Energy Efficient Transmission Research Articles

A Novel Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for Industrial WSN Using Hybrid Coot-Ls Algorithm with LSTM-Based Dom Prediction

In industrial Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), energy efficiency and reliable data transmission are critical challenges that need to be addressed to ensure sustainable and robust network operations. This paper proposes a novel energy-efficient routing protocol that integrates a Hybrid COOT-LS (Coot- Levy Search) algorithm with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)-based Dominant Object Motion (DOM) prediction. The routing protocol leverages the strengths of Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) to enhance routing efficiency and reduce energy consumption. The Hybrid PSO and ACO algorithms are employed to optimize routing paths by balancing exploration and exploitation, considering multiple factors such as energy levels, node distance, and reliability. The COOT-LS algorithm further refines these paths by incorporating a Levy flight mechanism to enhance the search process. Additionally, the LSTM-based DOM prediction provides accurate forecasts of network conditions, enabling dynamic adjustments to routing strategies in real time. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed protocol significantly improves network lifetime, reduces energy consumption, and enhances data transmission reliability compared to traditional routing protocols. This approach provides a robust and scalable solution for industrial WSN applications, ensuring efficient and reliable network performance in dynamic and complex industrial environments.

An Energy-Balance Clustering Routing Protocol for Intra-Body Wireless Nanosensor Networks

Aims and Background: Numerous sensor nodes spread out across the surveillance region form the Wireless-Sensor Network (WSN), a smart, self-organizing network. Since the lumps can typically only be motorized by batteries, creating a WSN while maintaining an optimal energy balance and extending the network's lifetime is the biggest issue. Methods: A novel network architecture that integrates nanotechnology with sensor networks is known as a Wireless-NanoSensor-Network(WNSN). A new area of focus in research is intra-bodyiWNSNs, which are WNSNs with promising potential applications in biomedicine, damage detection, and intra-body health monitoring. We suggest an energy-balance-clustering-routing protocol (EBCR) for iSN nodes that have limited energy storage, short communication range, and low computation and processing capabilities. The protocol uses a novel hierarchical clustering approach to lessen the communication burden on nano-nodes. Results: Cluster nano-nodes can use one-hop routing to send data directly to the Cluster-Head(CH) nodes, and the CH-nodes can utilize multi-hop routing to send data to the nano control node. In addition, selecting the next hop node to minimize energy usage while guaranteeing successful data packet delivery involves balancing distance and channel capacity. The protocol's strengths in energy efficiency, network-lifetime extension, and data-packet transmission success rate were highlighted by the simulation results. Conclusion: It is clear that the EBCR protocol is a viable option for iWNSNs' routing system.

Development of an Imaging Spectrometer with a High Signal-to-Noise Ratio Based on High Energy Transmission Efficiency for Soil Organic Matter Detection.

Hyperspectral detection of the change rate of organic matter content in agricultural remote sensing requires a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). However, due to the large number and efficiency limitation of the components, it is difficult to improve the SNR. This study uses high-efficiency convex grating with a diffraction efficiency exceeding 50% across the 360-850 nm range, a back-illuminated Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) detector with a 95% efficiency in peak wavelength, and silver-coated mirrors to develop an imaging spectrometer for detecting soil organic matter (SOM). The designed system meets the spectral resolution of 10 nm in the 360-850 nm range and achieves a swath of 100 km and a spatial resolution of 100 m at an orbital height of 648.2 km. This study also uses the basic structure of Offner with fewer components in the design and sets the mirrors of the Offner structure to have the same sphere, which can achieve the rapid adjustment of the co-standard. This study performs a theoretical analysis of the developed Offner imaging spectrometer based on the classical Rowland circular structure, with a 21.8 mm slit length; simulates its capacity for suppressing the +2nd-order diffraction stray light with the filter; and analyzes the imaging quality after meeting the tolerance requirements, which is combined with the surface shape characteristics of the high-efficiency grating. After this test, the grating has a diffraction efficiency above 50%, and the silver-coated mirrors have a reflection value above 95% on average. Finally, the laboratory tests show that the SNR over the waveband exceeds 300 and reaches 800 at 550 nm, which is higher than some current instruments in orbit for soil observation. The proposed imaging spectrometer has a spectral resolution of 10 nm, and its modulation transfer function (MTF) is greater than 0.23 at the Nyquist frequency, making it suitable for remote sensing observation of SOM change rate. The manufacture of such a high-efficiency broadband grating and the development of the proposed instrument with high energy transmission efficiency can provide a feasible technical solution for observing faint targets with a high SNR.

