Efficiency Of Professional Activity Research Articles

Использование приема «смена установки» при проведении специального психофизиологического исследования с применением полиграфа

Introduction. The article considers the tacticsissues of conducting special psychophysiological examination with application of polygraph during professional psychological selection of citizens entering the service in the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation.When using polygraph inpersonnel work, there are often situations when it is difficult for a polygraph examiner to make a decision about the significance of the reactions detected, as they may be associated not with the presence of a certain risk factor (deviant behavior) preventingthe subject’s entering the police service, but with the manifestation of situational anxiety, which is difficult for the candidate to control in the situation assessed as stressful. To solve this problem and increase the reliability of polygraph examinationsresults, the specialists use “attitude change”techniquethat makes it possible to draw objective conclusion about the significance of a particular “risk factor” for the subject, taking into account his or her individual psychological characteristics. Research Method. Psychophysiological method of lie detection (polygraph) allows to solve important issues of candidates selection for service in law enforcement agencies who do not have a tendency to deviant behavior, which further ensures the quality and efficiency of professional activities of police officers. Results. Within the framework of the conducted research the possibility of creating special attitude in the subject, providing the emergence of reaction to a stimulus previously not significant for him/her, related to some test subject, was shown. The effectiveness of the “attitude change” technique use, which helps to neutralize the “accusatory bias” of the polygraph test when working with subjects of the anxious and suspiciouscircle, was revealed. It is proved that “attitude change” technique use in the process of screening checks leads to the reduction of errors of the first kind (“false alarm”) and provides reliability of the results of psychophysiological examination with application of polygraph.

Motivation of cadet’s higher military educational institutions regarding their improvement physical preparation

In the conditions of the legal regime of martial law in Ukraine, the issue of improving the physical fitness of future officers of the Security Service of Ukraine is gaining particular relevance. For cadets during the entire period of study at higher military educational institutions of the Security Service of Ukraine, the disciplines "Special physical training" and "Physical training" are an integral part of their professional training, the purpose of which is to ensure the training of specialists of the Security Service of Ukraine with a high level of physical fitness , able to withstand physical, mental, neuropsychological loads, effectively solve official tasks without reducing the efficiency of professional activity. Therefore, based on the specifics of the war on the territory of Ukraine, there is a need to improve the system of physical training of cadets of higher military educational institutions of the Security Service of Ukraine. In connection with this, it is important to form knowledge and practical skills in cadets, to lead a healthy lifestyle, to optimize movement regime and physical training, which should contribute to maintaining high combat capability of future officers of the Security Service of Ukraine. The analysis of literary sources devoted to this problem shows that a special place in the psychological provision of physical training is occupied by motivation, which prompts a person to engage in physical culture and sports. In order to determine the motivation of cadets of higher military educational institutions for physical training classes, an anonymous questionnaire survey was used. Using the questionnaire developed by him, a sociological survey of cadets was conducted. Based on the questionnaire data of the first and fifth year cadets, the ways and directions of increasing their physical fitness have been determined, which will be useful for specialists in special physical training, physical training and physical education.

Motivational and Semantic Relations of the Individual: Psychological Aspects of Managerial Control in Professional Activity

The article considers the main psychological aspects of managerial control and their influence on the motivational-semantic relations of a person in professional activity. The relevance of the research lies in the study of the structure of managerial control from a psychological point of view, which allows to identify problematic psychological aspects of managerial control that affect the motivational and semantic relations of employees. The purpose of the study is to assess the impact of various types of managerial control on the motivational and semantic relations of employees. The methodological basis of the study is the research of domestic and foreign scientists, revealing the understanding of various types of managerial control and their impact on the motivational and semantic relations of the individual. The main conclusion of the study is that managerial control has an impact on the motivational-semantic relations of the individual in professional activity. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the study of the psychological aspects of managerial control and their impact on the motivational-semantic relations of the individual to create a favorable working atmosphere that provides maximum motivation and performance of the individual in the organization. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that the results of the study can be useful to the heads of organizations for a better understanding of the importance of choosing and applying certain types of management control. In order to increase the efficiency of professional activities, the heads of organizations were given recommendations on improving management control in the organization.

