For improvement of extrudability and enhanced recovery efficiency during Al scrap recycling, it has been generally practiced to reduce Mg content in A7003 alloy. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the influence of Mg content on mechanical strength and extrudability of A7003 alloy. For efficient material processing which has small amounts, material life cycle assessment(MLCA) is evaluated. The quantitative analysis of energy requirements and CO2 emission for production of A7003 extruded bar are estimated with different Mg content and billet pre-heating process (heating source by light oil or LPG). In particular, the estimation of energy requirements was performed within shipping and gating range (except the mining and extraction stages) to investigate the influence of the variables on energy requirements and CO2 emission in detail. As Mg content increased, the flow stress and the extrusion pressure for A7003 alloy increased. It has been thought that an increment in extrusion pressure with increasing Mg content is caused by the solid solution hardening of Mg atoms in the matrix and increment in volume fraction of intermetallic compound, Mg2Si. The extrudability and the tensile strength are equal to, or above that of conventional A7003 alloy even the content of Mg varied from 1.1wt.% to 0.5wt.%.alloy. This means that minimizing the content of Mg in A7003 alloy can enhance recovery efficiency during Al scrap recycling. It can be quoted that rather than Mg content energy source for billet heating is a prime factor to determine the atmospheric CO2 emission

Plasma-based ion implantation and its application to three-dimensional materials

For conformal ion implantation into three-dimensional materials by plasma-based ion implantation (PBII), the production of a uniform, large-volume plasma is required and the ion-sheath evolution must be controlled. The production of a high-density plasma is desirable in order for efficient material processing by PBII, and for reducing the ion-sheath evolution time. In this article, first some newly developed high-density gas and metal/solid plasmas developed in Japan are introduced. Second, the technology for removal of macroparticles is described. Inductively coupled plasmas and helicon-wave-excited plasmas in the radio frequency regions are treated as high-density gas plasmas. Off-resonance microwave plasmas and surface-wave-excited plasmas are also presented. In the area of metal and solid-state plasmas, the shunting arc plasma is introduced. Concerning the removal of macroparticles, methods using magnetic filters, magnetic forces, and shield plates are discussed.

The Cataloging Advisory Group

Communication of public catalog issues throughout the University of Alabama Libraries has been and still is a major concern of the cataloging department. Many cataloging department heads hold the firm belief that improved user access to the libraries' collections can be provided through an improvement in the communication patterns between several key departments of the libraries and the catalog department. Through the input of a group of public service and collection development librarians, the department should be able to assess the time priorities for materials processing, resulting in a greater degree of probability that useful backlogs would be made accessible with a minimum of delay. As a cataloging department head, it is also my belief that a discussion of the cataloging process and the concerns of the catalogers could lead to more consistent and more efficient processing of materials. In November 1993 the Cataloging Advisory Group was formed as a one-year experiment in communication. Since that time the group has gone through numerous changes in both membership and charge but has continued to be one of the stronger discussion groups in the UA Libraries. The paper explores the group and its successes and failures during its six-year history.

Ti-Ni合金の曲げ形状記憶と回復力特性

The characterization of the material properties of a shape memory alloy (SMA), i.e., the martensitic transformation temperature, the spontaneous shape recovery and the recovery force by thermoelastic martensite transformation as well as the discussion about the most efficient material processing and application system in engineering devices will be significant for wider use of SMA material in the near future. In this connectin, this paper describes the experimental results obtained by characterizing the physical properties in thermoelastic martensitic transformation, i.e., the change of transformation temperature, etc. in two kinds of Ti-Ni shape memory alloys whose chemical compositions, heat treatments and material processings are different from each other.Next, the results are shown with the mechanical properties, i.e., the recovery force and spontaneous shape changes investigated by an apparatus made for precisely measuring the recovery force vs temperarure relationship.Finally, based on the results of bending, a mechanical material-evaluation is attempted for the deformation by the shape memory effect of Ti-Ni alloys.