The Impact of Energy (Electricity) Losses on Load Capacity Factor: A Dynamic ARDL-Based Evidence from Pakistan

The energy-environment interplay has raised significant concerns among policymakers and experts, with the global shift towards renewable energy being hailed as a key solution to reduce pollution emissions. However, in addition to energy production, the efficient transmission and distribution of electricity is also important which also poses considerable challenges to environmental sustainability. This study aims to investigate the effect of electricity losses on environmental sustainability measured by load capacity factor (LCF). This study uses the DARDL (DARDL) method and Kernel-based Regularized Least Squares (KRLS) to analyze the influence of electricity losses, foreign direct investment (FDI), economic growth, and industrial output on LCF in Pakistan from 1981 to 2022. The electricity losses significantly undermine environmental sustainability by reducing LCF. However, FDI positively influences LCF, but economic growth and industrial output exert a detrimental effect. Additionally, the study observes that both positive and negative counterfactual 10% shocks in electricity losses result in negative and positive impacts on LCF. Whereas, 10% positive counterfactual shocks in FDI positively affect LCF. KRLS analysis confirms the robustness of the DARDL estimates. The study underscores that efficient energy transmission and distribution is pivotal in safeguarding environmental sustainability.

Efficient Fiber-inspection and Certification Method for Optical-circuit-switched Datacenter Networks

Datacenter networks (DCNs) consisting of optical circuit switches (OCSs) have been considered as a promising solution to dramatically improve their transmission capacity, energy efficiency, and communication latency. To scale optical-circuit-switched DCNs (OCS DCNs), hierarchical OCSs with tens of thousands of optical fibers need to be installed, and they should be inspected before starting datacenter operations. Since traditional DCNs consist of electrical-packet switches (EPSs), the condition and cabling of fibers can be inspected easily by probing neighboring EPSs. However, OCS networks cannot be inspected in the same manner because OCSs cannot transmit and receive probe signals. Thus, we have had to attach and detach a light source and power meter (LSPM) to every switch for probing all the fibers, which takes weeks. This paper proposes an efficient method for inspecting and certifying fibers in an entire DCN without repeating LSPM reattachment. Our method is based on (1) theories on quickly estimating the fiber condition on the basis of the intensity of received probe signals, (2) the maximum allowable loss of each fiber derived from the transceiver budget used in operations, and (3) an algorithm that reduces the number of probes needed. The results from an extensive numerical evaluation indicate that our method inspected a DCN with 18,432 fibers in at most a day, whereas a baseline method involving repeated LSPM reattachment would take more than a week. We also confirmed that our method never produced false negatives and false positives under practical network conditions.

An energy-aware cluster-based routing in the Internet of things using particle swarm optimization algorithm and fuzzy clustering

The effectiveness and longevity of IoT infrastructures heavily depend on the limitations posed by communication, multi-hop data transfers, and the inherent difficulties of wireless links. In dealing with these challenges, routing, and data transmission procedures are critical. Among the fundamental concerns are the attainment of energy efficiency and an ideal distribution of loads among sensing devices, given the restricted energy resources at the disposal of IoT devices. To meet these challenges, the present research suggests a novel hybrid energy-aware IoT routing approach that mixes the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm and fuzzy clustering. The approach begins with a fuzzy clustering algorithm to initially group sensor nodes by their geographical location and assign them to clusters determined by a certain probability. The proposed method includes a fitness function considering energy consumption and distance factors. This feature guides the optimization process and aims to balance energy efficiency and data transmission distance. The hierarchical topology uses the advanced PSO algorithm to identify the cluster head nodes. The MATLAB simulator shows that our method outperforms previous approaches. Various metrics have demonstrated significant improvements over DEEC and LEACH. The method reduces energy consumption by 52% and 16%, improves throughput by 112% and 10%, increases packet delivery rates by 83% and 15%, and extends the network lifespan by 48% and 27%, respectively, compared to DEEC and LEACH approaches.

