Efficiency Of Innovation Systems Research Articles

Performance and efficiency of national innovation systems: lessons from the wine industry

Performance and efficiency of national innovation systems: lessons from the wine industry

The efficiency evaluation and influencing factor analysis of regional green innovation: a refined dynamic network slacks-based measure approach

PurposeThis study aims to propose a refined dynamic network slacks-based measure (DNSBM) to evaluate the efficiency of China's regional green innovation system which consists of basic research, applied research and commercialization stages and explore the influencing factors of the stage efficiency.Design/methodology/approachA two-step procedure is employed. The first step proposes an improved DNSBM model with flexible settings of stages' input or output efficiency and uses second order cone programming (SOCP) to solve the non-linear problem. In the second step, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and Tobit models are used to explore the influencing factors of the stage efficiency. Global Dynamic Malmquist Productivity Index (GDMPI) and Dagum Gini coefficient decomposition method are introduced for further discussion of the productivity change and regional differences.FindingsOn average, Chinese provincial green innovation efficiency should be improved by 24.11% to become efficient. The commercialization stage outperforms the stages of basic research and applied research. Comparisons between the proposed model and input-oriented, output-oriented and non-oriented DNSBM models show that the proposed model is more advanced because it allows some stages to have output-oriented model characteristics while the other stages have input-oriented model characteristics. The examination of the influencing factors reveals that the three stages of the green innovation system have quite diverse influencing factors. Further discussion reveals that Chinese green innovation productivity has increased by 39.85%, which is driven mainly by technology progress, and the increasing tendency of regional differences between northern and southern China should be paid attention to.Originality/valueThis study proposes an improved dynamic three-stage slacks-based measure (SBM) model that allows calculating output efficiency in some stages and input efficiency in the other stages with the application of SOCP approach. In order to capture productivity change, this study develops a GDMPI based on the DNSBM model. In practice, the efficiency of regional green innovation in China and the factors that influence each stage are examined.

Towards a Triple Helix based efficiency index of innovation systems

This article presents a novel application of a two-phase Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) for evaluating the efficiency of innovation systems based on the Triple Helix neo-evolutionary model. The authors identify a niche to measure Triple Helix-based efficiency of innovation systems scrutinizing different methodologies for measuring Triple Helix performance and indicating different perspectives on policy implications. The paper presents a new Triple Helix-based index that engages a comprehensive dataset and helps provide useful feedback to policymakers. It is based on a set of 19 indicators collected from the official reports of 34 OECD countries and applied in a two-phase DEA model: the indicators are aggregated into pillars according to the Assurance Region Global and DEA super-efficiency model; pillar scores are aggregated according to the Benefit-of-the-Doubt based DEA model. The results provide a rank of 34 countries outlining strengths and weaknesses of each observed innovation system. The research implies a variable set of weights to be a major advantage of DEA allowing less developed countries to excel in evaluating innovation systems efficiency. The results of Triple Helix efficiency index measurement presented in this paper help better account for the European Innovation Paradox.

Concept Refinement, Factor Symbiosis, and Innovation Activity Efficiency Analysis of Innovation Ecosystem

This paper makes a comprehensive description of the innovation ecosystem from three perspectives, the concept refinement of the innovation ecosystem, factor symbiosis, and system efficiency, since the traditional definition of innovation ecosystem is not sufficient to fully describe the innovation ecosystem. With grounded theory for reference, the concept of innovation ecosystem is reconstructed, and it is discovered that the conceptual model of innovation ecosystem is composed of main categories and subcategories. The main category is the innovation population and innovation habitat category in the innovation ecosystem, and the subcategory is the input and output activities of the innovation subjects in the innovation ecosystem. The concept refinement of the innovation ecosystem based on the Chinese scenario reflects the characteristics of the innovation ecosystem in a specific context. It has been found that, under the Chinese scenario, there is an asymmetric symbiotic relationship between populations and habitats in the innovation ecosystem. The input-output total factor productivity of the entire innovation ecosystem is in a state of decline, and this decline in total factor productivity is mainly due to the decline in technological change. China’s innovation ecosystem is an asymmetric symbiosis system that relies on factor inputs. Due to insufficient technological innovation, the total factor productivity of the innovation ecosystem has declined.

