Gain Efficiency Research Articles

A Review and Comprehensive Study on DC-DC Converters

Background: DC-DC converters are used in various applications based on their required voltage capabilities ranging from milli volts to thousands of volts. Methods: This review paper discusses various voltage boosting techniques, such as buck-boost, switched inductor, switched capacitors, isolated converters, etc., and provides a detailed evaluation of the literature and comparison of different DC-DC converters. Results: This study reports a number of storage elements included, such as inductors and capacitors as well as switches and diodes. Their features along with methodologies, merits, complexity, efficiency, and voltage gain have been tabulated. A comprehensive study, converter classification based on the characteristics, and a detailed analysis of isolated and non-isolated DC-DC converters have also been provided. Conclusion: As this study provides a comparison of each isolated and non-isolated converter's comprehensive gain, this research may help in future topology optimization for the choice of the ideal converter for applications. In addition, the examination of each isolated and non-isolated converter's comprehensive gain comparison has also been presented in this paper.

Adjusting for incomplete baseline covariates in randomized controlled trials: a cross-world imputation framework.

In randomized controlled trials, adjusting for baseline covariates is commonly used to improve the precision of treatment effect estimation. However, covariates often have missing values. Recently, Zhao and Ding studied two simple strategies, the single imputation method and missingness-indicator method (MIM), to handle missing covariates and showed that both methods can provide an efficiency gain compared to not adjusting for covariates. To better understand and compare these two strategies, we propose and investigate a novel theoretical imputation framework termed cross-world imputation (CWI). This framework includes both single imputation and MIM as special cases, facilitating the comparison of their efficiency. Through the lens of CWI, we show that MIM implicitly searches for the optimal CWI values and thus achieves optimal efficiency. We also derive conditions under which the single imputation method, by searching for the optimal single imputation values, can achieve the same efficiency as the MIM. We illustrate our findings through simulation studies and a real data analysis based on the Childhood Adenotonsillectomy Trial. We conclude by discussing the practical implications of our findings.

Photodetector for visible light based on Fe(phen)2(SCN)2 molecule

This paper describes a unique method that uses Iron (phen) molecule [phen: 1,10-phenanthroline] placed on a glass substrate to create a photodetector (PD) that is sensitive to visible light as a heterostructure device. The structural, morphological, and optical properties of the samples were investigated using techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectra (EDX), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The photosensitivity of the Iron (phen) /glass PD was evaluated at different bias voltages (5, 10, 15, and 20 V) at wavelength of 510 nm. The photosensitivity values were found to be 58.45, 76.82, 84.9, and 87.83, indicating the PD's ability to generate a measurable electrical response to light stimuli in the visible range. Furthermore, the response and recovery times of the Iron (phen) PD were assessed when exposed to pulsed visible light at a wavelength of 510 nm and bias voltages of 5, 10, 15 and 20 V. The results indicated favorable response and recovery times, suggesting the PD's capability to quickly detect and recover from changes in light intensity. At a bias voltage of 20 V and under illumination with visible light at 510 nm, the Iron (phen) PD demonstrated a maximum current gain of 9.22 and a quantum efficiency (ƞ) of 28.17. These values indicate the PD's ability to amplify the generated electrical current and efficiently convert incident photons into detectable electrical signals. Overall, the fabricated Iron (phen) glass PD exhibited promising photosensitivity, response and recovery times, current gain, and quantum efficiency when exposed to visible light. The findings suggest the potential application of Iron (phen) as a material for visible light photodetection.

Design of a Simulated Tri-Bandwidth circular patch with slot for X and C bands applications

Scientists continue to improve the performance and efficiency of microstrip antenna designs as technology evolves, aiming to improve their adaptability to different environments and constraints. These antennas play an important role in modern communication technologies and in signal path systems demonstrate development, computer modeling and testing of microstrip line and coaxial cable with G-shaped slots in the strip. The antenna was designed and simulated using CST simulation software. Antenna performance was analyzed, considering several factors such as return loss, gain, directness, bandwidth, 3D radiation patterns and more. Simulated results showed that the proposed antennas exhibit a wide frequency range, with the microstrip line feed antenna and coaxial cable obtaining a value of 61% and 65%, respectively. These two antennas exhibited remarkable gain which are 7.784 dBm and 7.787 dBm, respectively. The microstrip line achieved a maximum feed efficiency of 93.12%, while the coaxial cable achieved a maximum feed efficiency of 97.65%. The findings suggest that providing the antenna with coaxial cable as opposed to fine tape line improves its performance. Antennas with coaxial cable have wider bandwidth, higher gain, and better efficiency compared to microstrip line antennas.