Energy Efficient and Reliable High Quality Video Transmission Architecture for Wireless Sensor Networks

Energy Efficient and Reliable High Quality Video Transmission Architecture for Wireless Sensor Networks

Energy efficient reliable data transmission for optimizing IoT data transmission in smart city

The rapid proliferation of the internet of things (IoT) technology has significantly transformed urban landscapes, giving rise to smart city frameworks that leverage interconnected devices for enhanced efficiency and functionality. In these environments, vast amounts of data are generated by diverse sensors and devices, necessitating advanced strategies for effective data collection and transmission. This paper introduces a novel approach to address data collection and transmission challenges in IoT-enabled smart city frameworks. The proposed design integrates IoT-Cloud for efficient data collection and employs the energy efficient reliable data transmission (EERDT) model, optimizing IoT data transmission. The enhanced dragonfly routing algorithm, incorporating the firefly algorithm, enhances data routing efficiency. Experimental results demonstrate EERDT's superiority over energy-aware iot-routing (EAIR) and location-centric energy-harvesting aware-routing (LCEHAR), revealing significant improvements in communication overhead, data processing latency, and network lifetime. The EERDT exhibits substantial reductions in communication overhead, enhancing overall network performance. The EERDT model showcases lower data processing latency and energy consumption, highlighting its potential for resource-efficient IoT data transmission. This work contributes an innovative solution for smart city IoT networks, emphasizing performance enhancements and resource efficiency.

Enhancement of transmission line parameters for the supply of energy in the Rivers state local government area of Obio Akpor

Efficient energy transmission is crucial for meeting the growing demand for electricity, particularly in urban and rural areas. In the Rivers State Local Government Area of Obio Akpor, Nigeria, ensuring reliable power supply is essential for supporting economic development and improving quality of life. However, challenges such as transmission line losses, voltage fluctuations, and inadequate infrastructure hinder the effective distribution of energy in the region. This article presents a comprehensive study on enhancing transmission line parameters to improve energy supply in Obio Akpor. Through field measurements, data analysis, and simulation studies, the performance of existing transmission lines is evaluated, and strategies for enhancing efficiency and reliability are proposed. The literature review explores previous research on transmission line optimization, emphasizing factors such as conductor material, line design, and insulation to minimize losses and maximize power transfer capability. Materials and methods encompass data collection, including impedance measurements, voltage profiles, and load characteristics, followed by computer simulations to assess proposed enhancements.

Active ballistic orbital transport in Ni/Pt heterostructure

Orbital current, defined as the orbital character of Bloch states in solids, can travel with larger coherence length through a broader range of materials than its spin counterpart, facilitating a robust, higher density and energy efficient information transmission. Hence, active control of orbital transport plays a pivotal role in the progress of the evolving field of quantum information technology. Unlike spin angular momentum, orbital angular momentum couples to phonon angular momentum efficiently via orbital-crystal momentum (L-k) coupling, allowing us to control orbital transport through crystal field potential mediated angular momentum transfer. Here, leveraging the orbital dependant efficient L-k coupling, we have experimentally demonstrated the active control of orbital current velocity in Ni/Pt heterostructure. We observe terahertz emission from Ni/Pt heterostructure via long-range ballistic orbital transport, as evidenced by the delay, and chirping in the emitted THz pulse correlating with increased Pt thickness. Additionally, we also have identified a critical energy density required to overcome collisions in orbital transport, enabling a swifter flow of orbital current. Femtosecond light driven active control of the ballistic orbital transport lays the foundation for the development of dynamic optorbitronics for transmitting information over extended distance.

Study of operation mode and breakdown characteristics for multi-stage gas switch

Multi-stage gas switches (MSGSs) are widely used in megavolt pulsed power systems due to their advantages of high withstand voltage, fast establishing time and relatively high operating frequency. Multiple operation modes, which are induced by the different breakdown sequences at each stage, are found to affect the breakdown characteristics of the gas switch. Based on the theoretical analysis of the working principle, the classification of the operation mode and the factors determining the operation mode of the MSGS are proposed. Methods for investigating the output waveform for MSGS are established by simulating lumped parameters and studying the breakdown time sequence of individual stages. In comparison with the intended mode of operation, the disadvantages of the unintended modes of operation for MSGS, including error-breakdown and non-triggering mode, are revealed. For unintended modes, the distortion of the output waveform, which determines the efficiency of energy transmission through the switch and the increased delay time jitter, which determines the synchronization of the gas switch, are further investigated. The possibility of non-triggering and its mechanism on surface flashovers induced by drifting electrons are also analyzed. Based on this study, design principles and methods are proposed to ensure the intended operation of the MSGS.

