Efficient Key Management Scheme Research Articles

Enhancing IoT Security: An Innovative Key Management System for Lightweight Block Ciphers.

This research paper presents a study on designing and implementing a robust key management scheme for lightweight block ciphers in Internet of Things (IoT) networks. Key management is a critical concern for IoT devices due to their limited resources and susceptibility to security threats. The proposed scheme utilises partial key pre-distribution to achieve lightweight and secure key management. The protocol's security has been analysed against various attacks, demonstrating its resistance. Performance evaluation results indicate that the proposed key management technique is suitable for resource-constraint IoT networks, as it reduces communication overhead, power consumption, and storage space requirements. The methodology employed in this research includes designing and implementing the proposed key management scheme and conducting scenario-based analyses of its functionality. The results affirm that the proposed solution effectively ensures secure communication in IoT networks. Overall, this research contributes to developing a secure and efficient key management scheme for lightweight block ciphers in IoT networks.

DECENT: Decentralized and Efficient Key Management to Secure Communication in Dense and Dynamic Environments

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), one aspect of the Smart City paradigm, aim to improve the efficiency, convenience, and safety of travelers. The integration of (vehicular) communication technologies allows communication between the on-board communication units (OBUs) of vehicles, roadside units (RSUs), and vulnerable road users (VRUs), and contribute to the efficacy of ITS applications. However, these additional sources of information must be reliable and accurate. Security primitives such as confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity are required, but only achievable when supported with a suitable cryptographic key management scheme. This paper presents the design of a decentralized and efficient key management scheme, abbreviated as the DECENT scheme. This scheme provides secure multi-hop communication in dense and dynamic network environments while functioning in a self-organized manner. Through threshold secret sharing techniques, network nodes act as a distributed trusted third party (TTP) such that a threshold number of nodes can collaborate to execute key management functions. These functions include decentralized node admission and key updating. Novelties include (i) the unique self-healing characteristic, meaning that DECENT is capable of independently recovering from network compromise, and (ii) guidelines for choosing an appropriate security threshold in any deployment scenario which maximizes the level of security while simultaneously guaranteeing that decentralized key management services can be provided.

Integrate the hierarchical cluster elliptic curve key agreement with multiple secure data transfer modes into wireless sensor networks

Since sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks or Internet of things have limited resources, achieving secure data transmissions among nodes is a challenge. Hence, efficient key management schemes with lightweight ciphers are essential. Many asymmetric keys or public key mechanisms have been developed. However, they are unsuitable for secure group communications in wireless sensor networks, because sensor nodes are usually devoid of sufficient memory, CPU and bandwidth to deal with complex operations. In addition, only a few group key agreements are integrated into secure data transmissions. Therefore, a key agreement using the hierarchy-based cluster elliptic curve key agreement named HCECKA is proposed in this study to deal with secure data transmissions in wireless sensor networks. The presented security mechanism relies on elliptic curves instead of logarithmic curves, and utilises a lesser key length to accomplish similar security classification than Diffie-Hellman and Rivest Shamir Adleman cryptosystems. Simultaneously, the proposed scheme provides a rapid, efficient and dynamic group key synchronisation technique in plenty of sensor nodes with no need for reorganising the whole system key if members join or leave wireless sensor networks.

Clustering method and symmetric/asymmetric cryptography scheme adapted to securing urban VANET networks

Due to the number of constraints and the dynamic nature of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET), effective information exchange always remains a difficult task. Management of various load control parameters between the different nodes of the urban VANET (UVANET) network makes the optimization is difficult. In this work, we use a multi-objective problem that takes the parameters of our algorithm based on the Graph Classification Method with Attribute Vectors (GCMAV) as input. This algorithm aims to provide an improved class lifetime, an improved information delivery rate, a reduced inter-class overload, and an optimization of a global criterion. A scalable algorithm is used to optimize the parameters of the GCMAV. Then, to address the performance and security challenges in the UVANET environment, we introduce an Efficient Key Management Scheme (KMSUNET) based on symmetric and asymmetric encryption. Our KMSUNET diagram takes into account the position of the vehicle nodes, the speed, the direction, the number of neighboring vehicle nodes, and the reputation of each node. The simulations were carried out using the NetSim simulator and Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms (MOEA) framework to optimize parameters. Experiments were carried out with realistic maps of Open Street Maps and its results were compared with other algorithms. The survey suggests that the proposed methodology works well concerning the average lifetime of the inter-classes and the information's delivery rate.