Design and Analysis of a Dual-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for Sub-6 GHz Applications

This paper explores the design, simulation, and analysis of a dual-band Microstrip patch antenna designed to operate efficiently at frequency ranges of 3.32 GHz - 3.62 GHz and 4.72 GHz - 6.83 GHz, utilizing Ansys High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software. The primary objective is to enhance performance metrics such as bandwidth, gain, and radiation efficiency to meet the requirements of applications necessitating concurrent operation at both frequency bands. The study involves a comprehensive design, iterative simulation, and detailed analysis using Ansys HFSS, with customized design considerations aimed at optimizing performance for modern wireless communication systems. The research was conducted in a simulated environment over a period that included iterative design processes, multiple simulation runs, and thorough analysis phases. Methodologically, the study focused on iterative design refinement to improve key performance parameters such as reflection coefficient, gain, radiation efficiency, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), and relative permittivity at the specified frequency bands. Results indicate that at 3.32 GHz - 3.62 GHz, the antenna achieves a reflection coefficient of -5 dB, a gain of 2.77 dB, a radiation efficiency of 0.7429, and a VSWR of 1.9299. At the higher frequency range of 4.72 GHz - 6.83 GHz, the antenna exhibits a reflection coefficient of -20.5213 dB, a gain of 3.34 dB, a radiation efficiency of 0.7, and a VSWR of 1.2203. These findings underscore the antenna's capability to deliver improved performance metrics across both frequency bands. In conclusion, the dual-band Microstrip patch antenna designed and analyzed through Ansys HFSS demonstrates significant potential for use in contemporary wireless communication systems, offering enhanced bandwidth, gain, and radiation efficiency suitable for multi-frequency applications.

Dietary supplementation with a silicate clay mineral (palygorskite) alleviates inflammatory responses and intestinal barrier damage in broiler chickens challenged with Escherichia coli

This experiment aimed to explore the protective effects of dietary palygorskite (Pal) supplementation on inflammatory responses and intestinal barrier function of broiler chickens challenged with Escherichia coli (E. coli). A 2 × 2 factorial arrangement was designed to assess the effects of Pal administration (0 or 5 g/kg of feed) and E. coli challenge (E. coli or bacterial culture medium) on broilers in a 21-d feeding trial. Birds were randomly assigned into one of the 4 groups, and each group had 8 replicates with ten birds each. The challenged chickens were orally gavaged with E. coli suspended in Luria-Bertani broth on 14 d of age, while unchallenged birds were administrated with an equivalent amount of culture medium. The sampling was performed at 21 d of age. Compared with the normal birds, an oral E. coli challenge reduced final body weight, and decreased feed intake, weight gain, and feed efficiency during the challenge period (P < 0.05). E. coli challenge promoted colonization of E. coli in cecal content and their translocation to internal organs (heart, liver, and spleen) (P < 0.05). E. coli infection also increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in jejunum and ileum possibly through activating the toll-like receptor-4-mediated signaling pathway (P < 0.05). Moreover, E. coli administration increased intestinal mucosal permeability (higher serum D-lactate level and diamine oxidase activity, and lower intestinal mucosal disaccharidase activities), altered intestinal morphology, and downregulated the gene expression of intestinal tight junction proteins (P < 0.05). In contrast, Pal supplementation enhanced growth performance, inhibited colonization of E. coli, reduced intestinal inflammation, decreased intestinal permeability, restored intestinal morphology, and normalized the expression of genes responsible for inflammatory processes and maintenance of intestinal mucosal barrier (P < 0.05), and most of these beneficial effects resulting from Pal administration were independent of bacterial challenge. The results indicated dietary Pal incorporation was effective in improving growth performance and alleviating inflammation and intestinal mucosal barrier damage in broilers challenged with E. coli.

