Dehydration Efficiency Research Articles

A NOVEL METHOD FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF PYRIDO[1,2- b ][2]BENZAZEPINES ON THE BASIS OF 2-(BROMOMETHYL)BENZOPHENONES AND 2-(BROMOMETHYL)BENZALDEHYDE

A novel method for the synthesis of pyrido[1,2- b ][2]benzazepine derivatives is based on the reaction of 2-(bromomethyl)benzophenones and 2-(bromomethyl)benzaldehyde with 2-methylpyridines. The route of synthesis of 6 H -pyrido[1,2- b ][2]benzazepinium salts includes several steps with the possibility of isolating intermediate 1-benzyl-2-methylpyridinium and 11-aryl-11-hydroxy-11,12-dihydro-6 H- pyrido[1,2- b ][2]benzazepinium bromides. The efficiency of dehydration of intermediate carbinols increases with the use of protic solvents, an increase in heating time, and in the presence of electron-withdrawing substituents in the benzazepine moiety. The structure of the reaction products was proved by mass spectrometry, IR and one- and two-dimensional correlation NMR spectroscopy.

Electrochemical Treatment Characteristics of Insoluble Anode Electrode By Surface Morphology

The sewage and wastewater treatment market has evolved from organic matter removal to advanced treatment and high reuse markets, and has developed into a treatment system that covers toxic control and optimal treatment of non-degradable materials. The importance of advanced treatment of sewage and wastewater treatment facilities is increasing, and the additional cost of sludge disposal becomes an important economic factor in the operation of sewage treatment plants. Moreover, as marine dumping of organic wastes has been banned since 2013, it is urgent to reduce the amount of sludge generated due to land treatment. In order to reduce the amount of sludge generated, volume reduction of the sludge is absolutely necessary, and dewaterability of the sludge is essential for volume reduction of the sludge. Dewaterability of sludge generally depends largely on the physical and chemical properties of the sludge, such as the charge of the particles of the sludge, the content of bound water, the content of solids and organics, the size and mechanical strength of the particles, porosity, and compression coefficient. In addition, conditions such as the type of modifier and dehydration pressure and speed are greatly affected. The free water present in the sludge can be discharged to the outside relatively easily, but it is insufficient to remove the bond by being present in the capillaries inside the sludge or by binding to substances in the sludge cells. Therefore, in this study, to solve the shortcomings of IrO2 and Pt electrodes, which are industrially insoluble anode electrodes, boron-doped diamond (BDD) was selected to study the dehydration efficiency of the dewatered sludge cake and the treatment characteristics of refractory organics.BDD electrodes with excellent mechanical properties, non-toxicity, and a wide potential window were deposited by HFCVD on Ti substrates with interlayers and Nb substrates for characterization according to the substrates. The surface morphology of the BDD electrode was controlled through the pressure during deposition, and a comparative study of the treatment properties with the previously used IrO2 electrode was conducted. The sewage sludge dewatering cake exhibiting an initial water content of 80% was treated under 50V and 1 min conditions. Upon treatment, the IrO2 electrode exhibited a 5% removal rate, and the BDD electrode exhibited a 50-60% removal rate.

A novel method for the synthesis of pyrido[1,2-b][2]benzazepines on the basis of 2-(bromomethyl)benzophenones and 2-(bromomethyl)benzaldehyde

A novel method for the synthesis of pyrido[1,2-b][2]benzazepine derivatives is based on the reaction of 2-(bromomethyl)benzophenones and 2-(bromomethyl)benzaldehyde with 2-methylpyridines. The route of synthesis of 6H-pyrido[1,2-b][2]benzazepinium salts includes several steps with the possibility of isolating intermediate 1-benzyl-2-methylpyridinium and 11-aryl-11-hydroxy-11,12-dihydro-6Hpyrido[1,2-b][2]benzazepinium bromides. The efficiency of dehydration of intermediate carbinols increases with the use of protic solvents, an increase in heating time, and in the presence of electron-withdrawing substituents in the benzazepine moiety. The structure of the reaction products was proved by mass spectrometry, IR and one- and two-dimensional correlation NMR spectroscopy.

