Efficient IoT Research Articles

Research on Oracle Technology Based on Multi-Threshold Aggregate Signature Algorithm and Enhanced Trustworthy Oracle Reputation Mechanism.

In the realm of IoT sensor data security, particularly in areas like agricultural product traceability, the challenges of ensuring product origin and quality are paramount. This research presents a novel blockchain oracle solution integrating an enhanced MTAS signature algorithm derived from the Schnorr signature algorithm. The key improvement lies in the automatic adaptation of flexible threshold values based on the current scenario, catering to diverse security and efficiency requirements. Utilizing the continuously increasing block height of the blockchain as a pivotal blinding parameter, our approach strengthens signature verifiability and security. By combining the block height with signature parameters, we devise a distinctive signing scheme reliant on a globally immutable timestamp. Additionally, this study introduces a reliable oracle reputation mechanism for monitoring and assessing oracle node performance, maintaining both local and global reputations. This mechanism leverages smart contracts to evaluate each oracle's historical service, penalizing or removing nodes engaged in inappropriate behaviors. Experimental results highlight the innovative contributions of our approach to enhancing on-chain efficiency and fortifying security during the on-chain process, offering promising advancements for secure and efficient IoT sensor data transmission.

TEGBed: A thermal energy harvesting testbed for batteryless internet of things

This paper presents TEGBed, a testbed designed for the evaluation and testing of batteryless devices powered using thermal energy. TEGBed offers the capability to mimic real-life temperature gradients, providing researchers with a controlled environment for testing and evaluating batteryless devices. Researchers can leverage TEGBed to accelerate their investigations, gain insights into the behaviour of batteryless devices, and drive advancements in the field of sustainable and efficient IoT technologies. The TEGBed consists of a temperature emulator for emulating temperature differences, Joule Counter, a novel hardware tool for energy and power measurement, and a framework for non-supervised operation. By using the temperature emulator, TEGBed can emulate real-life energy harvesting situations in the lab. The Joule Counter allows gauging the power output from energy harvesting units for a wide range of output power. This enables researchers to gain insights into the energy harvesting capacity and efficiency of harvesting and power management units under different scenarios. With the help of different real-world use cases, we demonstrate the capabilities and effectiveness of TEGBed in assessing thermal energy harvesters and batteryless designs. In addition, we demonstrate how TEGBed can be used for the feasibility study of harvesting energy from two different underutilized heat sources; the temperature difference between soil and air and the temperature difference between the interior and exterior of a greenhouse. Emulations with the TEGBed show that, we could harvest an average of 0.89mW power from soil-air temperature differences and 0.60mW power from greenhouse temperature differences.

Employing Collective Intelligence at the IoT Edge for Spatial Decisions

This paper explores the synergies between collective intelligence and edge computing, presenting a novel paradigm that harnesses decentralized processing power for collaborative problem-solving. Edge devices, such as sensors and IoT devices, collect spatial data in real time from their local environments. They can incorporate machine learning algorithms to analyze spatial data, enabling quicker and more context-aware decision-making. Spatial clustering, a pivotal strategy in IoT edge computing, is examined to optimize localized data processing, enhance resource efficiency, and enable real-time analytics in decentralized environments. By leveraging the physical proximity of devices, spatial clustering contributes to the effectiveness and sustainability of IoT deployments at the edge. The paper introduces an innovative approach to adaptive spatial clustering by adopting swarm intelligence, drawing inspiration from the collective behavior of a flock of birds. Building upon the classical flock model of Reynolds, our extended model incorporates movement in a multi-dimensional space and introduces different types of birds. In this context, the birds serve as agents for discovering points with specific characteristics in a multidimensional space. The integration of swarm intelligence into spatial clustering presents a promising avenue for addressing the challenges of decentralized processing in edge computing environments, paving the way for more efficient and responsive IoT deployments.