How do dimensions of institutional quality improve Italian regional innovation system efficiency? The Knowledge production function using SFA

This paper investigates the contribution of different dimensions of institutional quality on the efficiency of the Italian regional innovation system (RIS) through the application of a knowledge production function estimated within a Stochastic Frontier Analysis environment. Though most of the dimensions of institutional quality considered in the analysis are found to play no role in affecting RIS efficiency, we detect a positive and highly significant impact of government effectiveness on the variable of interest. This result is robust to different assumptions about the underlying technology, to alternative lag structures between R&D and patenting activities and to the application of different R&D inputs. Moreover, this evidence is confirmed once instead of the RIS efficiency, we appraise the impact of institutional quality on the amount of registered patents, through the application of a canonical knowledge production function. In terms of policy implications, our analysis indicates that measures that strengthen the endowment of regional socio-economic structures are highly recommended as they enhance the efficiency of the RIS and stimulate patenting activities. Finally, interventions for Southern regions should be designed to reduce the technological and efficiency gap with the most advanced regions in the country.

Research on urban innovation efficiency of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area based on DEA-Malmquist model.

In order to scientifically evaluate the allocation efficiency of science and technology innovation system and build a good science and technology financial environment, this paper constructs an evaluation index system based on the panel data of 11 cities in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area from 2010 to 2019. By using the Three-stage DEA model and Malmquist model, this paper makes a static and dynamic analysis on the efficiency of scientific and technological innovation, calculates the efficiency of scientific and technological innovation, and reveals its internal reasons. The results show that: the productivity of scientific and technological innovation in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area has been steadily improved; technological progress is the key factor to promote the productivity of scientific and technological innovation; there are differences in the efficiency of scientific and technological innovation in the same city, and the efficiency of scale has inhibited the efficiency of scientific and technological innovation to a certain extent.

Innovation systems’ response to changes in the institutional impulse: Analysis of the evolution of the European energy innovation system from FP7 to H2020

This study addresses how the institutional impulse developed by the European Union influenced the evolution of the European energy innovation system. Considering the contributing role of innovation systems in the development of new knowledge and technology, it can be stated that the institutional impulse achieved by the European Union through the research framework programmes creates a network of relations between entities and projects. This enables the exchange of information and expertise, which is considered a key element for innovation development. Previous studies have attempted to determine whether institutional impulse is an essential element in understanding the efficiency of innovation systems and their related research policies. However, their investigations have yielded inconclusive results. Using the CORDIS database of the European Commission, this study aims to fill this gap by assessing the European energy innovation system for two periods (2007–2013 and 2014–2020) through two of its research funding programmes—FP7 and H2020—thereby contributing to the literature in the innovation systems field. Social network analysis has been conducted to examine how changes in the institutional impulse, reflected in the new objectives in the research funding programmes, are associated with changes in the structural and topological properties of the innovation systems’ underlying networks. The first contribution indicates that the innovation system responds to changes in the goals of funding programmes, as the taxonomy, topology, and structural properties of their underlying networks underwent modifications due to the newly proposed objectives. The second contribution shows that network properties (cohesion and centrality metrics) can explain the efficiency and effectiveness of innovation systems, drawing useful conclusions for policymakers and individual entities. This last contribution also has important policymaking implications, as it provides the basis for understanding how innovation policy goals can be achieved by changing the institutional impulse to direct the innovation system towards these objectives.

Динамика конкурентоспособности северных регионов за 2008–2020 годы: разработка методики оценки

The conceptual ambiguity of the definition of regional competitiveness hinders the development of socio-economic policy measures to increase a region’s attractiveness to people and capital. The methodology for assessing competitiveness presented in this study evaluates the attractiveness of a region for business, considering the well-being of the population, environmental conditions, economic efficiency and development of innovation and information systems. Technically, the proposed methodology relies on the linear scaling method and various approaches to accounting for interregional price discrimination. Analysis of data obtained from the northern regions of Russia confirmed the conceptual link between competitiveness and productivity and production factors. The key regional competitiveness indicators are personal income and efficiency of production factors — capital intensity and wage intensity. The study revealed low competitiveness of the majority of the northern regions due to the insufficient development of the information system, low attractiveness for business and population, poor economic efficiency and little innovation. In order to maintain high competitiveness of the most successful regions — Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and Sakhalin Oblast — authorities should pay more attention to environment and innovation. The lagging regions need to implement measures to attract investment, increase spending on transport infrastructure, and reduce poverty and unemployment. Additionally, the least competitive regions — Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Kamchatka Krai, Arkhangelsk Oblast and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) — are recommended to focus on improving the regions’ information infrastructure and attractiveness for business. The article demonstrated that more reliable results can be obtained by using the index of budget expenditures instead of the cost of a fixed basket of goods and services adjusted for a specific region, since it better reflects the high cost of life in the northern regions. The findings can be used to develop socio-economic policy of the northern regions of Russia.