Gyro-TWT Frequency Multiplier

Gyrotron-type amplifiers are being developed for various applications requiring high power in the millimeter wavelength range. Calculations of the optimal designs of gyrotron traveling wave tubes (gyro-TWTs), presented in the article, were carried out using the Gyro-K computer program using a coordinate transformation technique, which made it possible to significantly reduce the calculation time of gyroresonance devices by reducing the three-dimensional problem of excitation of an irregular waveguide to a one-dimensional one. Two options for creating a gyro-TWT using the TE02 wave mode are considered: the first one is operating at the first harmonic of the gyrofrequency, the second is a frequency multiplier. The achievable characteristics of devices in the terahertz frequency range are presented, such as gain bands, efficiency, gain factors and distributions of high-frequency fields in longitudinal and transverse sections. The gyro-TWT frequency multiplier has a gain bandwidth of 7.2 %, an efficiency of 17 %, and a gain of 30 dB.

A 46% PAE, 2.4-GHz Two-Stage Class E Power Amplifier Utilizing CMOS 0.13-µm Technology

A wireless device with a long battery life and great sensitivity becomes difficult to develop since there is a huge demand for low-power, low-cost wireless gadgets. The power amplifier (PA) is the most crucial part of radio frequency (RF) transceivers because of its massive power consumption. Consequently, in order to minimize power loss, a very effective and low-power consumption PA is needed. In this paper, high efficiency two-stage CMOS PA designed in 0.13-μm process for 2.4 GHz IoT transmitter applications is presented. The driver stage and power stage are the two stages that make up the two-stage topology of the proposed CMOS PA. To attain high efficiency and great power gain, a class E PA is used at the power stage. The LC matching network at the output is used for harmonic rejection filter at 2.4 GHz with an additional parallel capacitor helps for better harmonic rejection. In addition, a layout has been successfully designed and optimized. All the components in the proposed PA are designed on-chip. The pre-layout and post-layout simulations have been conducted to verify the proposed PA's performance. The pre-layout simulation of the proposed PA can deliver 19.19 dBm output power and 45.2% PAE at 2.0 V power supply into a 50-Ω load. On the other hand, the proposed PA produced an output power of 17.33 dBm and 46% PAE, according to the results of the post-layout simulation with a similar power supply of 2.0 V. The chip area for the proposed layout design is 1.05 mm2.

A comprehensive network meta-analysis to assess the benefit of starter fertilization on yield, nutrient uptake and nutrient use efficiency

BackgroundPlaced starter fertilization, a well-established fertilization practice in agriculture, aims to increase fertilizer use efficiency and yield. So far, numerous studies have proven positive effect on yields. However, the impact on nutrient use efficiency and nutrient uptake was not investigated profoundly. Additionally, diverse unidentified edaphic and environmental factors, and fertilization strategies cause a high uncertainty for the outcome under field conditions. ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to quantify the impact of a placed starter fertilization on yield, N and P uptake as well as N and P use efficiency. Thereby, the importance of influencing environmental factors and management strategies and the magnitude of their impact should be clarified. MethodsWe performed a network meta-analysis including 1158 observations from 57 peer-reviewed studies and provided a holistic investigation on the effect of placed starter fertilization on yield, nutrient use efficiencies, and aboveground nutrient contents compared to fertilizing without starter fertilization. ResultsThis study revealed that placed starter fertilization significantly increased yield by 9.4 %. Especially in warm, arid climates as well as in warm, hyper-humid climates the fertilizer use efficiency gain was most pronounced. While N uptake and N use efficiency could not benefit significantly from a placed starter fertilization, P uptake and P use efficiency were both enhanced. In the future, combining N and P and using ammonium-based fertilizers can guarantee the effectiveness of a placed starter fertilization. ConclusionsIn summary, placed starter fertilization is a potent strategy to increase yield and improve P use efficiency and P uptake. When applied in the right climate, with the right dosage and N compound, additional advantages of a placed starter fertilization can be exploited. ImplicationsThe current study not only deepens our understanding of the connection of fertilization methods and agronomic performance, but also provides a guideline for improving the efficiency of placed starter fertilization.