Secure and Efficient Fog-Assisted Quantum-Inspired Wearable Healthcare Consumer Electronics IoT System

Secure and Efficient Fog-Assisted Quantum-Inspired Wearable Healthcare Consumer Electronics IoT System

Energy Efficient UAV-Aassisted IoT Data Collection: A Graph-Based Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach

Energy Efficient UAV-Aassisted IoT Data Collection: A Graph-Based Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach

Design of an efficient IoT based Pacemaker for Heart Function Enhancement using Triple band ACS feed Antenna

Design of an efficient IoT based Pacemaker for Heart Function Enhancement using Triple band ACS feed Antenna

Resilient Energy Efficient IoT Infrastructure With Server and Network Protection for Healthcare Monitoring Applications

Resilient Energy Efficient IoT Infrastructure With Server and Network Protection for Healthcare Monitoring Applications

An efficient IoT group association and data sharing mechanism in edge computing paradigm

Despite its benefits and promising future, security and privacy challenges for the IoT wireless communication of edge computing environment remain unaddressed. As a result, proper authentication mechanisms are critical, especially in the extreme scenario where some edge facilities are not functional. For the above consideration, in this paper we develop an efficient IoT group association and updating mechanism in edge computing paradigm. The proposed scheme can provide data transmission and communication guarantees for special practical scenarios. The group key updating process in our architecture only necessitates minor changes on the EI side, whereas the decryption information of some IoT devices remains constant if the devices have not been revoked. The proposed strategy can accomplish the desired security features, according to the security analysis.

Performance of Energy and Spectrally Efficient AF Relay-Aided Incremental CDRT NOMA-Based IoT Network With Imperfect SIC for Smart Cities

Performance of Energy and Spectrally Efficient AF Relay-Aided Incremental CDRT NOMA-Based IoT Network With Imperfect SIC for Smart Cities

Empowering smart cities: High-altitude platforms based Mobile Edge Computing and Wireless Power Transfer for efficient IoT data processing

This work presents an efficient framework that combines High Altitude Platform (HAP)-based Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) networks with Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) to optimize resource allocation and task offloading. With the proliferation of smart sensor nodes (IoT) generating real-time data, there is a pressing need to overcome device limitations, including finite battery life and computational resources. Our proposed framework leverages HAP-based MEC servers, offering on-demand computation and communication resources without extensive physical infrastructure. Additionally, WPT, through terrestrial networks, addresses IoT device battery constraints by enabling energy harvesting from nearby access points. The primary focus is joint optimization, aiming to maximize computing bits while minimizing energy consumption under system constraints. Given the optimization problem’s complexity, we employ a decomposition approach, breaking it into sub-problems. The first part handles mode selection and task segmentation, determining optimal placement and mode selection variables. The second part addresses resource allocation, optimizing transmission power, offloading time, energy harvesting time, and device computational resources. Numerical results demonstrate the framework’s effectiveness compared to relevant benchmark schemes. This approach holds promise for enhancing IoT device performance and energy efficiency in smart city applications.

An enhanced distributed framework for real-time performance testing of large scale IoT dataset using big data analytic tools

<p>The demand for analyzing enormous IoT datasets is rising in parallel with the popularity of the IoT. There are considerable obstacles to effective processing and analysis due to the amount, velocity, and variety of IoT data. In this research, we present a distributed system that makes use of big data analytic tools like Apache Hive, Spark, and Hadoop to efficiently test the performance of massive IoT datasets. The framework addresses the lack of a comprehensive solution by providing a scalable and fault-tolerant architecture. We discuss the motivation behind real-time performance testing in the context of big data analytics for IoT datasets and highlight the need for a distributed framework. A literature review is conducted to explore existing performance testing frameworks, big data analytic tools, and approaches for performance testing big data analytics. The proposed framework’s key components, including dataset generation, test scenario specification, cluster configuration, performance metrics collection, analysis and visualization modules, and implementation details, including tool choices, are discussed. An experimental evaluation is conducted to validate the framework’s performance, and it is suggested to incorporate blockchain technology. Overall, the proposed framework offers a comprehensive solution for real-time performance testing of large-scale IoT datasets, providing organizations and researchers with a valuable tool to ensure efficient and reliable IoT data processing and analysis.</p>

