Efficiency Of Photovoltaic Panel Research Articles

Exploring cooling of PV panels based on metallic and nonmetallic nanofluids: An experimental study

An outdoor experimental study investigated the cooling of photovoltaic (PV) panels using nano-fluids containing metallic (calcium carbonate, CaCO3) and non-metallic (ferro-magnetite, Fe3O4) particles. The study compared the solar power output and efficiency of PV panels cooled by various nano-fluids, as well as uncooled and water-cooled systems, under laminar and turbulent flow conditions with flow rates ranging from 1000 to 7000 mL/min. Aluminum heat exchangers (460 mm in length, 10 mm in outer diameter, and 10 mm in thickness) were attached to the rear surface of each PV cell, enabling the analysis of cell temperature, thermal performance, and electrical performance. The use of CaCO3 and Fe3O4 nano-fluids notably reduced the average cell surface temperature compared to uncooled and water-cooled systems. Fe3O4 nano-fluid, in particular, excelled due to its high thermal conductivity, which resulted in an improved heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number when compared to air and water cooling. The electrical performance, power output, and efficiency of the PV cells all improved when cooling systems were employed in contrast to the uncooled condition. Among the available cooling methods, Fe3O4 nano-fluid stood out for its superior results, thanks to its exceptional thermal conductivity.

Survey of biosolar roofs in the world

In this article, we will continue our study on biosolar roofs. Biosolar roofs have become an inspiring system for us because it creates a sustainable place and reduce carbon emissions. This types roofs are different from classic green roofs in that it uses a renewable source of energy, in this case the Sun, and produce electricity that we can supply the building with. What is interesting is that the vegetation stored under the photovoltaic panels can use evaporation to cool the panels and therefore increase their efficiency. We know from the world that biosolar roofs are not so widespread due to implementation factors such as initial costs and limited experimental data. It is very important that new experimental studies be carried out to evaluate the performance of this system in urban areas. Another important factor that should not be forgotten is location of the system. It is necessary to know all climatic conditions before implementing the system. In this article, we will focus on the benefits of this type of roofs and how the system can improve the energy efficiency of photovoltaic panels and reduce CO2 emissions with long-term benefits.

Small Scale Models of Solar Tracking Systems

Increasing the efficiency of photovoltaic panels using solar tracking systems is a current topic. The use of solar tracking systems is a solution, especially in low power applications. The paper presents two types of solar tracking systems, one based on astronomical data, and the other based on tracking the point of maximum illumination. Both systems are made on small scale for educational purposes. These systems can be used for the analysis of methods, principles and particularities in order to use them in practical applications. For the two experimental models of solar tracking made, the hardware and software structure are presented. To orient the photovoltaic panels in the two directions (East-West, respectively South-North) DC motors or stepper motors are used. One motor is used for each axis of rotation. Both structures have the control part composed of a microcontroller development system. This control method has the advantage that can significantly reduce the number of electronic components as well as the cost of designing and building of equipment. For the solar tracking system based on astronomical data, a remote monitoring and control system has been achieved. It uses a friendly graphic interface made on PC with the help of Visual Basic software. Both models were tested and the experimental results showed correct operation according to the imposed protocol. Finally, an energy efficiency analysis was done and it was found that the PV panel that uses the tracking systems produces 35% more energy compared to a fixed PV panel.

