Efficiency Of Reactor Research Articles

Electrochemical oxidation of phenol in a PtRu/NbC membrane-based catalytic nanoreactor

Electrochemical oxidation has attracted growing attention to treat organic in wastewater. However, achieving a high reactor efficiency and harmless treatment of the toxic organics is still a significant challenge. In this work, the bimetal Pt and Ru were firstly co-electrodeposited on the surface of nanoporous niobium carbide (NbC) membranes (∼8.3 nm pore size) applying for anode in flow-through reactor for phenol electrochemical oxidation. In a continuous flow-through reactor, the single-pass removals of phenol and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were 99.7 % and 74.2 %, respectively, with a short hydraulic retention time of 342 s, demonstrating rapid phenol degradation that is an order of magnitude shorter than those reported in other studies. This excellent reactor efficiency was ascribed to a large interfacial reaction area providing by the pollutant phase-catalytic membrane-green product phase. We compared the mass transfer of flow-through and flow-by reactor testifying the high efficiency of flow-through reactor. The excellent stability of PtRu/NbC anode enable this reactor to operate 50 h stably. Moreover, the presence of low or non-toxic (catechol and acetic acid) as the residues of phenol degradation resulting from the contribution of synergistic reaction between direct and indirect oxidation process.

New attempts on acidic anaerobic digestion of poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) wastewater in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor

Poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) wastewater is a highly concentrated, acidic, and toxic wastewater generated from biodegradable plastics production. Large amounts of alkali would be consumed when treating PBAT wastewater by anaerobic digestion due to the low pH value. This study employed acidic anaerobic digestion to treat PBAT wastewater and compared to neutral anaerobic digestion. The results indicated that the COD removal rates in the acidic upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor were 65.5% and 59.9%, respectively at influent pH 6.0 and 5.0 with the COD concentration of around 11,000 mg L−1, and the methane conversion efficiency were 172.5 and 183.8 mLCH4/gCODr (gCODr: COD removed amount), respectively. Correspondingly, the average COD removal and methane conversion efficiency in the neutral UASB reactor were 63.2% and 188.0 mLCH4/gCODr, respectively. The treatment efficiency of acidic and neutral UASB reactors for PBAT wastewater was similar. The hydrogenotrophic methanogenic activity was further enhanced in the acidic UASB reactor compared to the neutral one. The increase of alkalinity in the acidic UASB reactor (2.4 mmol L−1) was higher than the neutral (2.0 mmol L−1). A higher level of syntrophic acetate oxidation bacteria and hydrogenotrophic methanogen was enriched in the acidic UASB reactor, ensuring efficient treatment and saving costs.

Optimization of Core Regions and Fuel Fractions for Better Power Peaking Factor of 150, 450 and 1,000 MWth Molten Salt Reactor

The power peaking factor (PPF) is an important parameter that needs to be considered to maintain the reactor's stability, safety and efficiency. The present study discusses the power density distribution in the reactor core by calculating the PPF to increase the reactor safety margin and minimize the possibility of a high power density at a certain point causing core failure in the Molten Salt Reactor (MSR), which is one of the Generation-IV reactors with fuel and coolant dissolved in molten salt. Important parameters discussed in the present study are the distribution of the reactor core region and the fuel composition in each region during the reactor operation time of 2,000 days. Analysis was performed for 3 different thermal power: 150, 450 and 1,000 MWth as a representative to determine the behavior of PPF at small to large power by taking the reference design of the FUJI U3 reactor developed by ITMSF (International Thorium Molten-Salt Forum) Japan. FliBe (Lithium and Beryllium Fluoride) is used as the coolant, and the fuel mixture is 233UF4-ThF4. The calculation was conducted using SRAC2006 with PIJ and CITATION modules that solve the neutron diffusion equation providing power distribution values and effective multiplication factors. As a result, the MSR with 4 core regions produces a more balanced power distribution, a better PPF value, and a good effective multiplication factor for 2,000 days of operation time compared to the reference design. HIGHLIGHTS The research emphasizes the analysis of thermal power levels of 150, 450, and 1000 MWth to understand the Power Peaking Factor (PPF) behavior at different power levels An even power distribution is accomplished by optimizing the number of core regions with different fuel fractions After optimization, the decrease in Power Peaking Factor (PPF) values indicates an improvement in maintaining reactor stability, safety, and efficiency GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Enhancing Heat Transfer Performance in Simulated Fischer–Tropsch Fluidized Bed Reactor through Tubes Ends Modifications