Joint MU-MIMO Precoding and Computation Optimization for Energy Efficient Industrial IoT With Mobile Edge Computing

In the fourth industrial revolution, the industrial Internet of things (IIoT) will bring fundamental changes to human communities. This paper proposes to make full use of the under-utilized computing resources of wired edge devices to alleviate the computing burden of the processing center in delay-constrained multi-user networks. Our goal is to minimize the weighted energy consumption while ensuring the required latency. The formulated problems are NP-hard involving joint optimization of the computation task assignment, transmit association design, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) precoding, and computing resource allocation with binary and partial offloading protocols. By utilizing the weighted minimum mean-squared-error method, quadratic transformation, and difference of convex functions algorithm, we propose two joint computation offloading and resource allocation algorithms for binary and partial offloading protocols, respectively. Simulation results confirm the efficiency of the proposed algorithms and demonstrate that the proposed algorithms achieve a significant computation performance enhancement.

A Multi-Classifiers Based Algorithm for Energy Efficient Tasks Offloading in Fog Computing.

The IoT has connected a vast number of devices on a massive internet scale. With the rapid increase in devices and data, offloading tasks from IoT devices to remote Cloud data centers becomes unproductive and costly. Optimizing energy consumption in IoT devices while meeting deadlines and data constraints is challenging. Fog Computing aids efficient IoT task processing with proximity to nodes and lower service delay. Cloud task offloading occurs frequently due to Fog Computing's limited resources compared to remote Cloud, necessitating improved techniques for accurate categorization and distribution of IoT device task offloading in a hybrid IoT, Fog, and Cloud paradigm. This article explores relevant offloading strategies in Fog Computing and proposes MCEETO, an intelligent energy-aware allocation strategy, utilizing a multi-classifier-based algorithm for efficient task offloading by selecting optimal Fog Devices (FDs) for module placement. MCEETO decision parameters include task attributes, Fog node characteristics, network latency, and bandwidth. The method is evaluated using the iFogSim simulator and compared with edge-ward and Cloud-only strategies. The proposed solution is more energy-efficient, saving around 11.36% compared to Cloud-only and approximately 9.30% compared to the edge-ward strategy. Additionally, the MCEETO algorithm achieved a 67% and 96% reduction in network usage compared to both strategies.

Data Instrumentation From IoT Network Traffic as Support for Security Management

The Internet of Things revolutionizes human life by inaugurating scenarios such as smart homes. However, IoT devices contain much sensitive information about users and devices from a security and privacy perspective. Through traffic-based attacks, adversaries map changes in traffic rates to a particular in-home user’s actions. An efficient IoT data instrumentation may protect users against traffic-based attacks by giving valuable information to adaptive network security solutions. Nonetheless, no work performs data instrumentation or uses feature exploration to reveal relevant features to assist network security management. Thus, this article introduces IoTReGuard, an IoT Method to Reveal and Guard IoT Network Traffic Features. IoTReguard aims to explore network traffic features to reveal the most relevant ones and hide them to protect users’ privacy. By IoT network feature exploration and data instrumentation, IoTReGuard provides valuable information on network traffic features to mask critical features. Results showed that IoTReGuard reduced from 70% to 20% of F1-Score on identifying the IoT devices, improving user privacy.

An explainable efficient flow-based Industrial IoT intrusion detection system

With the steady growth in the adoption of IoT in an industrial context, security challenges intensify. Security threats to IoT devices in a nuclear plant or an oil refinery are much higher risk compared to home appliances. In this paper, we present an explainable, efficient, and highly accurate machine-learning based intrusion detection system for industrial IoT, referred to as E2I3DS. This work successfully reduces the needed features within the WUSTL-IIOT-2021 dataset from 48 features to 11 only, while maintaining very high accuracy. Experiments utilizing the 11-feature dataset showed that proposed system has a higher accuracy of 99.97%, with a false positive rate of 0.01% and a false negative rate of 0.04%. The proposed system also proved to be very efficient with an excellent detection time of 0.1517 μs. In addition, the model was explained using Shapley additive explanations.