ГЕНЕТИЧНІ АЛГОРИТМИ В ЗАДАЧАХ ОПТИМІЗАЦІЇ РОБОТИ ФЕС

Solving the tasks of finding the maximum in the field of renewable energy sources. The scientific work is devoted to the application of genetic algorithms to solve the problems of optimizing the efficiency of solar energy in renewable energy sources. The main focus of the work is on finding the maximum parameter values in solar power plants. The relevance of the study is due to the constant growth in the popularity of the use of solar energy and the need to increase its conversion efficiency. The application of genetic algorithms in solving the tasks of finding the maximum in solar energy is an important step in achieving optimal configurations of FES and ensuring the stable functioning of this type of power plants in general. The work includes the analysis of the influence of various parameters on the efficiency of photovoltaic panels and the development of optimal strategies for the use of genetic algorithms to improve their performance. The obtained results open up new opportunities for increasing the competitiveness of FES in the field of renewable energy sources. The genetic algorithm is recognized for its ability to provide quality results and work faster than the selection method. This method is widely used in world practice [6]. Modern algorithms for tasks where the size of the search space is so large that the exact finding of the optimal solution becomes impossible, then in such cases heuristic solutions meet the requirements, have also been studied. One of the goals of the research is the analysis of optimization algorithms and their applicability for solving the optimization tasks of solar energy. Genetic algorithms, although effective, have their limitations - in many cases, they tend to converge to a local optimum (or even an arbitrary point), instead of a global one. This indicates their inability to decide how to maintain high fitness in the short term. Additionally, the complication is related to how to protect evolutionarily formed parts from destructive mutations [7, 9]. In the process of research, the specified limitations were taken into account and mechanisms were developed to reduce their negative impact. The algorithm considered in the work is not only resistant to local minima, but also, due to the internal parallelism expressed in working with individual solutions, rather than whole classes of solutions, provides a relatively fast search for the optimal solution. Research methods basically use the iterative technique of improving results

A numerical study on the performance of a hybrid ventilation and power generation system

Ventilation, cooling and power are essential requirements of buildings. Integration of solar chimney, earth-air heat exchanger and photovoltaic panel forms a new hybridsystem, which is able to provide simultaneous ventilation, cooling capacity and electricity in an effective manner for buildings. The contribution of this study is to quantitatively identify the thermal and electrical performances of the hybrid system using a comprehensive validated numerical model. In addition, a parametric study was also performed to examine the effect of the number of EAHE pipe and solar collector on the performance of the hybrid system in order to further enhance the system performance. The results revealed that the peak daytime ventilation of the proposed hybrid system is reduced by 22.05 % compared to the ventilation system of solar chimney integrated with earth-air heat exchanger, and the outlet air temperature is reduced by 0.12 °C in average; the indoor temperatures for the hybrid and ventilation systems are slightly different. Moreover, the minimum electrical efficiency of hybrid system is 1.34 % higher than that for stand-alone photovoltaic system. Increasing the number of earth-air heat exchangers leads to more than 36.43 % increase in peak ventilation volume and 3.7 % improvement in electrical efficiency. In addition, increasing the quantity of solar chimney-photovoltaic modules can effectively increase the induced ventilation volume, and the outlet air temperature, but has slight effect on the temperature and electrical efficiency of photovoltaic panel. Therefore, the hybrid system not only can supply appropriate ventilation but also can generate electric power to buildings. The findings provide a preliminary guidance for optimizing design of the hybrid system.

An experimental analysis of a hybrid photovoltaic thermal system through parallel water pipe integration

The global research community has increasingly focused on sustainable energy solutions to combat the environmental challenges posed by extensive fossil fuel consumption. This paper presents a new simple approach to enhance the electric efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) panels through efficient cooling techniques using simple parallel water pipes on the back of the PV panel. Additionally, the waste heat generated during this process is harnessed as a valuable heat source for residential hot water systems. Experimental measurements were conducted on both the reference PV panels without cooling and the PV/T system equipped with cooling pipes. A comprehensive energy analysis was performed to compare their performance. The results demonstrate that the cooled PV/T system exhibits consistently higher electric efficiency due to effective cooling by about 10%, resulting in surface temperature reduction and enhanced performance. The system also demonstrates a significant improvement in waste heat recovery, making it a practical and promising choice for sustainable energy applications.