Scalable and Storage Efficient Dynamic Key Management Scheme for Wireless Sensor Network

Recently, there have been exploratory growth in the research of wireless sensor network due to wide applications like health monitoring, environment monitoring, and urban traffic management. Sensor network applications have been used in habitat monitoring, border monitoring, health care, and military surveillance. In some applications, the security of these networks is very essential and need robust support. For a network, it is very important that node in the network trust each other and malicious node should be discarded. Cryptography techniques are normally used to secure the networks. Key plays a very important role in network security. Other aspects of security such as integrity, authentication, and confidentiality also depend on keys. In wireless sensor network, it is very difficult to manage the keys as this includes distribution of key, generation of new session key as per requirements, and renewal or revoke the keys in case of attacks. In this paper, we proposed a scalable and storage efficient key management scheme (SSEKMS) for wireless sensor networks that establish the three types of keys for the network: a network key that is shared by all the nodes in the network, a cluster key shared for a cluster, and pairwise key for each pair of nodes. We analysed the resiliency of the scheme (that is the probability of key compromise against the node capture) and compared it with other existing schemes. SSEKMS is a dynamic key management system that also supports the inclusion of the new node and refreshes the keys as per requirements.

Two Variations of Peer Intermediaries for Key Establishment in Sensor Networks

Recently, the issue pertinent to sensor network security is a popular topic. Especially, due to the restriction of energy supplied by battery power of the sensors, symmetric cryptography is one of the suitable choices for the secret communication between sensors, while asymmetric cryptography is not appropriate because of its heavy loading on computation should consume a lot of energy. As a result of using symmetric cryptography, there are numerous research papers focusing on designing efficient key management scheme in sensor networks. PIKE designed by Chan and Perrig is a scheme using peer intermediaries and their pre-installed keys to deliver secret message from one sensor to another. However, they did not consider the case that the sensors are scattered in nonuniform way. Moreover, O(logn) is enough for sensor networks to achieve expander topology while PIKE has O(√n) storage overhead. This article gives generalizations of PIKE to offer more choices for developers under different requirements. The Constant Storage Protocol, abbreviated as CSP, costs constant memory storage and is more suitable for group-based deployment.

A Secure and Energy Efficient Sensor Nodes in Wireless Sensor Networks using Improved Ant Lion Optimization

The Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has three critical issues as like network lifetime, saving energy and security. A sensor node has limited battery power so it does need an effective key distribution and management mechanism for a safe communication. In the research literatures a massive key supply and administration methodology had been proposed. Thus, there exists a literature report of numerous schemes in WSNs for Key management and done with a wide analysis to classify the available techniques of key management and the expectable network security on them is studied. In this method a secure efficient key management scheme is proposed with the help of Ant Lion Optimization (ALO) for WSN. The aim of this method is to obtain improved security strength with cost effective. The nature of the ant lion in hunting its prey is derived for the ALO algorithm which known for its meta-heuristic function. In resolving the optimization complications with the advantage of having a great speed and limited parameters it is proved to have a better performance.

Chaotic African Buffalo Optimization Based Efficient Key Mechanism in Categorized Sensor Networks

In recent days, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) can be used to monitor the circumstances of various movable objects and several processes such as friendly forces monitoring, biological attack detection, fire detection and so on its applications are extended. To make all these applications reliable and secure, it is necessary to use cryptographic processes. The security of the whole network is depending on the strength of a generated key, the algorithm decides the size of the key handling and processing. In this research, a secure efficient key management scheme is proposed with the help of Chaotic African Buffalo Optimization (CABO) for wireless sensor networks. The evaluation of this method is made with the objective to improve the security strength and reduce the cost of resource. The traditional methods called genetic algorithm and an evolutionary algorithm named as Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is compared to verify the proposed scheme.

A secure and privacy-preserving key agreement and mutual authentication scheme

The development of manufacturing, communication, and computing technologies has promoted convergence of different network architectures, aiming to make full use of all resources to create valuable information. While heterogeneous integrated networks play a key role in providing highly effective and efficient solutions for medical users, they also raise various security and privacy issues. Strengthen the security and privacy protection and efficiency before transmitting sensitive data is a primary challenge to be addressed. Traditional authentication methods fail to differentiate the privacy sensitivity difference between data collected by distinct devices. We propose a secure and efficient key management scheme based on a key-exposure resistant chameleon hash function. Through adopting the devices' privacy sensitivity and users' attribute credential as two factors to establish trust between different entities, we proposed a secure and anonymous authentication protocol. The security analyses indicate that the proposed protocol can satisfy security requirements.