Motivational and semantic relations of a person in professional activity

The object of this research is the motivational and semantic relations of the individual. The subject of the research is the motivational and semantic relations of employees with different professional affiliations and specifics of performing functional duties. The purpose of the research is to study the structure of motivational and semantic relations of a person and to identify patterns of influence of professional affiliation and functional duties. The methodological basis for writing the article is the research of domestic and foreign scientists. Theoretical (comparative analysis) and empirical (interview, questionnaire) research methods were used in the study. The orientation of motivational and semantic relations of a person does not depend on the professional affiliation and the specifics of the performance of functional duties. Since the motivational and semantic relations of a person in professional activity are characterized by the presence of motivation based on the personal meaning, which motivates a person to activity and depend on the psychological state of a person who is in certain life circumstances. Motivational and semantic relations of a person are based on motivational and semantic processes that accompany and support a person throughout his or her working life. The aim of the work is to establish the regularities of the influence of professional affiliation and the specifics of functional duties on the motivational and semantic relations of employees to professional activities. In order to increase the efficiency of professional activities and improve the motivation of employees to the heads of organizations, the authors give practical recommendations for improving psychological support in organizations.

Interrelation of Personal Characteristics with Personality Resistance in Various Professions

Key words: professional choice, extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, stress resistance The problem of professional choice has always been one of the most urgent issues. The quality of professional activity depends on the correctly carried out professional selection. Accounting for the psycho-physiological qualities of a person is important not only for improving the efficiency of professional activity, but also for preventing the professional burnout of an employee. Regardless of the typology of a person’s profession, that is, his/her belonging to the system of man-man, man-technology, man-sign, man-nature, man-artistic image systems, both innate and acquired personal qualities of a person are important components. The article emphasizes the importance of such personal characteristics as extraversion, neuroticism, openness to experience, friendliness and conscientiousness. These traits are expressed in varying degrees within each person: that’s why success or other psycho-emotional states of a person depend on the degree of their development. The article also focuses on stress resistance, which allows a person to cope with the stress and withstand overload at work. In addition, four types of stress resistance are presented in the article along with their significance in human life.

Resource availability as a condition for the effectiveness of professional activity of the senior staff of departments and faculties of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia

The subject of the study is the psychological resources of the senior staff of departments and faculties of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. The purpose of the research is to study the relationship between subjective representations of the success and effectiveness of the professional activities of managers and their resource availability. It was suggested that a large number of requirements imposed on the leadership of departments and faculties will actualize the psychological resources of the personality of managers with high efficiency of professional activity and lead to depletion of resources with low efficiency of professional activity. The study involved 376 heads and deputy heads of departments and faculties of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia with service experience in the internal affairs bodies from 2 to 38 years, in office from several months to 29 years. In order to collect empirical data, the following methods were used: author's questionnaire; questionnaire "Strategies for overcoming stressful situations" by S. E. Hobfoll; "Questionnaire of proactive coping behavior" by E. Greenglas, R. Schwarzer and S. Taubert; questionnaire of "Psychological capital" by A. Bakker; "Test of resilience" by S. Maddi; "Test of life orientations" by J. Crambo and L. Maholika. The results of the study indicate that the self-assessment of the professional effectiveness and success of the management of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia reflects the level of its resource availability. In general, the results of the study indicate a high resource availability of the senior staff of departments and faculties of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. In addition, based on subjective representations of the professional effectiveness and success of the leaders of this group, it is possible to predict the choice of constructive and proactive coping strategies that act as psychological resources of the individual: the higher the head evaluates the effectiveness of his professional activity, the more often he implements constructive and proactive coping strategies. The most significant contribution of the study is that its results can be used for an operational assessment of the actual resource availability of the head when conducting group and/or individual psychological support work by a psychologist.