Thermal Effects on Photovoltaic Panel Efficiency and Enhanced Cooling Strategies for Optimal Performance

The influence of temperature on the performance of photovoltaic (PV) panels is a critical consideration in harnessing the potential of solar energy technology. This compilation of research papers explores the multifaceted impact of operating temperature on PV systems and the utilization of cooling technologies to enhance their efficiency. The studies consistently emphasize the detrimental effects of elevated temperatures on PV cells and modules and investigate various aspects, including temperature-dependent parameters, real-world environmental conditions, geographical distribution, and mitigation strategies. Accurate modeling and location-specific considerations are underscored as vital for optimizing PV system efficiency. As the world embraces renewable energy and sustainability, the insights presented in these papers offer valuable contributions to advancing solar power technology for a more sustainable future. Furthermore, this collection emphasizes the significance of addressing temperature-related efficiency losses in PV panels and the potential for cooling solutions to improve performance. Various cooling methods, such as air cooling, water cooling, evaporative cooling, and phase change materials, are explored to mitigate the impact of high operating temperatures on PV systems. Integrated systems that combine cleaning and cooling mechanisms to address both soiling and heating issues are proposed. Environmental and economic considerations are pivotal in assessing the feasibility of implementing cooling solutions in different settings. These studies collectively stress the need for effective cooling technologies, especially in regions with extreme temperatures and intense solar radiation, to unlock the full potential of PV systems. Researchers, engineers, and policymakers working in the field of renewable energy will find these findings valuable for advancing the efficient utilization of solar power

Enhancing Photovoltaic Solar Panel Efficiency through Integration of Copper and Aluminium Backsheets: A Comprehensive Review

Photovoltaic (PV) solar panels play a pivotal role in the transition to sustainable and renewable energy sources, making it essential to continually improve their efficiency. One promising avenue of research involves integrating materials such as copper and aluminium into the backsheet of solar panels. This comprehensive review article aims to provide a thorough examination of the advancements and potential benefits of incorporating copper and aluminium in PV panel backsheets to enhance their efficiency

An experimental investigation on coalescing the potentiality of PCM, fins and water to achieve sturdy cooling effect on PV panels

Improving the efficiency of silicon photovoltaic (PV) panels is of utmost importance to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 7. The energy loss aided by the heat generation of PV panel is the leading cause of the degradation of PV panels' efficiency as well as its longevity. A novel cooling system with PCM, fins and still water is propounded in this research as a solution. The proposed configuration utilizes the latent heat of fusion of PCM and the latent heat of evaporation of water to achieve effective cooling in a passive approach. HS 29 PCM is chosen in context with the location and system thermal characteristics. The results highlight that the per day output of the proposed configuration is 8.12% and 9.39% higher than the PV panel without cooling for the observed two selected days respectively. The maximum power enhancement was 20.25% and on average 8.57% improvement is obtained relative to reference PV. The thermal characteristics revealed that the temperature of the cooled panel was below 50 °C while the PV panel without cooling reached about 73 °C. The average and maximum temperature drops are observed to be 10.14 °C and 16.7 °C respectively. The maximum enhancement in power conversion efficiency was 20.13% when compared to the uncooled PV panel. Furthermore, corrosion analysis and thermal stress assessment are performed to ensure the longevity of the system. The energy saving is scaled to a 1 MW large-scale PV system and the results show ∼367 MWh of annual energy savings and ∼ 2 ktoe of reduction in CO2 emissions. The inclusion of a cooling strategy significantly improves the performance of the PV panel and contributes further in attaining SDG 7.

Experimental and numerical study of enhancing the electrical performance of photovoltaic panel using phase change material in transient conditions

ABSTRACTThis study investigates employing a phase change material (PCM) to enhance the electrical power production and efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) panels. The PCM was placed at the backside of the collector, and the actual PV cell temperature values were recorded and evaluated by comparison in both cases with and without PCM. During the daytime and according to experimental findings, the existence of PCM decreased the cell temperature by an additional 9.5°C compared to a standard PV panel. The maximum generated power values using the hybrid PV/PCM system were 38.76 W on August 5th and 47 W on October 23rd, respectively. Conversely, the conventional PV generated only 35.2 W and 37 W on the same days. The results also revealed that the best electrical efficiencies were reached using the PV/PCM system at values of 12.1% and 15%, compared to 9.2% and 11.9% for conventional PV on the same days. A 1.38% greater energy production efficiency was reached using the hybrid PV/PCM system. Finally, using a numerical approach, the differential equations governing the energy exchange between the different layers were solved for both systems, and an excellent agreement for both the numerical results and the experimental data was confirmed.