Fluidized bed reactors are essential in a wide range of industrial applications, encompassing processes such as Fischer–Tropsch synthesis and catalytic cracking. The optimization of performance and reduction in energy consumption in these reactors necessitate the use of efficient heat transfer mechanisms. The present work examines the considerable impact of tube end geometries, superficial gas velocity, and radial position on heat transfer coefficients within fluidized bed reactors. It was found that the tapered tube end configurations have been empirically proven to improve energy efficiency in fluidized bed reactors significantly. For example, at a superficial gas velocity of 0.4 m/s, the tapered end form’s local heat transfer coefficient (LHTC) demonstrated a significant 20% enhancement compared to the flat end shape. The results and findings of this work make a valuable contribution to the advancement of complex models, enhance the efficiency of fluidized bed reactor processes, and encourage further investigation into novel tube geometries.

Multi-omics analysis revealed the selective enrichment of partial denitrifying bacteria for the stable coupling of partial-denitrification and anammox process under the influence of low strength magnetic field

The microbial consortium involving anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) and partial denitrification (PD), known as PD-anammox, is an emerging energy-efficient and lower carbon nitrogen removal process from wastewater. However, maintaining a stable PD process by locking nitrate reduction until nitrite was challenging. This study established the first stable connection of anammox with constant nitrite generation by PD bacteria under a low-strength (1.3 mT) magnetic field (MF). When the nitrogen loading rate was 1.81 kg-N/m3/d, the nitrogen removal efficiency of the control reactor (R1) was 75%, lower than that of the experimental reactor (R2), which was 85%. The expression of Thauera and Zoogloea, potential PD bacteria was substantially lower in R1 (5.75% and 1.21%, respectively) than in R2 (10.25 and 6.61%, respectively), according to a meta-transcriptomic analysis. At the same time, the mRNA expression of anammox genera Candidatus Brocadia and Candidatus Kuenenia was 33.53% and 3.83% in R1 and 22.86% and 1.87% in R2. Moreover, carbon and nitrogen metabolism pathways were more abundant under the influence of low-strength MF. The selective enrichment of PD bacteria can be attributed to the increased expression of carbon metabolic pathways like the citrate cycle, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and pyruvate metabolism. Interestingly, the control reactor was dominated by a hydroxylamine-dependent anammox process while a low-strength MF-enhanced nitric-oxide-dependent anammox process. For successful anammox-centered nitrogen removal from wastewater, this study demonstrated that low-strength MF is a convenient and applicable technique to lock the nitrate reduction until nitrite.

Energy and Mass Matching Characteristics of the Heat-Absorbing Side of the Ammonia Energy Storage System under Nonuniform Energy Flow Density.

Ammonia thermochemical energy storage is based on a reversible reaction and realizes energy storage and utilization by absorbing and releasing heat. Under different energy flow densities, the efficiency of an ammonia reactor composed of multiple ammonia reaction tubes is different. Based on the coupling model of light, heat, and chemical energy of an ammonia decomposition reaction system, taking a 20 MW solar thermal power plant as the research object, this paper proposes a new model of ammonia energy storage system, which places the ammonia decomposition side in a low-pressure environment and the ammonia synthesis side in a high-pressure environment. The effects of different inlet temperatures, inlet flow rates, flow distribution, and energy flow density distribution on the ammonia energy storage system were studied. The results show that the increase of inlet temperature and the decrease of inlet flow rate are beneficial to the improvement of thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency of the system to a certain extent, but when the inlet temperature increases or the inlet flow rate decreases to a certain extent, the efficiency of the system will decline. Under the condition of nonuniform energy flow density and nonuniform inlet flow distribution, more ideal system thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency can be obtained.