Психологические особенности ресурсов стрессоустойчивости руководителей органов внутренних дел Российской Федерации

The nature of managerial work refers to those types of professional activities that place high demands on both the physical and psychological resources of the subject of labor, which directly affects the performance of work. This circumstance substantiates the relevance of the study. In order to increase the reliability and efficiency of professional activity and professional longevity of the heads of the internal affairs
 bodies of the Russian Federation, a research of the psychological characteristics of the stress resistance resources of this professional group was performed.
 Methodology. In the process of working with the content, the author used traditional methods: statistical, comparative, testing, interviewing. The study was based on the subject-resource approach and the psychological concept of subjective vitality. The research involved 50 respondents, aged 31 to 59 years. The following diagnostic tools were used: specialized semantic differential «Assessment of one’s own vital energy»; questionnaire «Psychological capital» (A. Bakker), adapted by A. S. Manichev, «Resilience test» by S. Maddi, adapted by D. A. Leontiev, abbreviated version re-validated by E. N. Osin and E. I. Rasskazova. Descriptive statistics, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the r-Spearman test were used, mathematical statistics were carried out using the IBM SPSS Statistics 21 application package.
 Results. The study showed that the heads of internal affairs bodies have sufficient resources and sustainability of the resource base. The psychological assistance to this category of managers should be aimed at the psychological resources replenishment and the self-esteem correction of long-serving heads of internal affairs bodies, at developing the ability to manage their vital energy during periods of intensive service activity.

ДИНАМІКА ТИПІВ МОТИВАЦІЙ ДО ПРОФЕСІЙНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ В УКРАЇНСЬКИХ АНТАРКТИЧНИХ ЕКСПЕДИЦІЯХ СЕРЕД ЗИМІВНИКІВ РІЗНИХ ВІКОВИХ ГРУП

We presented the results of empirical studies of the motivations types for winterers of Ukrainian Antarctic expeditions (UAE). A theoretical analysis of motivations for extreme activities in polar expeditions was carried out. Based on the theoretical analysis of modern approaches to age differentiation we divided the winterers into three age groups: younger (22–34), middle-aged (35–45) and older (46–62 years old). According to the Reiss Motivation Profile® (RMP®) method 16 universal basic motivations of winterers for professional activity in extreme Antarctic conditions are determined for each of age group. The research was conducted two times: the first at the beginning of the expedition and the second after six months of stay on the Antarctic base “Akademik Vernadsky”. All of motivations were summarized and reduced to three types of reason for professional activity: monetary, social and spiritual. At the beginning of the expedition the spiritual type prevailed then the social type and monetary type took the last place for all age groups. The repeated study revealed an increase for all types of motivation relative to the first study. Thus, the life and professional activity in extreme conditions strengthens one's own professional hardiness and faith in the people around. It was revealed that the main type of motivation for the middle age group was monetary. At the same time the high levels of spiritual and social types of motivation do not reduce the role of monetary motives. The last have been remains a catalyst which capable of increasing the efficiency of professional activity. The obtained results can be applied not only for planning expeditionary activities in long-term Antarctic expeditions, but in the military and sports psychology.

Determination of a professionogram of the divers spesialty according to personal and psychophysiological characteristscs

OBJECTIVE: To study divers’ professional (labor) activity and to develop specialty professiogram «diver» by personal and psychophysiological characteristics.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study involved 16 people (men), aged 25–45 years, having served from 2 to more than 10 years. The methods of professional graphic research, according to the developed scheme in three stages were applied. The first stage included analysis of the governing documents, current documentation, study of work tasks and work monitoring. In the second stage there was analysis of scientific literature, containing information from the study area. Methods of observation, survey, oral intake, questionnaire and method of expert assessments were studied. The third stage analysed the method of expert assessments.RESULTS: As result of the study professiogram was developed, and highlighted professionally important qualities in it might become a significant indicator in determining professional competence in the specialty «diver» at the stage of selecting and training highly-qualified staff.DISCUSSION: The main predictors, affecting the efficiency of professional activity, are personal (type of temperament — sanguine or phlegmatic, lack of claustrophobia, switching from one activity to another, memory length, figurative thinking) and psychophysiological characteristics (noise immunity to various distractions and environmental factors, lability of the nervous system, high reaction speed, switching ability, stable coordination of movements). Their intensity allows to define professionals’ typological features and to form a picture of individual self-regulation style, behavioral reaction, backing up phsychological stability and success in performing professional tasks.