A self-driven solar air heater integrated with a thermal energy storage unit: Design and experiment study

The Self-driven solar air heater (SDSAH) can operate independently without reliance on an external power grid through the incorporation of photovoltaic (PV) panels, however it is still subject to intermittent operation and large temperature fluctuations. In this study, a novel SDSAH integrated with a thermal energy storage (TES) unit was proposed and the operational thermal and electrical performance of the SDSAH with TES unit were experimentally investigated. The results showed that the SDSAH could output heat continuously throughout the day (24 h) in a self-sustaining mode and automatically adjust the airflow rate according to solar irradiance. The overall thermal efficiency of this system averages at 52.73 % throughout the day. The introduction of the TES unit could lower the peak temperature of the outlet air by more than 9 K and improve the electrical efficiency of PV panels. However, due to heat loss at night, the whole-day thermal efficiency will be slightly lower than that of SDSAH without a TES unit. The energy payback time for this system was 42 months. This study offers new ideas and solutions for a distributed agricultural drying system.

Efficiency Optimization in Multi-Branch Converters through Dynamic Control

As the global emphasis on solar energy intensifies, optimizing the efficiency of photovoltaic panels becomes crucial in meeting energy demands sustainably. Addressing this, our research delves deeply into advancing maximum power point tracking (MPPT), a pivotal component in perfecting the energy conversion process. Leveraging state-of-the-art mathematical modeling, in-depth simulations, and comprehensive experimental validation, we set out to markedly refine the performance of non-isolated multi-branch buck DC–DC converters. In this pursuit, we introduce an innovative algorithm meticulously designed to adjust the number of active branches. This adjustment is rooted in robust efficiency metrics, ensuring optimal power delivery even under dynamic and fluctuating conditions. We place a distinct emphasis on the transformative role of current in determining converter efficiency. Drawing from our findings, we advocate for an adaptive control strategy, precisely engineered to thrive in a spectrum of operational contexts. With this study, we not only present pivotal contributions to the domain of photovoltaic technology but also chart out clear expectations for future endeavors. Our hope is that these advancements serve as foundational steps, guiding the evolution of sustainable energy generation.

Fine and Coarse Dust Effects on Radiative Forcing, Mass Deposition, and Solar Devices Over the Middle East

AbstractIn desert regions like the Middle East, dust has a profound impact on the environment, climate, air quality, and solar devices. The size of dust particles determines the extent of these effects. Dust deposition (DD) measurements show that coarse dust particles with geometric radius r > 10 μm comprise most of the deposited mass. Still, these particles are not represented in the current models that are tuned to fit the observed aerosol optical depth (AOD). As a result, the existing models and reanalysis products underestimate DD and dust emission (DE) almost 3 times. This is the first study to constrain the dust simulations by both AOD and DD measurements to quantify the effect of coarse and fine dust using the WRF‐Chem model. We found that, on average, coarse dust contributes less than 10% to dust shortwave radiative forcing (RF) at the surface but comprises more than 70% of DE. Annual mean net RF over the Arabian Peninsula and regional seas locally reaches −25 W m−2. Airborne fine dust particles with radii r < 3 μm are mainly responsible for the significant dimming (5%–10%) of solar radiation, cooling the surface, and hampering solar energy production. However, dust mass deposition is primarily linked to coarse particles, decreasing the efficiency of photovoltaic panels by 2%–5% per day. Therefore, incorporating coarse dust in model simulations and data assimilation would improve the overall description of the dust mass balance and its impact on environmental systems and solar devices.

Topology optimization and numerical analysis of cold plates for concentrating photovoltaic thermal management

Continuous advances in concentrating photovoltaic (CPV) panel efficiency are increasingly affected by cell temperature. Improving PV panel cooling performance is critical. This application optimizes the internal flow channel structure of PV panel cooling systems using topology optimization techniques like multi-objective and multi-stage optimization with penalty factors. Three-dimensional CFD simulation is used to compare the heat transfer performance of topology optimized channel cooling configuration and traditional straight channel cooling configuration for photovoltaic panel systems. Effects of inlet flow rates, concentration ratios, and other parameters on cooling performance are investigated. Results show the topology optimized flow channel configuration has better cooling than the straight channel. At different concentration ratios, the solar cell temperature reduces 13.85%–23.45%. The optimized application also has lower inlet and outlet pressure drops for the same operating conditions, requiring less external power. Compared to the straight channel, the topology optimized flow channel increases net PV system output power 3.00%–19.37% at different concentration ratios. Applying topology optimization provides new ideas for optimizing PV cooling system designs.