Influence of the storage period on the nutritional and microbiological value of sun-dried brewer’s grains

Background: Brewer's grains, a by-product of the brewery industry, can be included in the diet of ruminants. However, its high humidity makes it difficult to store and preserve. Objective: To evaluate the efficiency of sun dehydration of wet brewer’s grains (WBG) and the effect of storage period on its nutritional and microbiological quality. Methods: A completely randomized experimental design was used to evaluate WBG dehydration efficiency, with treatments corresponding to 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 hours of sun exposure. A second experiment was carried out using also a completely randomized design to evaluated the effect of storage with the following treatments: 0, 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days of storage of the dry by-product. Results: Dry matter (DM) content linearly increased with dehydration period. The chemical composition of the dried brewer's grains had no effect as a function of storage period. Indigestible protein (C fraction) increased linearly but did not compromise the cumulative gas production and the in vitro digestibility of DM and protein. Storage time had no effect on fungus population. The maximum aflatoxin value was 45.5 μg/kg, and remained within acceptable limits for bovine feed. Conclusion: Dehydration of WBG in the sun is efficient to guarantee conservation and makes it possible to store the by-product. The storage of the dry by-product for 180 days does not compromise its nutritional or microbiological quality.

Development of low‐loss lead‐germanate glass for mid‐infrared fiber optics: I. glass preparation optimization

AbstractReducing the mid‐infrared attenuation loss due to absorption of hydroxyl (OH) groups and scattering of metallic Pb species for lead‐germanate glass is essential to pave the way for their applications as low‐loss mid‐infrared fiber optics. In the first part of this study, we report the understanding of the factors that determine dehydration efficiency and metallic Pb formation during the lead‐germanate glassmelting process. Combining a dry O2‐rich atmosphere containing ultra‐dry N2 together with the use of chloride dehydration agent and nitrate oxidation agent compound was found to enable efficient dehydration effect and absence of metallic Pb scattering sources in the dehydrated glasses. This glassmelting procedure overcomes previous limitations on the preparation of similar kinds of heavy‐metal oxide glasses, where only pure O2 atmosphere was used and/or use of fluoride dehydration agent deteriorated the glass thermal stability. This work provides guidance for developing other low‐loss mid‐infrared glasses/fibers containing multivalent heavy‐metal ions such as Pb, Bi, Te, Sb, etc

Experimental study on characteristics of consolidation of sludge

Sludge dewatering has become an important issue in the sewage treatment industry. The essence of mechanical dewatering is the consolidation and drainage of sludge. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the consolidation characteristics of sludge to improve the dehydration efficiency. Consolidation tests were carried out on the sludge treated with FeCl3 and Fenton reagent, and the consolidation and permeability characteristics of the treated sludge were studied. The sludge shows ultra-high compressibility. The consolidation coefficient of the untreated sludge is 10−7∼10−6cm2/s. After adding 15% FeCl3 (relative to sludge dry weight), the consolidation coefficient of the sludge increased by 5∼8 times, and reached 10−6∼10−5cm2/s after Fenton reaction treatment. The untreated sludge has obvious time deformation characteristics.