Цифровая компетенция как один из компонентов профессиональной подготовки инспектора ПДН

Today, many researchers note the trend of digitalization, which represents the introduction of innovative technologies in all spheres of public life, while law enforcement is no exception. An absolute novelty of the current time has become the need for the interaction of the PDN inspector with the digital space, which is justified primarily by the increase in the activity of minors in the information space. In modern realities, the PDN inspector must be competent in matters of the digital space, moreover, the digital competence of an employee can help improve the efficiency of professional activities in general. The article substantiates the importance of the formation of digital competence in the PDN inspector, as one of the components of professional training. The subject of the study is digital competence as an integral element of the professional activity of a PDN inspector. 
 The purpose of the study is to substantiate the importance of the digital competence of the PD inspector, to determine the components of digital competence, as well as to identify the main components of the formation of digital competence. 
 Based on the results of the study, it was revealed that the formation of digital competence even at the stage of professional training of a PDN inspector allows a specialist to rationally interact with innovative products and apply digital technologies in the process of performing job duties, thus increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of professional activities in general.

PSYCHOLOGICAL MECHANISM TO INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF THE ENTERPRISE'S STAFF

The efficiency of professional activity of employees is an important factor in the competitiveness of the enterprise. The purpose of the article is to develop a psychological mechanism to increase the efficiency of the enterprise staff.
 To achieve the objectives of the article, the following methods were used: the information on the chronological and substantive dynamics of changes in forms of government was analyzed and synthesized, the subject of cognition and the dialectic of the process of cognition were studied. Using a logical approach, it is defined that the process of cognition is the starting point in the psychological mechanism of improving the efficiency of staff. The system approach, graphic method and synthesis method were also widely used in the research to form a psychological mechanism for improving the efficiency of the enterprise staff.
 The article further developed the psychological mechanism for improving the efficiency of enterprise employees, in contrast to the existing, which is different phases of the learning process and the corresponding mechanisms of psychological regulation.
 In accordance with the specific situation the proposed improvements will allow to distribute priorities in the activation of different psychological areas in different phases of activities at different stages of professional employee development.
 The obtained results of developing an improved psychological mechanism for improving the efficiency of employees allow further research on a system of measures to improve the formation and connection of psychological regulation mechanisms at each phase to ensure the next phase of the success in transforming the cognitive activity.

Influence of characterological features of personality on the effectiveness of professional activity of teachers of correctional schools

The article shows that among the factors of the effectiveness of pedagogical work, the personal characteristics of the teacher are important. This is due to the fact that personal qualities, such as sociability, organization, emotionality, perseverance, discipline and others, encourage the teacher to work on himself, to self-improvement. In addition, the effectiveness of the educational process depends on personal characteristics, whether the teacher will be able to find an approach to students, build trusting relationships, motivate them to acquire knowledge, create a favorable psychological climate in the classroom. A study was conducted to study the influence of characterological features on the effectiveness of the professional activity of teachers of correctional schools. In the course of diagnostics of personal qualities of teachers and comparison with the level of efficiency of professional activity, the presence of the character traits declared by us, such as organization, emotional stability, attachment and extroversion in teachers with medium and high levels of efficiency and the absence or weak expression of these character traits of teachers with a low level of efficiency of activity, was revealed. A complete analysis of the previously identified groups of effectiveness of professional activity of teachers shows that the declared qualities of character are particularly pronounced in representatives with a high level of efficiency of professional activity in 100%, and are also traced in more than half of the teachers from the group with an average level of efficiency of professional activity of 85%. In connection with the data obtained, we can talk about the influence of such character traits as: extroversion (sociability), organization, attachment, emotional stability on the effectiveness of professional activity.

The Reshaping of Professional Discourse among Young Military Leaders during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ukraine

The research aimed to outline the features of “new normal” communication behavior of young military leaders due to the COVID-19 pandemic influence. To study this critical problem we used some general scientific and empirical methods like literature analysis, synthesis and theoretical modelling, pedagogical experience, statistical data processing. The author found that the changes include development of closed and indirect forms, introduction of new lexical, grammatical, and stylistic units, fake information spread, misuse of information and communication technologies (ICT), periodical refusal to message with non-verbal tools. The findings show that professional discourse among young military leaders changes fast because of the COVID-19 pandemic. And the transformations involve different communication behavior, the more significant role of leaders in study group especially in the context of peer-to-peer learning, critical thinking development, independent production and comprehension of professional utterances, higher responsibility of a speaker. The experiment demonstrates that military officers and cadets are likely to cope with new “rules of the game” and they continue to carry out security tasks prioritizing discipline, considerable motivation, psychological readiness to high-risk conditions and adaptability to counteract dramatic challenges. The article is one of the early researches reviewing the features of young military leaders’ discourse and describing its current transformations. The research can contribute to developement of recommendations for professional discourse improvements and, consequently, to enhance the efficiency of professional activities of military officers.