Building an effective model of intelligent entrepreneurship development in digital economy

This paper explores peculiarities in the formation and development of intelligent entrepreneurship as a new social phenomenon of national economies and the imperatives of its manifestation in the economic environment. The relationship between intelligent, informational, and innovative activities that shape the environment of modern entrepreneurship has been established. A new understanding of the essence of "intelligent entrepreneurship" and "talent management" categories has been proposed. The value of human capital, the realization of intelligent capabilities of the individual is recognized as the basic value of intelligent entrepreneurship. It has been proven that in modern conditions the most promising for national economies is the transition to open innovation models. It is noted that the development and effective use of intelligent potential are due to the need to increase the efficiency of innovation, science, and education systems, which ensures the economic growth of the national economy. The structure of intelligent potential of entrepreneurship under the conditions of digital transformation of the economy has been built. Original views on the essence and significance of the talent management system are presented. It is noted that intelligent entrepreneurship requires a holistic approach. The classification of communities of intelligent practitioners has been devised. The system of management of advanced reproduction of the latest knowledge of business entities has been formed. The directions of digital transformation of intelligent entrepreneurship have been outlined. A system-integrated methodological approach to determining the Index of digital transformation of business entities has been devised. The study results build on the theoretical and practical aspects of intelligent entrepreneurship, contribute to the effective use and development of the intelligent potential of entrepreneurial organizations and their network associations.

On the impact of knowledge and institutional spillovers on RIS efficiency. Evidence from Italian regional level

AbstractUsing regional Italian data over the 2004–2011 period, we embed, within the framework of a double‐bootstrap Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), both knowledge and institutional spillovers to appraise how the latter affect Regional Innovation System (RIS) efficiency and further investigate how the quality of institutions interacts with RIS efficiency. Our evidence suggests that both knowledge and institutional spillovers enhance RIS efficiency. We find evidence of spillovers of control of corruption, government effectiveness, voice and accountability and regulatory quality, though these results crucially depend on the set of inputs employed. Once the two types of spillovers enter jointly, rather than separately, our specifications, the evidence indicates that both these spillovers positively affect RIS efficiency and their impact is quantitatively comparable. There is also some evidence of a positive effect of regional institutional quality on RIS efficiency, although the result is mediated by increased government effectiveness. In terms of policy implications, the evidence reported in this paper suggests that measures aimed at favouring cooperation among firms, that facilitate an easier imitation strategy and that improve governance are highly recommendable.

Tracing Non-linearity between Economic Freedom and National Health Innovation System Efficiency

Economic freedom, i.e., the freedom of companies to pursue their business activities, is a vital determinant of societal health, wealth, and economic progress. Despite the high societal and economic relevance, the relationship between economic freedom and the performance of national health innovation systems (NHIS) is poorly understood. While prior studies assume direct linear effects between economic freedom and innovation performance, we argue that economic freedom is only beneficial to a certain extent. We theorize on the costs and benefits of economic freedom and examine potential non-linearity in the relationship between economic freedom and NHIS efficiency. Moreover, we propose a contingency perspective and argue that the relationship between economic freedom and NHIS efficiency is depended on the volatility of the level of economic freedom over time. Varying levels of economic freedom require constant adjustments to the regulatory environment, which ultimately affects the costs and benefits of economic freedom so that under high volatility, the peak NHIS efficiency is lower. Using a panel dataset of 70 countries over ten years, we combine data envelopment analysis and regression analysis. Our results support our theorizing showing an inverted U-shaped relationship between economic freedom and NHIS efficiency and provide initial evidence on the associated boundary conditions.

Efficiency evaluation of BRICS\u2019s national innovation systems based on bias-corrected network data envelopment analysis

The very limited studies that tried to measure the efficiency of national innovation systems (NISs) in BRICS economies were limited to the assumption that the innovation process at national level consists of one stage only and got different and conflicting results. Therefore, this study endeavours to measure the efficiency of sub-processes within the BRICS’s NISs and identify where the system failure lies in each NIS. Bias-corrected network data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used to measure the efficiency of total NIS and the efficiency of the other sub-processes within the system: (1) knowledge production process (KPP), and (2) knowledge commercialization process (KCP). The results showed that NISs in BRICS economies suffer from low performance in commercializing their outputs of universities and research organizations. While, on the other hand, their performance in creating scientific and technical knowledge is good in comparison to other studied countries. We suggest that the reason behind this imbalance is the network system failure associated with weak institutions and high uncertainty in the economy. In this study, we argue that the problem in BRICS NISs is not a problem of resources, but it is a problem of system management and institutions. Some bridging policies are suggested to be adopted by BRICS economies to improve their innovation performance and overcome the system failure of weak links between universities and industry.