Cerium–yttrium binary oxide microflower: synthesis, characterization and catalytic dehydration property

Cerium dioxide has a comparatively lower Ce4+/Ce3+ redox pair, which leaves abundant oxygen vacancies on oxide lattice, also making incorporation of foreign ion and subsequent applications feasible and convenient. In this work, a series of cerium–yttrium mixed oxides were prepared by using polyvinylpyrrolidone as major template through sol–gel, which were further employed as catalyst for dehydration of aniline with formic acid into N-phenylformamide. Characterizations reveal that synthetic samples have a variety of morphologies including nanoparticle, microflower, and uniform microrods. The monitoring of particle size, zeta potential, and ultraviolet-visible (UV–Vis) of preparative solution indicate that self-assembly of polyvinylpyrrolidone and its subsequent reaction with metal ion determines sample morphology. In catalytic dehydration, all samples show high dehydration efficiencies that are comparable to those from anhydrous Na2SO4 and combination of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide with 4-dimethylaminopyridine and dichloromethane shows better outputs than water. In association with structural analysis, cerium looks more active than yttrium, while yttrium mainly plays as a structure-directing and pore-forming agent. This study may contribute to micro-/nanofabrication of rare earth composites and their catalytic applications.

Experimental study on the falling and coalescence characteristics of droplets under alternating electric fields

Droplet–interface collision coalescence is an important pattern of phase separation, especially for removing water from water-in-oil emulsions in electrostatic dehydrators. Deformation, migration to the interface, and coalescence of droplets driven by electric fields are fundamental processes but have not been completely understood. In this work, we studied the influences of three typical alternating current or pulsed electric fields on these dynamic processes of a single water droplet falling to the planar oil-water interface. The results depicted that the falling droplet oscillated in both shape and trajectory in an electric field. Specifically, the deformation of droplets should be able to follow the change of electric fields, while the migration may lag behind that. The pattern of droplet deformation matched the electric field waveform, and the frequency had different multiple relationship with the electrical frequency in the electric field of different waveforms. Moreover, the increment of electrical frequency could reduce the degree of droplet deformation and extend the falling time required for droplets to reach the interface. When the droplet coalesced with the interface, secondary droplets were observed if the applied electric field strength exceeded a critical value (Ecrit), detrimental to dehydration efficiency. Ecrit varied from different electric field waveforms and increased with elevated electrical frequencies. Compared to sinusoidal AC and square electric fields, the values of Ecrit in a pulsed DC electric field were highest in the experiments which could be more effective in suppressing the formation of secondary droplets. These findings will be useful for designing high efficient electro-dehydration plants.

Experimental study on the change of reservoir characteristics of different lithotypes of lignite after dehydration and improvement of seepage capacity

Find out the changes in lignite properties accompanying dehydration will not only benefit the development of lignite coalbed methane (CBM), but also play a guiding role in the underground gasification, combustion, thermal fragmentation, coal cleaning, and carbon dioxide sequestration. Dehydration can significantly improve the gas flow capacity in the lignite reservoir with originally low permeability. Through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tests, imaging experiments, and permeability tests, the changes in reservoir properties of different lithotypes of lignite during dehydration were comprehensively summarized. In general, the effect of dehydration on lignite reservoir structure is shown in two aspects: the rapid expansion of large fractures, and the shrinkage of relatively small pores. On this basis, different types of lignite exhibit different modes of fracture expansion. Imaging results show that the matrix lignite sample can quickly generate evenly distributed fractures with drying, but these fractures are short in length and poor in orientation. The xylite lignite sample has a lower dehydration efficiency, but can eventually form an extended and well-oriented fracture network. Fractures caused by matrix shrinkage significantly increase reservoir permeability. The results of permeability tests show that dehydration significantly improves the permeability of lignite reservoirs. Since coal permeability is highly stress-sensitive, the effect of stress on the permeability of these samples before and after dehydration was further analyzed. Although the effect of stress on permeability after drying has increased, the effective permeability after drying is always orders of magnitude higher than before drying. In sum, dehydration is an effective measure to improve the seepage capacity of lignite reservoirs.