Practical Sender Authentication Scheme for In-Vehicle CAN With Efficient Key Management

Recently, Various security techniques are developed to provide security for In-vehicle CAN, but the limited characteristics of CAN protocol make it hard to apply them to a real vehicle. In this paper, we propose a sender authentication and key management schemes considering the limitations of In-vehicle CAN. Our proposed security scheme is designed considering the computing power of automotive ECU and the limited-size CAN data frame. Further, we suggest an efficient key management scheme causing no communication overhead in a session key update process. The security scheme has a structure that may be implemented without change of CAN standards. To evaluate the performance and security of the proposed scheme, we conduct hardware and network simulator based evaluation. Finally, through the analysis on the security and performance, we prove that our proposed scheme is suitable for solving the problem of In-vehicle CAN authentication.

Key Distribution and Management in WSN Security: A State of the Art

Offering efficient key management scheme (KMS) in WSN faces many challenges that will significantly impact the design and implementation of security protocols for WSN. The goal of KMS is to provide an effective environment in which the sensor node can communicate in a secure manner. It should be able to resolve the issue of generate, allocate the cryptographic keys in WSN in an efficient and effective manner. Hence, the methods for trustworthy allocation and management of these keys are very important for security of WSN. Many KMSs have been developed in recent years. However inherent characteristics of a WSN make incorporating security a great challenge. This paper presents a comprehensive review of current state-of-the-art of KMS designed for WSN security and compare with respect to several evaluation metrics. This paper also investigates the security requirements, goals and challenges of KMS based on existing literature reviews. We also attempt to provide insight in to potential research trends in the area of WSN security and outline the approaches that are likely to play a very important role.

Key pre-distribution approach using block LU decomposition in wireless sensor network

At present, many types of applications rely on wireless sensor networks because of their availability and advantages. The working environments of the wireless sensor networks are usually hostile and difficult to access because the sensor nodes are distributed randomly to their environments. Due to the random distribution of the sensor nodes, none of these nodes can authenticate the other sensor nodes within their range. Therefore, these sensor nodes need a key agreement scheme that allows them to establish secure communication with one another, hence protecting the communicating information before being conveyed to the base station. This paper proposes a new and efficient key management scheme for wireless sensor network based on the polynomial pool-based key pre-distribution scheme and the block LU decomposition algorithm. The proposed scheme ensures that any two communicating nodes must share a common key before communication starts. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated based on network connectivity, resilience against node capture, memory overhead, energy consumption and the number of Sybil nodes and the messages needed by the adversary to break the entire network. Therefore, a simulation-based evaluation was conducted, and the simulation results were compared with related works. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme performs better compared to the existing approaches. The BLU-decomposition algorithm allows the proposed approach to use more than one space to obtain the shared keys and decrease the amount of pre-distributed information to the sensor nodes.

An Improved Outlier Detection Mechanism for Hierarchical Key Management in Hierarchical Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs)

The purpose of this paper is to present an outlier detection mechanism for hierarchical key management which utilizes hybrid (public and private) key management scheme for implementing lightweight cryptographic primitives in hierarchical MANETs. Further, a comparative analysis of key management schemes is to be performed for identifying an efficient key management scheme for hierarchical MANETs. In key management methods, public and private group key management schemes are integrated at local level (subgroup) and global level (network). These key management schemes uses various topologies for minimizing communicational and computational costs. After implementing an efficient key management scheme, outliers in network are identified using packet analysis at key generation, key distribution, message transmission and key re-generation phases. It is observed that Teo and Tan key management approach with shamir’s threshold key distribution mechanism is an efficient approach key management scheme for group authentication and hierarchical key management. Further, a minimum improvement of 9.7% and 0.91%, and maximum improvements of 25.3% and 87.7% are observed for Packet Delivery Rate (APDR) and Average Throughput (AT) respectively in a network of 1000 nodes. The proposed method requires four sequential analysis of outlier detection schemes at different layers of MANET protocol stack because single scheme per layer is not efficient in identifying outliers in proposed network. The proposed key management method is useful for MANETs in group authentication and implementation of lightweight cryptographic primitives with secure key. Further, outlier detection mechanism can be extended for identifying various active and passive attacks.

Dynamic Key Management Schemes in Wireless Sensor Networks and Cyber Physical Systems

With the fast development and widespread comply of wireless sensor networks (WSN) security is one of the prominent issues. WSNs have been used in many applications including environmental monitoring, wireless mobile networks for health monitoring, traffic monitoring, real space monitoring and in military surveillance. Due to the limitations of sensor nodes, traditional key management schemes have some problem’s, therefore efficient key management schemes are required for WSNs for secure communication. The main aim of key management scheme is to establish keys between the communicating nodes to exchange data in Cyber Physical Systems (CPS). Key management schemes are classified into static and dynamic. In static schemes, there are many challenges. Among the communication entities, there is no handshaking in static key management and other approach is distributed pair wise keys which are used for an exchange of data between communication nodes. To overcome those challenges dynamic key management schemes have been introduced. Security services such as authentication, integrity­, non-repudiation, and confidentiality are required for message security. Thus, key management is one of the fundamental issues in CPS security.