An efficient IoT based framework for detecting rice disease in smart farming system

An efficient IoT based framework for detecting rice disease in smart farming system

Network-aware RF-energy harvesting for designing energy efficient IoT networks

Energy Harvesting plays a crucial role in improving the network lifetime of an IoT application. Radio Frequency (RF) energy is one of the most prominent ambient energy sources available that can be used for harvesting energy. Moreover, a number of dedicated RF-energy transmitters is required for sufficient energy transfer to the power deficit IoT nodes. However, the appropriate positioning of these RF-energy transmitters in the network is a challenging issue. In this context, a network-aware RF-energy transmitter positioning scheme is proposed in this work. This RF-energy transmitter deployment scheme considers different network performance parameters such as energy-hole information, node-connectivity information, and data routing information for RF-energy transmitter placement. Apart from that, the amount of RF-energy harvested is constrained to the RF-energy carried by the propagating RF-waves. Moreover, the wireless medium uncertainties result in severe attenuation of the propagating RF-waves. In this regard, a robust hybrid RF-wave propagation model is also proposed. The proposed model amalgamates different wave propagation mechanisms for signal strength prediction in the propagating RF-waves. This helps in improving the modelling accuracy of the RF-waves. The proposed model also predicts the amount of residual RF-energy available in the propagating RF-wave for harvesting. This model is also validated against the practical datasets generated from experiments. The proposed transmitter positioning scheme, along with the hybrid RF-wave propagation model, overcome the energy hole issue in the IoT networks and improves energy efficiency. Extensive simulations are conducted under various network scenarios to evaluate the energy harvesting performance of the proposed methods. It is observed that the proposed network-aware RF-energy harvesting scheme improves the network performance in terms of energy harvesting, network coverage, and the lifetime of IoT network.

Efficient IoT Big Data Streaming With Deep-Learning-Enabled Dynamics

Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is igniting many emerging smart health applications, by continuously streaming the big data for data-driven innovations. One critical obstacle in IoMT big data is the power hungriness of long-term data transmission. Targeting this challenge, we propose a novel framework called, IoMT big-data Bayesian-backward deep-encoder learning (IBBD), which mines deep autoencoder (AE) configurations for data sparsification and determines optimal tradeoffs between information loss and power overhead. More specifically, the IBBD framework leverages an additional external Bayesian-backward loop that recommends AE configurations, on top of a traditional deep learning loop that executes and evaluate the AE quality. The IBBD recommendation is based on confidence to further minimize the regularized metrics that quantify the quality of AE configurations, and it further leverages regularization techniques to allow adjusting error–power tradeoffs in the mining process. We have conducted thorough experiments on a cardiac data streaming application and demonstrated the superiority of IBBD over the common practices such as discrete wavelet transform, and we have further generalized IBBD through validating the optimal AE configurations determined on one user to other users. This study is expected to greatly advance IoMT big data streaming practices toward precision medicine.

Multi-Story Building Model for Efficient IoT Network Design

This article presents a new network model for IoT that is based on a multi-story building structure. The model locates network nodes in a regular, cubic lattice-like structure, resulting in an equation for the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The study also determines the relationship between traffic density, network density, and SNR. In addition, the article explores the potential of percolation theory in characterizing network functionality. The findings offer a new approach to network design and planning, allowing for selecting a network topology that meets criteria and requirements while ensuring connectivity and improving efficiency. The developed analytical apparatus provides valuable insights into the properties of the network and its applicability to specific conditions.

An efficient IoT based smart water quality monitoring system

An efficient IoT based smart water quality monitoring system