About the role and increasing the efficiency of professional activity of employees engaged in educational work with convicts

About the role and increasing the efficiency of professional activity of employees engaged in educational work with convicts

К вопросу о поддержании профессионального здоровья персонала в образовательных организациях

The article highlights the health issues, the problem of improving its parameters, which are directly related to the stable development of modern society. This topic is especially significant in the context of socio-economic instability, high inflation, rising prices for various goods and services, and the problems of implementing health policies. The physical potential and health status of the individual have a significant impact on the main areas of society, types of social and personal communications, are a source of using the appropriate channels for self-realization, preserving environmental safety. The health of employees is deteriorating under the influence of a number of factors: environmental pollution, poverty, quality of food, smoking, alcoholism, drug addiction, etc. Changes in society draw the attention of government bodies to public health problems and contribute to more productive and thorough work with labor resources.
 By "professional health" the authors of the article mean a complex of psychophysiological and psychosocial individual qualities of workers that meet working conditions and ensure high efficiency of professional activity. The state of professional health of the personnel is associated with the absence of any deformations, representing the absolute psychophysical and social well-being of a person in working conditions. Simultaneously with professional health, modern researchers pay special attention to the psychological component of workers' health. Aspects such as constant overstrain, nervous and psychophysical overloads are of great interest to specialists in this field. Among the main causes of industrial accidents, overworking of workers is in the first place. The energy expenditure of workers in carrying out production tasks must be compatible with well-being. The health of the personnel is an economic value, since the efficiency and quality of labor activity of the entire enterprise depend on the efficiency, labor potential, involvement of employees in the labor process as a whole.

Domestic and International Experience in Researching Police Officers’ Motivation

The article is focused on the consideration of the motivation of police officers of the National Police of Ukraine as determinants of professional efficiency. The authors have analyzed the domestic and international experience of studying the professional motivation of police officers and the possibilities of its practical use in the system of psychological provision of the employees of the National Police of Ukraine. The levels and components of motivation, directions of its improvement have been studied. The authors have accomplished review of research on the motives for choosing a service in the police as a profession, as well as the factors of further motivation of the employees. The relationship between individual motivation, learning productivity, work and police officers’ satisfaction with the work has been traced. The role of self-motivation and self-organization in increasing the efficiency of professional activity has been determined.
 Motivating factors have been provided – achievement, recognition, responsibility, promotion and growth, etc., means to support motivation, as well as demotivators – stress due to internal factors, poor health and physical well-being, a negative example of employees who lost interest in the service, etc. The importance of organizational justice and personal example of the head, his awareness and attention to the factors of individual motivation and productivity of the employee for the optimization of the police activity has been substantiated.
 The perspective of developing diagnostic tools and development of motivation of police personnel in the field of work with psycho-technologies of diagnostic, therapeutic, normative and influential orientation has been outlined.

Профессиональная стрессоустойчивость сотрудников отдела охраны уголовно-исполнительной системы

The dominant view of organizational change among employees is the concept that stress and resistance to stress are two independent phenomena, and that they are urgent and natural reactions to organizational change. Our article proposes a model of organizational change that views stress as a mediator between organizational change and resistance to change. According to this model, stress and resistance are not inevitable reactions to organizational change. It is more correct to find out what makes organizational change stressful or sensitive to employee resistance. The assumption is to implement strategies to reduce and resist negative stress and to increase the effectiveness of positive stress and resulting positive health outcomes among employees adapting to emerging change. Correctional officers are potentially exposed to more risk factors in the workplace because they are on a mission of sorts to contribute to public safety by actively helping offenders become law-abiding citizens. Among the main factors having destructive effect on the efficiency of professional activity of an employee of penitentiary system we consider the following to be necessary: lack of material and human resources, conflictogenicity of communication with convicts, feelings of anxiety due to professional activity. As protective factors, it is advisable to note measures of social support in the penitentiary environment, and the development of positive coping-strategies condition the improvement of the level of training of officers. As a result, prolonged work stress can lead to burnout in the workplace and is characterized by feelings of exhaustion, cynicism, detachment, ineffectiveness and lack of personal achievement. Both work stress and emotional burnout combined can lead to a decrease in officers' commitment to the core ideology of the institution and, consequently, a decrease in job performance.