Efficient authentication and key management scheme for wireless mesh networks

Wireless mesh network (WMN) is considered as one of most emerging field for the research work in today's networking area due to its various approaches available to handle the network resources. Various architectures have been proposed so far and main key challenge for the design of this network is their vulnerability to security attacks. Therefore an efficient key management is required to overcome from such security exploitation such as unauthorised access to the network. WMNs need to be clustered into multiple groups to achieve fast and efficient security mechanism to overcome from security attacks. Therefore, we have proposed a group key agreement protocol based on Diffie-Hellman protocol and digital signature to authenticate the mesh entities within the group. The authentication took place between trusted authority (TA) and mesh clients with efficient communication and computational cost and results in reduction of packet loss by an attacker in wireless network which improves the overall performance of the WMNs. Our experimental result proves that it achieves better communication and computational cost with non-repudiation attack.

Efficient authentication and key management scheme for wireless mesh networks

Efficient authentication and key management scheme for wireless mesh networks

Efficient key management scheme for health blockchain

Healthcare is a big application scenario of blockchain, and blockchains used in healthcare are called health blockchain. In general, blockchain blocks are open and the transactions in them are public. If some privacy data are involved in these transactions, they will be leaked. Owing to healthcare system involving a great deal of privacy data, certain security mechanisms must be built to protect these privacy data in health blockchain. Furthermore, because the core of security mechanisms is the key management schemes, the appropriate key management schemes should be designed before blockchains can be used in healthcare system. Here, according to the features of health blockchain, the authors use a body sensor network to design a lightweight backup and efficient recovery scheme for keys of health blockchain. The authors’ analyses show that the scheme has high security and performance, and it can be used to protect privacy messages on health blockchain effectively and to promote the application of health blockchain.

A Novel Physical Layer Secure Key Generation and Refreshment Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks

Physical layer secure key generation (PL-SKG) schemes have received a lot of attention from the wireless security community in recent years because of the potential benefits that they could bring to the security landscape. These schemes aim to strengthen current security protocols by reducing the amount of key material that devices need for deployment. They do this by harnessing the common source of randomness provided by the wireless channel that the physical layer is communicating over. This is of particular importance in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) where resources are particularly scarce and where issues, such as key revocation and recovery make the design of efficient key management schemes extremely difficult. This paper discusses the issues and challenges encountered in the design and implementation of PL-SKG schemes on off-the-shelf WSNs. It then proposes a novel key generation scheme that takes advantage of both the power and simplicity of classic error correcting codes and also the diversity of frequency channels available on 802.15.4 compliant nodes to generate keys from received signal strength readings. This paper shows that our key generation and refreshment scheme can achieve a near 100% key reconciliation rate whilst also providing perfect forward and backward security.

The Cluster-based Key Management Mechanism with Secure Data Transmissions Scheme in Wireless Sensor Networks

Since Wireless Sensor Nodes (WSNs) have limited resources, achieving secure data transmissions among nodes is a challenge. Hence, efficient key management schemes with lightweight ciphers are essential. Many asymmetric key or public key mechanisms have been developed. However, they are unsuitable for secure group communications in WSNs, because sensor nodes cannot provide sufficient CPU, memory and bandwidth to address complex operations. Besides, only a few group key agreements are integrated into secure data transmissions. Therefore, this study presents a Cluster-based Elliptic Curve Key Management (CECKM) scheme for secure data transmissions in WSNs. The proposed security scheme relies on elliptic curves instead of logarithmic curves, and exploits a smaller key size to achieve comparable security levels than Rivest Shamir Adleman (RSA) and Diffie-Hellman (DH) cryptosystems [1]. Meanwhile, the proposed scheme provides a dynamic, rapid and efficient group key synchronization mechanism in numerous sensor nodes without reconfiguring the entire key system when sensor nodes participate in or depart from WSNs.

Energy Efficient Key Distribution and Management Scheme in Wireless Sensor Networks

With vast areas of application ranging from household automation systems through industrial plant monitoring systems to military surveillance systems, security has become a major concern especially in aggressive environments like battle fields. The sensor nodes along with the data, while in transit, must be protected from malicious attackers. Though using public key cryptographic schemes like RSA and elliptic curve cryptography would provide sufficient security. Their use has been limited owing to their computationally intensive operations which conflict with the resource limitations in wireless sensor nodes. Key pre-distribution has proved to be the most feasible amongst key management schemes in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Research in key management continues to take center stage due to its importance amongst security primitives in WSNs. An improved energy efficient key distribution and management scheme is proposed in this paper. Results and simulations show that the proposed scheme conserves energy and performs better than other existing techniques.