Evolution of Urban Green Innovation Efficiency Under Environmental Regulations: A Case Study of Xi’an

This paper aims to develop a method to properly measure the urban green innovation efficiency under environmental regulation, analyze the evolution rules of this efficiency, and make rational policy suggestions. By exploring an indicator system which is suitable for the actual urban development, we divided the urban green innovation process into interrelated sub-processes that are based on an innovation chain, established a slacks-based network DEA model, evaluated the overall efficiency of the urban green innovation system and the efficiency of each stage, and studied the evolution of urban green innovation efficiency. Taking Xi’an City as an example, we analyzed the evolution of urban green innovation efficiency under environmental regulation, with the results showing that the process of urban green innovation can be divided into two stages: technological innovation and technological conversion. Xi’an was at the forefront of green innovation efficiency only in 2006, 2009 and 2017, while making inefficient allocation of scientific resources in all other years. The efficiency of scientific and technological research and development has become a major factor in restricting the green innovation efficiency under environmental regulation in Xi’an. Forging ahead in both technological conversion and scientific innovation efficiency should be the best path of green development and innovation. To achieve the continuous and stable improvement of green innovation efficiency, Xi’an should keep improving its green innovation policy to adapt to the increasing social productive forces, and pay attention to the balance between technological innovation and technological conversion.

National innovation system as the basis of the country economic growth

The need to development a national innovation system as a basis for economic growth was substantiated at the theoretical and empirical levels in the article. Within this goal, theories of economic growth were considered , the place of innovations in them was revealed, the concept of national innovation systems was study, the impact of the national innovation systems efficiency on the level of economic developmentidentify was identified. Theoretical models and results of empirical research show that the main strategic factors of long-term economic growth are innovations and their determining factors. In turn, economic growth on an innovation basis requires the creation of appropriate institutional structures, which are united by the concept of national innovation systems. The efficiency of national innovation systems is assessed and its impact on the level of economic development of European countries is revealed. The efficiency of the national innovation system of Ukraine is very low, amounting to 35.4 % of the European average. For Ukraine, there is a connection: low efficiency of the national innovation system → low level of innovation activity → low level of GDP per capita. Not a high level of economic development, in turn, impairs the efficiency of the national innovation system, there is a «trap» of inefficiency. This requires the formation and implementation of a scientifically sound set of measures at the state level to get out of the «trap». Such measures include the following recommendations: establish the indicator of knowledge intensity of GDP as the most important macro indicators of strategic economic development, recognize the financing of science as the most important priority of financing policy; stimulate private investment in research and innovation, expand initiatives such as the formation of venture funds to increase private investment and long-term capital; create a reliable national regulatory framework; simplify state aid rules in the field of science and innovation, especially for small businesses, use common evaluation standards for research and innovation projects; recognize the key role of higher education in providing promising skills and compe- tencies for the successful implementation of innovations, stimulate research in universities; support innovation cooperation.

Does regional innovation system efficiency facilitate energy-related carbon dioxide intensity reduction in China?

Technology innovation has been widely considered as a crucial way to reduce energy-related carbon dioxide (CO2) intensity. However, since the previous studies have largely neglected the operational process of innovation activities and the existence of spatial effect in carbon emissions, the impact of technology innovation on mitigation needs to be further investigated. Based on the sample of regional-level dataset in China during the period from 1998 to 2015, we first estimate the regional innovation system efficiency (RISE) with employing Data Envelopment Analysis window technique. Moreover, by adopting spatial econometric approaches, we further examine the direct effect and spatial spillover effect of RISE on CO2 intensity in China during the study period. The results show that there exist remarkable spatial spillover effects of CO2 intensity in China. Interestingly, RISE spatial agglomeration has higher spatial spillover effects on CO2 intensities between two remote areas than between neighbors. More importantly, RISE can facilitate CO2 intensity reduction at national level, whereas in across eastern-western and central-western regions, RISE in one region within a particular area can reduce its CO2 intensity while increasing those of other regions in the other area. Finally, some policy suggestions are identified to reduce CO2 intensity in China.