OPTIMIZATION OF FLOCCULAR CLEANING AND DRAINAGE OF THIN DISPERSED SLUDGES

The efficiency of solid phase retention and dehydration of finely dispersed products of a coal processing plant and a metallurgical enterprise on the module for cleaning and dewatering sludge is investigated. A technique for selecting the operating parameters of equipment based on the determination of the strength criterion of flocs is proposed. A methodology for technological tests has been developed to control the flocculation process and optimize the flow of flocculant depending on the concentration of the solid phase. Industrial tests on the module for wastewater treatment and sludge dewatering using flocculants proved the effectiveness of the developed methodology. It is shown that the conditions for conducting tests on flocculation should correspond to the operating conditions of the circuit apparatus for cleaning and dewatering sludge. These conditions include sludge performance, sludge flow rate in the cross section of pipes and apparatuses, and the flow time from the flocculator to the centrifuge. During the testing of the Module, the solids retention efficiency of 97–99 % was achieved with the strength criteria of flocs in front of a centrifuge of 2–2.5 mm/s. The conditions for the high efficiency of the apparatus chain are the optimization of the aggregation process itself. It is revealed that for the formation of strong flocs it is necessary to regulate the concentration of the solid phase. For coal sludge, the concentration of the solid phase before the flocculant is fed must be maintained no higher than 50–60 g/l, and for gas treatment sludge – no higher than 20–25 g/l. Correction of the concentration of sludge before the flocculator is possible by diluting it with clarified water to the optimum concentration for aggregation. It is found that the moisture content of the sediment and the efficiency of the retention of the solid phase depend on the strength criterion of the flocs. Therefore, the optimization of the flocculant flow rate is possible by controlling and the residual floccule deposition rate after mechanical action in front of the dewatering equipment. The flocculant flow rate must be adjusted depending on the concentration of the solid phase in the sludge to achieve the desired criterion for the strength of the flocs

Power Consumption Analysis and Miniaturization Design of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for Washing Machine with respect to Gear Use

In this paper, the energy consumption of PMSM was compared simultaneously in direct and indirect drive systems, considering the efficiency of the operating point in the washing and dehydration modes. DD (Direct Drive) washing machines have the disadvantage of high-power consumption due to the difference in driving point efficiency of washing and dehydration. Therefore, in this paper, a method of changing the washing operation point using a gear is proposed. Two types of miniaturization models that satisfies the output level under two gear conditions are designed, and energy consumption with respect to the operating mode of the washing machine is analyzed and compared. From the viewpoint of power consumption, optimal stacking and gear combination model is selected. In conclusion, the energy consumption of the optimum gear model is decreased about 97 Wh and material cost of the motor down by 57.3 % compared with base DD motor.

Comparative Evaluation of Adsorbents for Natural Gas Dehydration at Liquefied Natural Gas Plant

Adsorption dehydration of natural gas plays an important part in LNG production. The primary goal of this research is increasing efficiency of adsorption dehydration of the gas preparatory to its liquefaction. The results of comparative evaluation and determination of the optimum thermobaric parameters of the process of natural gas adsorption dehydration with KSMG type of silica gel and NaA-BS type of zeolite-containing adsorbent are expounded. It is shown that adsorbent load, adsorber metal content, and regenerating, cooling and heating gas consumptions can be reduced by reducing temperature of the natural gas stream undergoing adsorption dehydration. Recommendations are offered regarding installation of the drying unit after the precooling stage to reduce capital and operating costs. The obtained data are highly useful for designing and updating LNG production processes.

Effect of Frequency on Dehydration Efficiency under the Electromagnetic Coupling Field

Effect of Frequency on Dehydration Efficiency under the Electromagnetic Coupling Field

Analysis of Influencing Factors for Leaching of Acrylamide Monomer from Polyacrylamide-Based Flocculants Used in the Treatment of Sludge Dewatering

Acrylamide (AM) monomer is one of the harmful type substance, are commonly using to produce polyacrylamide (PAMs) flocculants for water treatment. Because of incomplete polymerization, the molecules of AM monomers also in exit marketable polymers. Therefore, discharge of AM from the usage of PAM based polymers flocculants in to environment. Currently study focus on, the AM leaching behaviour (emulsion and powder) polymer produced by two different production processes was studied with WTP sludge dewatering as the research object. The flocculants type's effects, Concentration of sludge and dosage on the discharge of AM residual monomer in sludge dewatering effluent were studied. The powder form flocculants results show, the regardless of the flocculants concentration and sludge concentration, the leaching concentration is not significant, but in the emulsion flocculants, the leaching concentration changes significantly. The Monomers of residual acrylamide be absorbed on the surface of sludge. Sludge concentration plays an active role in improving dehydration efficiency. Considering the trade-off between emulsion and powder polymer, the results of this study are related to the water treatment process.