Study on structural and luminescence properties of Eu-doped CBP phosphors

Europium (Eu) doped Calcium borophosphate (CBP) phosphors were synthesized via solid-state diffusion method. The prepared Europium (Eu) doped Calcium borophosphate (CBP) powder was heated up to 600 ℃ for 6 h for a complete diffusion of ions in the powder system. XRD results showed that the prepared phosphors exhibit a well-crystallized hexagonal phase. The complete diffusion inside the CBP/Eu powder system has been confirmed by the presence of elements such as P, O, Bi, Ca, C, Eu, and B. Apart from that, the synthesized powder system has shown a down-conversion property where the Eu3+ activated ion was excited at 251 nm. Under the excitation of 251 nm, CBP/Eu phosphor showed intense emissions peaking at 591,617, and 693 nm due to the 5D0 → 7F1, 5D0 → 7F2, and 5D0 → 7F4 transition of Eu3+ ions. The obtained results suggest that the CBP/Eu phosphors have the potential for spectral response coating materials to improve the photovoltaic (PV) panel efficiency.

Investigating the Impact of Partial Shading on Photovoltaic Panels and Enhancing their Efficiency using the Python

This research project focuses on investigating the impact of partial shading on photovoltaic (PV) panels and proposes methods to enhance their efficiency using Python programming. Partial shading can significantly reduce the performance of PV panels by creating imbalances in current and voltage outputs. By leveraging Python's computational capabilities, this study aims to develop simulation models and algorithms that accurately capture the behavior of shaded PV panels. The objectives of this research include building a comprehensive understanding of partial shading effects, developing a Python-based simulation framework, analyzing the impact of different shading patterns on PV panel efficiency, investigating novel techniques to enhance efficiency using Python, and evaluating proposed approaches through simulations and experimental validation. Through this investigation, we aim to contribute to the development of improved strategies for the design and operation of PV systems. By mitigating the negative effects of shading and enhancing PV panel efficiency, we can further promote the adoption of sustainable solar energy solutions. The outcomes of this research have the potential to advance the field of solar energy and facilitate a greener and cleaner future. Also, this paper aims to investigate the impact of partial shading on photovoltaic (PV) panels and explores methods to enhance their efficiency using Python. Partial shading can significantly reduce the overall output of PV systems, leading to suboptimal performance. By analyzing shading patterns and implementing intelligent algorithms, we can optimize PV panel configuration and improve their efficiency. In this study, the Python programming language will be utilized to develop simulation models, perform data analysis, and propose solutions for increasing the efficiency of shaded PV panels.

Development of a Multi-Suspension Unit for Solar Cleaning Robots to Mitigate Vibration Impact on Photovoltaic Panels

Numerous studies about solar panel cleaning robot (SPCR) have been conducted globally to enhance the performance of photovoltaic panels (PV panels). However, there is a reality: scant attention has been paid to the large pressure and vibration that SPCR movements induce, not only on the photovoltaic panel surface but also on the mounting structure. Most of the research is focused on evaluating the “cleanliness” of the PV surface by using a clearing robot or the effects of natural factors (wind, dust, etc.) on the PV panels. Nonetheless, the large pressure and vibration constitute one of the primary factors contributing to the degradation of photovoltaic panel longevity and efficiency, especially affecting poorly installed PV arrays. To address these issues, this study proposes the design of a multi-suspension unit for the SPCRs equipped with track-wheeled, which might reduce vibration on the PV panel surface generated by the SPCRs’ motion and brushing action during operation. The multi-suspension unit facilitates the expansion of the contact area between the track-wheeled and the PV panel surface; hence, the negative effect is reduced owing to the vibration-absorbing properties of the rubber track pads. In the case of a static SPCR state, with only the impact of rotating brushes on vibration, the effectiveness of the multi-suspension unit can reduce vibration by a maximum of 72.63. Moreover, a metric (Δz) is proposed to evaluate the change in deflection of PV panels over time. The results show that the number of significant changes in PV panel deflection gradually decreases or disappears, while the number of small changes increases. In the case of SPCR operating on portrait PV modules, the number of occurrences of Δz (greater than 0.5 mm) is reduced from 18 counts to 5 counts, while the number of occurrences of Δz (less than 0.5 mm) increased from 61 counts to 91 counts. Overall, the proposed multi-system suspension is effective in reducing or eliminating large deflections while keeping the vibration frequency constant.