Performance and Exergy analysis of TurboJet and TurboFan configurations with Rotating Detonation Combustor

Conventional gas turbine is reaching its saturation level and further improvement in the cycle efficiency is possible through redesigning the cycle. One of the effective methods is to introduce a Pressure Gain Combustor (PGC) in place of the conventional deflagration combustor as PGC contributes to a considerable gain in thermal efficiency. Pulsed Detonation Combustor (PDC) and Rotating Detonation Combustor (RDC) are the two most prevalent combustor designs for pressure gain combustion. The major challenges of integrating PGCs to existing conventional cycles are the highly unsteady exhaust flow from PGC, high exhaust temperatures from PGC, potential back flow from combustor to compressor. As turbines are designed for much steadier flows, this unsteady exhaust flow and high temperature exhaust gas from PGC is challenging for the turbine of the cycle and its design. One of the solutions is to have an ejector between the PGC and turbine in order to reduce the flow fluctuations, flow velocity and flow temperature. In this work, different cycle layouts of Turbojet and Turbofan engines working with RDC are described. Low order RDC and ejector models are used in this paper. As the ejector is being used, the compressed air from the compressor is split for RDC, ejector, turbine blade cooling. The different cases for the compressed air split are also examined. The performance parameters of the engines are evaluated for different compressor pressure ratios, fan pressure ratios, bypass ratios. Finally, an exergy analysis is performed on all components.

Holstein calves fed a milk replacer with a direct-fed microbial and a starter containing a botanical extract or a direct-fed microbial alone or in combination

Botanical extracts (BE; Apex, Adisseo, North America) have demonstrated enhanced DMI and improved gut health, while direct fed microbials (DFM), such as Lactobacillus acidophilus fermentation product (EX: Excell, Pacer Technology, Inc.), has demonstrated improved gut health and growth performance of growing Holstein calves. The hypothesis was this combination may be synergistic to neonatal calf growth performance and intestinal health. Eighty, 2-5-d old Holstein bull calves were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to one of 8 treatments arranged in a 2 × 4 factorial using a randomized complete block design. The main factors were milk replacer (MR) without (Control) and with EX added at 5 g/d fed and calf starter (CS). The CS containing no additives (Control); CS containing BE at 496 mg/kg; CS containing EX at 2.50 g/kg; and CS containing BE and EX at the same inclusion rates. The MR were fed 2x/d at 0630 and 1800 h along with free choice CS (amounts and orts weighed d) and water. Weaning occurred after d 42 for the 56-d experiment. No MR by CS main effects interactions were detected for BW, ADG, CS intake, total DMI, feed efficiency or body frame gain parameters. The BW gain (38.0 and 39.3 kg for control and EX, respectively) for MR main effect was similar for calves fed both MR, while CS main effects (38.7, 39.7, 39.2, and 37.2 kg for control, BE, EX, and BE&EX, respectively) was similar among all CS. Gains in body length (10.6 and 10.8 cm), hip width (4.5 and 4.5 cm), withers height, (10.5 and 10.6 cm) heart girth (18.6 and 19.9 cm) and body length (9.1 and 7.9 cm) were similar for calves fed both MR, while CS main effects for hip height (10.5, 10.2, 10.3, and 10.9 cm), hip width (4.7, 4.6, 4.4, and 4.3 cm) withers height (10.7, 10.9, 10.3 and 10.6 cm), heart girth (19.9, 18.9, 18.9, and 19.4 cm), and body length (11.7, 9.1, 8.3, and 8.4 cm) were similar. Total days of a fecal score = 0 was greater for calves fed Control MR and BE CS compared with calves fed Contol MR and the combination of BE&EX with calves fed the remaining treatments being intermediated and similar. This study demonstrated little calf growth performance and health benefits when feeding a BE or EX alone or in combination compared with calves fed control.

Metasurface frequency reconfigurable antenna optimizes using neural network algorithm for wireless applications

Abstract As the demand increases in the field of wireless communication system, the interest of researchers increases to develop and analyzes the antenna for these applications. This article present metasurface (MS) frequency reconfigurable antenna (FRA) which is optimized using neural network (NN) approach. The designed structure is a multilayer consists of three-layer patch antenna placed under the MS structure. The resonating patch is a rectangular shaped and substrate is a circular shaped show as to reduce the geometry of the antenna. The proposed structure is fabricated on FR-4 substrate of thickness 1.6 mm. The MS structure consists of split ring rectangular (SRR) strips made up of copper. The antenna reconfigured the operating frequency from 4.85 to 7 GHz having overall bandwidth of 2.15 GHz with wide range of tuning. The central frequency of rectangular patch antenna is 6.15 GHz. The MS is analyzed by using effective parameters i.e., effective permittivity (ε r) &amp; effective permeability (μ r) and it is observed that the MS is behaving as a metamaterial in the desired range of frequency. The reconfigured operating frequency (ROF) is found at the anticlockwise rotation angles of 0°, 30°, 600 and 90°. The realized gain and radiation efficiency are calculated at each ROF. The validation of proposed MS based FRA is carried out first by simulating using Ansys HFSS and then measured inside the anechoic chamber. The proposed antenna is optimizes using NN model which shows minimum error during analysis and synthesis process.