Valorization of apple pomace using a two-step slightly acidic processing strategy

For valorization of apple pomace (AP), a two-step slightly acidic process was designed and experimentally tested using low amounts of sulfuric acid (H2SO4). First, pectin was prepared using H2SO4-assisted extraction of AP at 100 °C, while the remaining depectinized apple mud (DAM) was dehydrated and dried, which rendered it amenable for storage, transportation, and further processing. Second, hemicelluloses were effectively hydrolyzed and filtered out by increasing the acidic processing temperature to 120 °C. Therefore, the dehydration and drying problem of DAM was successfully resolved. For understanding the mechanisms underlying H2SO4 processing, the acidic reaction kinetics of DAM was investigated. We observed a significant change in the chemical compositions and structural properties of DAM. Other than the homo-polysaccharide of cellulose, the hetero-polysaccharide of hemicelluloses was selectively digested and solubilized from the intercellular spaces of DAM tissues, which facilitated moisture transfer and improved dehydration efficiency of the hot-air drying process. In total, we produced 163.2 g pectin, 334.5 g cellulose-rich substances, and 49.7 g monosaccharides from 1,000 g apple pomace. This strategy may considerably improve the economic and environmental benefits of AP utilization, and assist in developing methods for dehydration and drying of agricultural residue-liked wastes.

Study on Supersonic Dehydration Efficiency of High Pressure Natural Gas

Supersonic cyclone separator is a novel type of natural gas dewatering device that overcomes the shortcomings of traditional dewatering methods. In order to investigate the factors affecting the separation efficiency and improve the separation performance of the supersonic cyclone separator, the discrete particle model was employed in numerical calculation. On the basis of an accurate numerical model, the flow field of supersonic cyclone separator was analyzed, the trajectories of droplets were predicted, and the factors affecting the separation efficiency of droplets were investigated. The numerical results indicated that Laval nozzle could provide the necessary conditions for the condensation of water vapor. The swirler can throw droplets onto the wall or into the separator, both of which are foundations for realizing the separation of droplets. Droplets had three typical trajectories affected by centrifugal effect and inertia effect. The existence of a shock wave increases the swirl intensity of droplets, which is conducive to the separation of droplets. The diameter of droplets should be increased as much as possible in order to improve separation efficiency, and the gas–liquid area ratio should be about 45.25%, and the number of vanes should be 10.

Effects of Osmotic Dehydrated and Ultrasound Pre-Treated Orange Peel on Dye Removal

In this study, the adsorption performance of orange peel with osmotic dehydration (OD) and ultrasound (US) were studied. The efficiency of the osmotic dehydration pre-treated orange peel at different sucrose concentration (20 – 60 °Brix) in dye adsorption with several conditions of initial dye concentration (20 – 60 mg/L) and dosage (0.05 – 0.15g) was studied and compared with untreated adsorbent. The optimum concentration of the hypertonic solution was 20 °Brix (OD-20) which gave the higher adsorption efficiency compared with the control and other concentration of hypertonic solution. The adsorption efficiency of OD-20+US pre-treated orange peel on 20 mg/L dye concentration with 150 mg of dosage was 6.14% and 19.32% higher than OD-20 and untreated orange peel respectively. Furthermore, OD-20+US also increases the desorption efficiency by 5.81% and 13.37% when compared with OD-20 and untreated orange peel respectively. With OD-20, the number of active pore availability increases due removal of moisture content by sucrose particles and US able to create microscopic channels in porous materials to enhance the moisture removal and captures of dye ions.