Preparation and photoaging resistance of single-walled carbon nanotubes transparent conductive thin films for electrostatic dust removal of photovoltaic panels

A single-walled carbon nanotubes transparent conductive film for electrostatic dust removal of photovoltaic panels was prepared by a rod coating method and subjected to xenon lamp aging experiments at different irradiance (300 W/m2, 150 W/m2, 50 W/m2, 2000 h) to investigate the photoaging resistance of the film. After aging, the light transmittance decreased from 91.34% to a minimum of 90.39%, the sheet resistance increased from 0.325 * 105 Ω/□ to a maximum of 4.753 * 105 Ω/□, the surface energy decreased, and the adhesive strength of the film at an irradiance of 300 W/m2 decreased from a class 5B to a class 4B. The film was used as the surface material of photovoltaic panels and was subjected to electrostatic dust removal experiments, which showed that the final dust removal rate of different aging types of films was between 97.5% and 98.5%, the power generation efficiency of photovoltaic panels can reach 93.5%− 97.8% of that of ordinary photovoltaic panels in the dust-free state on the surface, and excellent application results are achieved. The results of the study are conducive to expanding the application scenarios of single-walled carbon nanotubes transparent conductive films from indoor or air-isolated areas to outdoor ones.

Research on the Passive Cooling System of Solar Photovoltaic Panel Based on Hybrid Solar Chimney and Ventilator

The efficiency of solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation is significantly impacted by factors such as ambient temperature, surrounding wind speed, and the temperature of the solar PV panels. The power generation efficiency of these panels diminishes by approximately 0.5% for each incremental rise in their temperature. To mitigate this effect, two primary methods for cooling solar photovoltaic panels are considered: active and passive cooling techniques. This review paper delves into an extensive body of literature on solar passive cooling systems, highlighting the vital role of passive cooling technology in enhancing the efficiency of solar PV power generation. We investigate the structure and cooling effect of diverse passive cooling systems, with a specific focus on the application of solar chimneys and ventilators in cooling systems for solar PV panels. Our study reveals that solar chimneys, using buoyancy, can decrease the temperature of solar PV panels by as much as 15 degrees, thereby augmenting power generation efficiency. Furthermore, the deployment of ventilator technology can boost the efficiency of solar PV power generation to an impressive 46.54%. In conclusion, this paper proposes the synergistic use of solar chimneys and ventilators to improve solar PV panel efficiency, extend their lifespan, and reduce the environmental impact resulting from inefficient solar PV panels. This comprehensive approach should inform future practices.

Anlık Güneş Işınımı ve Meteorolojik Parametrelere Bağlı Olarak Fotovoltaik Panel Güç Üretiminin Değerlendirilmesi

The solar radiation incident on the surface of photovoltaic (PV) panels, dependent on the inclination 
 angle, and the temperature of the panels are the most significant parameters affecting power 
 generation. These two parameters are necessary to accurately evaluate the electrical performance by 
 enabling the calculation of cell and module temperatures. In this study, the efficiencies and electrical 
 power behaviors of PV panels positioned towards the sun at a 37° inclination angle in Hakkari province 
 were examined under real solar radiation and ambient temperature values. In addition, the effect of 
 wind speed parameters was also considered, and the impact on panel efficiency and PV panel output 
 power was evaluated. When the results were evaluated, it was confirmed that the effect of wind 
 increases the efficiency of PV panels, resulting in an increasing in PV output power.