Design and analysis of a compact millimeter-wave pentaband antenna for 5G FR-2 band wireless technologies

This paper examines a short-range Millimeter-wave antenna characterized by its compact design, coplanar waveguide feeding, and folded dipole shape, that operates across multiple frequency spectrums. The radiator is designed on a Rogers TMM4 material having the dimensions of 1.05λL × 1.05λL × 0.057λL (λL: wavelength associated with the bottommost cut-off frequency). Adoption of a folded shape serves to augment the electrical dimension of the antenna by expanding the current-carrying path, thereby facilitating the attainment of the necessary frequency spectrums. The proposed antenna operates at 22.44–23.77 GHz (5.75 %), 26.68–30.35 GHz (12.87 %), 38.1–43.46 GHz (13.14 %), 49.13–54.48 GHz (10.33 %) and 57.63–67.85 GHz (16.29 %) spectrums with maximum gain and radiation efficiency of 8dBi and 94.5 % respectively. The work further delves into an in-depth analysis of antenna characteristics, encompassing aspects such as radiation pattern, surface current, group delay, and transfer function. All examined characteristics affirm that the proposed antenna exhibits versatility for diverse frequency bands, including but not limited to n257, n259, n260, n261, and various other 5G/beyond 5G wireless technologies.

Bi-level optimization of shared manufacturing service composition based on improved NSGA-II.

To address the issue of insufficiently comprehensive representation of service composition indexes in the shared manufacturing environment, service reliability, confidence, and other indexes are decomposed in detail to establish a composition evaluation system, and a shared manufacturing service composition optimization model based on bi-level programming is proposed. The model takes Quality of Service (QoS) as the upper objective function and service reliability, service confidence and task fit as the lower objective function. The upper objective function needs to be minimized, while the lower objective function needs to be maximized. To achieve the optimal composition scheme of shared manufacturing services, the Criteria Importance Though Intercrieria Correlation (CRITIC) is used to determine the weights of the indicators, and the improved Fast Elitist Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (Improved NSGA-II) is employed to solve the multi-objective optimization problem. Finally, the improved NSGA-II has a 23.33% increase in convergence speed and a 69.99% gain in operational efficiency when compared to the traditional NSGA-II. The viability and effectiveness of the improved NSGA-II have been demonstrated.

A novel modified switched capacitor multilevel inverter using SARC-DQRLC controlling mechanisms for grid systems

Currently, the solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are becoming more and more important in order to meet the world's increasing demand for electricity. In this study, a unique Hybrid Group Search Integrated Rider (HGSR)-MPPT control technique is developed to track the maximum solar energy from the PV panels in order to meet the grid systems' need for electricity. Then, the output voltage of the PV is boosted using the cutting-edge Cuk Step-Up converter, which has a higher voltage gain efficiency and lower stress voltage between the switches. Consequently, the Self-Adaptive Rao Control (SARC) technique is implemented to produce the pulses required to actuate the converter's switching components. More specifically, the improved switched capacitor five-level inverter circuit is modelled in this study to improve the grid unit's power quality with low leakage current, switching stress, and minimal component consumption. In order to improve the performance of the MLI's switching operating modes, the unique Deep Reinforced Q-Learning Control (DRQLC) technique is implemented. The output voltage, current, power, THD, and voltage gain efficiency of the proposed controlling mechanisms' simulation results are evaluated and analyzed.

The pure benefit of risk in production: real options in general equilibrium

An increase in the riskiness of a technology will raise economy-wide expected output: large productivity realizations lead to gains while small realizations are mitigated by using alternative technologies. Some usage of even the riskiest technologies can therefore bring Pareto improvements. The observed expected output of risky technologies can nevertheless be less than that of safer technologies: empirical estimates of expected output are therefore a poor measure of efficiency. Firms will adopt the efficient riskier technologies when markets are competitive, contrary to the view that innovation requires a monopoly reward. These results require a suitable definition of risk for general equilibrium models and a refinement of competitive equilibrium that allows for information discovery. The efficiency gain of increases in risk is related to real options theories of investment but applies even to single-period economies.