Mental health of university teachers under pandemic conditions: risk factors and ways of coping with them

Aim. The study of mental health risk factors in teachers in higher education and ways of coping with them under pandemic conditions in the period of forced switching to remote mode of education.
 Methods. Interdisciplinary psychological and sociological questionnaire-based survey of University teachers. A uniform feedback form contained the authors sociological questions, and the questions defining the extent of neuropsychic tension. The collection of empiric material was performed using Google Forms; the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the teachers answers was carried out by statistical and interpretative methods.
 Results. The mental health risks can include the increased workload, the tension caused by this fact, the strict control of the teachers work activities by the authorities. In 86.1% of the teachers, the tension in the period of remote work was accompanied with pains in various parts of the body, irritability, insomnia, and etc. A moderate neuropsychic tension was observed in 65% of teachers, and every forth of them (25.2%) experienced excessive, pronounced tension. In 20.6% of teachers, the stress and tension contributed to success and efficiency of the activities. The major part of teachers (70%) remained satisfied with their own performance capabilities.
 Conclusion. It is necessary to develop and implement a health protection program focused on the increase of the efficiency of professional activity, the personality resources, and the formation of psychological practices of the teachers personality self-preservation, self-realization and self-education.

The peculiarities of assessing the psychophysiological traits of military pilots when exercising periodic control of their professionally important qualities

Annotation. The paper presents the results of statistical calculations of psychophysiological examinations of 80 military pilots and flight navigators with different levels of suitability for flight performance. The authors analyze the effects of the temporal factor (after the vacation leave) on the psychophysiological qualities of military pilots, other indices of individual typological and psychodynamic qualities which prove to be the indicator of the possibilities of man’s adaptation to the conditions of the task performance. With respect to investigating the above possibilities, we have determined the time period for carrying out their assessment with the aim of determining reasonably the level of the military pilot professional suitability. This makes it possible to timely prevent the negative changes in the state of health and professionally important qualities of pilots in order to support and rehabilitate their readiness for performing the tasks assigned. When carrying out the investigation we managed to take into account the external criteria of success rate in performing the professional duties of pilots: the efficiency of professional activities, the pilot’s qualification and total flight hours. The authors also reveal the difference in the correlation of psychophysiological functions in pilots suitable and unsuitable for performing their professional duties. The authors suggest the up-to-date methodical approaches to monitoring the psychophysiological qualities with the aim of the further development on this basis the criteria for the professional suitability of the pilot. Special solution rules of determining the level of suitability of military pilots for performing their professional duties are developed.

Совмещение профессионального и родительского труда в оценках уральских женщин: объективные и субъективные барьеры

The article considers the problem of combining two types of labor activity — professional and parental labor. The aim of the research is to identify objective and subjective barriers for combination of these two labor spheres. We focus on specific elements of the organization of labor of working mothers (length of the working week and working day, time of the start and the end of work, alternation of work and days off, leave period, form of work organization) and on identifying subjective barriers that prevent the effective combination of professional and parental labor. We conducted an online survey of 265 women aged 18 to 45 working in various organizations in the Sverdlovsk region. We analyzed the data using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and group comparison based on nonparametric criteria. The results of the study are as follows: the length of the working day, as well as the time of its beginning and end, act as objective barriers to combining professional and parental work for Ural women. The subjective barriers preventing the effective combination of professional and parental work for Ural women are stereotypes of employers and colleagues who do not have children, based on the perception of the low efficiency of professional activities of workers with children, the negative impact of children on the implementation of professional work and the professional career of parents, misunderstanding of the advantages that children give to workers with children in the process of their professional work. The presence of such subjective barriers often entails refusals in employment of subjects of parental labor, a deterioration in the attitude of the employers towards them, and increases the likelihood of going on unpaid leave.