Joint subchannel power allocation for downlink NOMA systems based on quantum carnivorous plant algorithm

Currently, most existing research on non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems converts power allocation into two independent procedures, i.e., inter-subchannel power allocation and intra-subchannel power allocation. However, improper inter-subchannel power allocation will adversely affect the power allocation process of intra-subchannel. If the power allocations of inter-subchannel and intra-subchannel are optimized simultaneously, it usually needs high computational complexity, and is hard to obtain an optimal solution. To tackle this issue, this paper studies the joint subchannel power allocation for NOMA systems and proposes a new intelligent algorithm called quantum carnivorous plant algorithm (QCPA) for simultaneously optimizing inter-subchannel and intra-subchannel power allocations. Analysis of the convergence of QCPA verified its superior performance on the test functions. By utilizing the optimal solution obtained by QCPA as the power allocation scheme, energy efficiency and sum transmission rate in NOMA systems are significantly increased compared to existing traditional power allocation methods. The results above demonstrate that QCPA effectively addresses test functions and the power allocation problem for NOMA. QCPA possesses favorable convergence in comparison to other comparison algorithms and methods.

Flexible Ultrasonic‐Induced Wireless Energy Conversion Technology in Implantable Biomedicine

AbstractNumerous associated challenges arise with the advancement and continuous improvement of implantable medical devices, such as the frequent requirement for battery replacement. The flexible ultrasonic‐induced wireless energy conversion (UWEC) technology has garnered significant interest due to its superior energy transmission efficiency, safety, and biocompatibility compared to traditional electromagnetic wireless energy conversion technology. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the recent advancements in two types of flexible UWEC technologies, triboelectric nanogenerators, and piezoelectret nanogenerators, with a focus on their applications in implantable medical treatments. First, the energy conversion principles and general materials of flexible UWEC are presented. Then, the research and application of flexible UWEC devices are introduced in detail based on their medical functions. At the end of this review, perspectives and opportunities are discussed.

Evaluating battery electric vehicle usage in the EU: A comparative study based on member state energy mixes

The transport sector is undergoing a major transformation, as battery electric vehicles (BEV) are gaining ground. Therefore, assessing the sustainability aspects of their use is crucial to obtaining a clear picture of the sector. This article aims to meet this requirement by using European Union (EU) data for the period 2011 to 2021 and focuses not only on EU-27 aggregates but also on each member state separately. For the evaluation, a well-to-wheel (WTW) method was used to calculate two parameters: energy-specific CO2 emissions (ε) and total efficiency of energy conversions, transmission, and battery (ηtotal). For these values, the annual electricity mixes of the countries were tracked in 5 + 1 categories (combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT), thermal power plant, biofuels, nuclear power plant (NPP), renewables, and imports). The calculated results were illustrated by sustainability matrices describing the former and current positions of the countries. The EU-27 aggregate achieved a 0.04 increase (from 0.37 to 0.41) in total efficiency and a 29 gCO2/MJmotion decrease (from 113 to 84 gCO2/MJmotion) during the period. This ε value for 2021 was around half the world average. However, very significant differences were identified between member states, which are also assessed in the article with special emphases on the five most populated EU countries (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and Poland).

Energy Efficient Transmission Strategy for Mobile Edge Computing Network in UAV-Based Patrol Inspection System

Energy Efficient Transmission Strategy for Mobile Edge Computing Network in UAV-Based Patrol Inspection System

A Low-Voltage Self-Starting Boost Converter Using MPPT with Pulse Multiplication for Energy Harvesting

A single-inductor, low-voltage, three-step self-starting boost converter is proposed for photovoltaic (PV) energy harvesting. In order to enhance energy transfer efficiency, a variable-step Perturb and Observe (P&O) Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) scheme has been devised based on a novel pulse multiplication technique. Upon overcoming the speed and accuracy limitations, the maximum power point (MPP) of the PV model is accurately tracked. In the boost converter, the average inductor current is utilized to implement closed-loop control of the MPPT loop, enhancing the stability of the tracking process and enabling efficient energy transmission. Finally, the boost converter is implemented using a 0.18 μm CMOS process, which is capable of self-starting and maintaining stable operations at input voltages ranging from 90 mV to 300 mV, achieving a peak efficiency of 93%.