The impact of transformations on the performance of variance estimators of finite population under adaptive cluster sampling with application to ecological data

This paper aims to investigate the impact of transformed auxiliary variables on the performance of variance estimators of finite population under adaptive cluster sampling scheme. Further, the formulation of an efficient variance estimator of a finite population is also under consideration in this article. Specifically, we explore the gain in efficiency obtained through various transformations and define dominance space for each transformation. These dominance regions provide valuable insights into the circumstances under which one transformation prevails over another regarding precision and accuracy. The theoretical properties of the suggested estimators have been discussed along with the dominance region under each transformation. The bias and Mean Square Error (MSE) have been derived up to the first order of approximation. To evaluate and empirically validate our methodology, we conduct a numerical analysis using real-life ecological data of blue-winged teal. The finding reflects the superior performance of the suggested variance estimators over the competing estimators, thereby substantiating its importance in making informed decisions in real-world applications.

Performance of Commercial Broilers under Separate Sex Rearing and Feeding during the Finisher Period

The performance of commercial broiler chicken was evaluated under separate sex rearing and feeding during the finisher stage (22-42 days age). A total of 210, (21 days-old) commercial broilers were randomly allocated to five groups, viz., A (male &amp; female mixed), B (male), C (male), D (female), and E (female) containing 42 birds in each group. The birds from groups A, C, and E were fed with a commercial broiler finisher diet containing 3250 kcal ME/kg, 19.5% CP, 1.00% Dig. Lysine (Dig. Lys) and 0.49% Dig. Methionine (Dig, Met). The males in group B were fed a special male diet containing 3000 kcal ME/kg, 18% Crude Protein (CP), and females from group D were fed a special female diet containing 3100 kcal ME/kg, 19.5 % CP. The Dig. Lys and Dig. Met levels in group B and D finisher diets were 2% higher than in group A. The results of the study concluded that the separate sex rearing of broilers may be followed by feeding special finisher diets to males (B) and females (D) to achieve similar body weight, weight gain, and feed efficiency to that of males (C) and females fed with a commercial finisher diet. Separate sex rearing of commercial broilers with special feeding is more economical than commercial diets fed to mixed and separate sex. Females fed on a special finisher diet had significantly (P &lt; .05) higher serum total protein, albumin, and A/G ratio than males fed on a special finisher diet.

Investigation of the relationship between combustion efficiency and total pressure gain for RDE

Total pressure gain is an important parameter in RDC engineering applications. Many factors affect the total pressure gain, such as the area ratio of the outlet to the inlet (A8/A3.1) and type of fuel. In this study, convergent–divergent slot and Tesla valve inlet configurations were adopted. Three convergent nozzles were used, and the ratios of the outlet area to the combustor cross-sectional area (A8/A3.2) were 0.65, 0.5, and 0.25, respectively. The experiments were conducted at mass flow rate of 1.5 kg/s, 1.3 kg/s, and 1.0 kg/s. The combustion efficiency and total pressure gain were calculated using the temperature increase and Mach-corrected static pressure (MCSP). When A8/A3.2 is 0.25, most of the propagation modes are longitudinal pulsed detonations (LPD). The combustion efficiency increased with the equivalence ratio within the range of the detonation boundary. A model was developed to describe the relationship between combustion efficiency and total pressure gain. Once the configuration of the RDC is fixed, a proportional relationship exists between the combustion efficiency and total pressure gain. Improving combustion efficiency enhances the total pressure gain.

Free-space laser emission from Nd:YAG elliptical microdisks.

The utilization of deformed microcavities, such as elliptical microdisks, has been widely acknowledged as an effective solution for achieving free-space emission in microcavity lasers. However, the deformations introduced in the microcavity structure tend to decrease the quality factor (Q factor), resulting in weakened output intensity. To address this issue, one potential approach is to employ highly efficient laser gain media that can compensate for the negative impact of the structure on the output intensity. In this study, we employed the exceptional laser crystal material Nd:YAG as the laser gain medium and successfully fabricated an elliptical microdisk laser with a major semiaxis of 15 µm and an eccentricity ratio of 0.15. By utilizing an 808 nm laser for pumping, we were able to achieve free-space laser emission with a slope efficiency of 1.7% and a remarkable maximum output power of 58 µW. This work contributes toward the advancement of the application of deformation microcavity lasers.