Method for Drying Fruits of Rose Hips

The article discusses a new vacuum infrared equipment for drying fruits of rose hips with preservation of ascorbic acid. We have studied the drying process of rose hips in various ways (solar, convective and vacuum IR drying), to determine the rational version of the drying process to check the preservation of the vitamin composition of the fruit, mainly ascorbic acid. Special plants designed and manufactured for the production of dry powders from rose hips using low-vacuum and low-temperature infrared drying have been developed and manufactured. The vacuum drying unit consists of: a vacuum chamber, an electrical system for IR irradiation and instrumentation. During the drying process, the operating temperature was maintained at 65 ° C, the pressure inside the chamber was -0.8 atm and the drying time was 4 hours. With these parameters, the dogrose is dried effectively and vitamins are well preserved in its composition. In appearance, you can determine that the color and taste have not changed. Laboratory experiments were also carried out aimed at chopping and separating rose hips. Continue drying, setting the operating parameters depending on the parameters of the object. After setting the parameters of drying and its implementation, wild fruits rose hips is dehydrated to a moisture content of 12%, while the preservation of vitamins is provided in the fruit composition. As a result of an experimental study of the influence of vibration on the drying process, it has been established that the efficiency of dehydration increases to 4-5% under continuous heating conditions – at a certain frequency and amplitude. It is shown that the preservation of ascorbic acid in the composition of the pulp of the fruits rose hips with vacuum infrared drying is up to 0.77 mg%. The optimum thickness of the product layer is about 1-1.5 cm, the optimal wavelength is 3 microns, while the dehydration time of the products is an acceptable value, and the temperature of the fruits does not exceed 65 °C, the vacuum is -0.8 atm.

Layer-by-layer self-assembly of polyethyleneimine and poly(4-styrene sulfonic acid-co-maleic acid) forming composite polyelectrolyte membranes for pervaporation of aqueous alcohol solutions

Composite polyelectrolyte pervaporation membranes were fabricated through layer-by-layer self-assembly method. Cationic polyethyleneimine (PEI) and anionic poly(4-styrene sulfonic acid-co-maleic acid) (PSSMA) polyelectrolytes were deposited one after the other on a porous asymmetric modified polyacrylonitrile (mPAN) substrate. Attenuated total reflection–Fourier transform infrared spectral analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry confirmed the deposition of polyelectrolytes on the mPAN support. Field emission scanning electron microscopy depicted that pores in the mPAN support were covered with layers of polyelectrolytes. Atomic force microscopy illustrated that the deposition of polyelectrolytes led to a smooth surface of the membrane. Moreover, the membrane exhibited improved hydrophilicity. We investigated the effect of polyelectrolyte concentrations on the efficiency of dehydrating 90 wt% aqueous alcohol solutions through pervaporation. The results established that bilayer polyelectrolyte membranes fabricated from 0.9 wt% PEI and 0.1 w% PSSMA delivered maximal dehydration efficiency.

Optimal thermobaric parameters determination of natural gas dehydration in LNG production

Gas dehydration is one of the main technological processes in natural gas treatment for pipeline transportation and LNG production. The main task of this research is to increase the efficiency of adsorption gas dehydration. This report presents the results of a comparative assessment and determination of the optimal thermobaric parameters of the process of natural gas dehydration with KSMG type of silica gel and NaA-BS type of zeolite-containing adsorbent. It has been shown that reducing the temperature of the natural gas before dehydration reduces the mass of loaded adsorbent, the mass of adsorber, the consumption of regeneration gas, cooling gases, and fuel gas for heating regeneration gas. Recommendations on the dehydration unit placement after pre-cooling stage in order to reduce capital and operating costs are given at the end of the article. The results are important in the design and modernization of technological processes of the LNG production.