Feasibility of high temperature superconducting cables for energy harvesting in large space-based solar power satellite applications: Electromagnetic, thermal and cost considerations

The aim of this paper is to present feasibility of application of High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) cables for Space-Based Solar Power (SBSP) application. SBSP is a promising technology that can deliver an infinite amount of clean and eco-friendly energy to the Earth. To deliver the harvested solar energy to the power systems on Earth, efficient energy transmission is critically important. To address the challenges of conventional transmission means, an ideal solution would be using HTS cables. In this research, the design procedure of a Direct Current (DC) HTS cable considering electromagnetic, thermal, and cost constraints is presented. The study considered a 2 MW bipolar DC HTS cable in five operational temperatures: 20 K, 30 K, 50 K, 65 K, and 77 K. The results were showed that the cost and weight of the designed HTS cables were increased by operational temperature increase. However, the cooling cost of HTS cable in higher temperatures, was less than lower temperatures. Also, the total efficiency of the HTS cable and cooling system were increased, when operational temperatures were changed from 20 K to 77 K, from 99.70% to 99.97%, respectively.

Prediction of thermal contact resistance for reusable heat-pipe cooled thermal protection system based on an inverse thermo-mechanical coupling method

Thermal contact resistance (TCR) is a critical characteristic on increasing or decreasing thermal energy transmission efficiency between two bodies in thermal management systems. However, it is difficult to accurately determine the thermal contact resistance in actual engineering structures, due to the complicated influence factors, such as pressure, temperature, and physical properties. In the work, a new method is presented to estimate the thermal contact resistance for a three-dimensional (3D) reusable heat-pipe cooled thermal protection system based on boundary measurements, by solving transient inverse thermo-mechanical coupling problems. Moreover, the thermal contact resistance varies with interface pressure, temperature, and spatial position, which is more practical and challenging. The thermo-mechanical coupling analysis is conducted by the finite element method, and the inversion is carried out by the gradient-based algorithm. First, the present method is validated by identifying the constant TCR, based on the available experimental data. Then, the thermal contact resistance with the functional form in the 3D reusable thermal protection system is accurately estimated. Finally, the convergence stability and robustness of the proposed method are evaluated, by considering the effects of initial guess value and measurement error, respectively. The accurate determination of thermal contact resistance of the reusable thermal protection system effectively avoids the overweight of aircraft and improves its utilization. The present work provides a novel approach for the determination of thermal contact resistance in actual engineering applications.

Design of Magnetic Coupler for AUV Wireless Charging and Its Electromagnetic Field Simulation

The magnetic coupler is one of the important components of wireless charging system, and its coupling coefficient directly influences the energy transmission efficiency. This paper designs a magnetic coupler for Autonomous Underwater Vehicle(AUV) wireless charging in the marine environment. Firstly, the eddy current effect during energy transmission of the magnetic coupler under seawater conditions is analyzed, and the equivalent model of the wireless charging system is compensated and corrected. Then, the genetic-BP neural network algorithm is used to determine the relevant structural parameters of the magnetic coupler. Finally, the electromagnetic field simulation analysis of the offset phenomenon between the transmitting and receiving sides of the magnetic coupler is carried out based on ANSYS MAXEWLL software.The results show that the coupling coefficient of the magnetic coupler under normal operation is 0.87, and if there is a 10mm radial offset (or 5 ° circumferential offset), the coupling coefficient will decrease to 0.74 (or 0.78), which provides a reference basis for the subsequent offset fault-tolerant design of the AUV wireless charging system.

Intelligent fault diagnosis of railway pantograph using a novel graph construction methodology

Railway pantographs provide power for railway vehicles by conducting electrical energy from overhead catenary. The failure of the pantograph tends to damage the contact quality between the pantograph and the catenary, reducing the transmission efficiency of electric energy. Hence, fault diagnosis of pantograph plays a significant role in expanding the service life of railway vehicles. In this work, a novel graph construction method is proposed for the fault diagnosis of pantographs combined with a graph neural network (GNN). In the graph construction method, 1D load signals collected from the test pantograph are firstly transformed into multiple 2D images with the same size in both time and frequency domains using Gramian angular field, Markov transition field and recurrence plot. Secondly, pixel values in images are regarded as features in vertexes of graphs, and graphs can be constructed by connecting neighbor vertexes. Finally, the GNN model is trained by constructed graphs for obtaining the fault diagnosis model of pantographs. Laboratory experiments are implemented to show the advantages of the proposed method by comparing it with other conventional methods.