An assessment of regional innovation system efficiency in Russia: the application of the DEA approach

The main aim of this study is to compare Russian regions according to their ability to create new technologies efficiently and to identify factors that determine these differences over a long period of time. We apply data envelopment analysis (DEA) to assess the relationship between the results of patenting and resources of a regional innovation system (RIS). Unlike previous studies, we apply the DEA method over a long period, comparing regions to one another and over time. In general, RIS efficiency in Russia increased during the period, especially in the least developed territories. There was significant regional differentiation. The most efficient RIS were formed in the largest agglomerations with leading universities and research centers: the cities Moscow and Saint Petersburg and the Novosibirsk, Voronezh, and Tomsk regions. Econometric calculations show that RIS efficiency was higher in technologically more developed regions with the oldest universities and larger patent stock. Time is a crucial factor for knowledge accumulation and creating links between innovative agents within RIS. Entrepreneurial activity was also a significant factor because it helps to convert ideas and research into inventions and new technologies and it enhances the interaction between innovative agents. It is advantageous to be located near major innovation centres because of more intensive interregional knowledge spillovers. Public support of more efficient regions can lead to a more productive regional innovation policy.

The Operation Evaluation of China's Marine Industry Technology Innovation System

ABSTRACT Li, T.; Han, D.; Ding, Y., and Zhang, L., 2018. The operation evaluation of China's marine industry technology innovation system. In: Liu, Z.L. and Mi, C. (eds.), Advances in Sustainable Port and Ocean Engineering. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 83, pp. 807–813. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. In order to evaluate the operation efficiency of China's marine industry technology innovation system, the evaluation model is developed by the entropy weighted fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. Through analyzing the impact factors of marine industry, the evaluation indicators system is constructed, including RD support system; resources input; achievement transformation and overflow ability, using the entropy method to determine the weight and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to analysis effect, the results show that the system performance is good at present, the operational efficiency is still to be improved. The findings accurately present the specific oper...

Assessing the efficiency of national innovation systems in developing countries

Abstract Despite the growing importance of developing countries to the global economy and their increasing role in innovation, limited academic attention has been given to the national innovation systems (NIS) of these countries. Given that they commonly suffer a lack of resources, efficiency in the operation of innovation seems crucial. This study aims to assess the innovation efficiency of developing countries. Breaking down the NIS into two stages, knowledge production and application process, we additionally introduce the knowledge absorption perspective in the latter stage as the consideration for the context of developing countries. Based on the results of the efficiency assessment, clustering analysis is implemented to identify several typologies of the operation of NIS in developing countries and to provide implications for each case. This study will constitute a meaningful attempt to provide a general understanding of innovation status and operations in developing countries, thereby suggesting policy directions for several cases.

Rozdiely v efektívnosti inovačných systémov Slovenska a vybraných krajín Európskej únie

The aim of the paper is to identify differences in innovation efficiency of national innovation systems of Slovakia and selected countries of the European Union (Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Germany, Romania and Sweden) in the period 2006-2015. The relative efficiency model applied uses a non-parametric method known as data envelopment analysis (DEA) in a super-efficiency version with a constant-returns-to-scale technology and input orientation. The data selection is based on innovation indicators and methodological aspects of the model. The authors discovered that Austria and Germany achieved an efficient score for technological efficiency, Belgium, Estonia, Romania and Slovakia for economic efficiency, and only Austria for overall efficiency. The research identifies peers for Slovakia among all the EU countries at all levels of efficiency, provides several recommendations for improvement and also confirms the existence of small countries' resulting bias.

Regional and firm-specific effects on innovations using multi-level methods

This paper analyses the determinants of different innovation types in Germany using the IAB (Institut fur Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung—Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg) Establishment Panel 2006 to 2012 and merged regional data from various sources. The aim of the study is to test the empirical evidence of regional and firm-specific effects on innovations. For the empirical analysis variables of three dimensions are considered: availability and quality of local inputs, knowledge spillover, efficiency of regional innovation system and intra-firm capacity. The effects of these variables are estimated using three-level random effect logit models which account for the clustered and longitudinal structure of the data. In the focus is the empirical analysis of the expected impacts of regional and firm-specific factors on various categories of innovation activities in Germany. The differences between the various kinds of innovations became important when considering the regional and firm-specific variables in detail. While for radical innovations the unemployment rate, the share of MINT graduates, the R&D expenditures and industry’s regional concentration have significant, but relatively small impacts, for other types of innovation the regional variables are insignificant. Overall the empirical results show that the regional intra-class correlation is small and the firm-specific variables are crucial for modelling innovation activities in Germany and dominate the regional dimension.