Ethylene photocatalytic degradation using TiO2 immobilized in a NETmix mili-photoreactor

Ethylene oxidation by TiO2 photocatalysis was studied in a mili-photoreactor (NETmix), as a potential clean postharvest technology to scavenge ethylene from fruit. The NETmix photoreactor comprises a stainless steel slab imprinted with a network of cylindrical chambers interconnected by prismatic channels, sealed by a UVA transparent borosilicate slab (BS), and a UVA LED plate paced above the reactor window. A thin film of the photocatalyst was immobilized in the NETmix network or on the side of the borosilicate slab in contact with the ethylene gas stream. Ethylene oxidation in single-pass mode (continuous operation) was evaluated as a function of TiO2 crystallinity, TiO2 loading, radiant power, illumination mechanism, feed stream composition (ethylene and water concentration), and flow rate. The catalyst loading and deposition surface, and relative humidity (RH) of the feed stream strongly affected the ethylene conversion, mineralization, and reaction rate. Even under severe conditions (RH = 25% and Qfeed = 571 cm3 min−1 for the back side illumination), the NETmix removed at least 0.11 μmolethylene min−1. The high efficiency of the photocatalytic NETmix reactor allows the removal of ethylene from the storage system at the beginning of fruit ripening, the period of the highest gas production, enabling it to be used as a promising technology in controlling fruit ripening.

Changes in microbial community during hydrolyzed sludge reduction.

In this study, the effects of different enzymes (lysozyme, α-amylase and neutral protease) on sludge hydrolysis efficiency and microbial community in sequencing batch reactor (SBR) were introduced. The results showed that the hydrolysis efficiencies of the three enzymes were 48.5, 22.5 and 31%, respectively, compared with the accumulated sludge discharge of the blank control group. However, it has varying degrees of impact on the effluent quality, and the denitrification and phosphorus removal effect of the system deteriorates. The lysozyme that achieves the optimal sludge hydrolysis effect of 48.5% has the greatest impact on the chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), and nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) of the effluent. The sludge samples of the control group and the groups supplemented with different enzyme preparations were subjected to high-throughput sequencing. It was found that the number of OTUs (Operational Taxonomic Units) of the samples was lysozyme > α-amylase > blank control > neutral protease. Moreover, the abundance grade curve of the sludge samples supplemented with lysozyme and α-amylase was smoother, and the community richness and diversity were improved by lysozyme and α-amylase. The species diversity of the sludge supplemented with lysozyme and neutral protease was great, and the community succession was obvious. The introduction of enzymes did not change the main microbial communities of the sludge, which were mainly Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes. The effects of three enzyme preparations on sludge reduction and microbial diversity during pilot operation were analyzed, the gap in microbial research was filled, which provided theoretical value for the practical operation of enzymatic sludge reduction.

Efficiency analysis of nuclear power plants: A comprehensive review

Nuclear power plants play a significant role in global electricity generation, offering a reliable and low-carbon energy source. Maximizing the efficiency of nuclear power plants is crucial for optimizing energy output and reducing operational costs while ensuring safety and environmental sustainability. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the efficiency analysis conducted on nuclear power plants, covering various aspects such as thermal efficiency, conversion efficiency, fuel utilization, and overall plant performance. The review synthesizes the existing literature, discusses key factors influencing efficiency, and highlights potential areas for future research and improvements. It is revealed from the present review that the efficiency of the Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) of the Nuclear Power Plant is 32% and which can be increased to 33% by using advanced BWR. Also, the efficiency of the Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) of the Nuclear Power Plant is 33% and which can be increased to 36.5% by using the PWR with Gas Burner and Reheating. On the other hand, the efficiency of the Small Modular Reactor (SMR) of the Nuclear Power Plant is 33.4% and which can be increased to 35.5%, 37.4% and 45% by using SMR with Gas Burner, SMR with Reheating and SMR with CCGT, respectively. Therefore, it is predicted that the Small Modular Reactor (SMR) is the most economic Nuclear Power Plant as it has higher thermal efficiency when it is incorporated with Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT).

Development of machine learning-based models for describing processes in a continuous solar-driven biomass gasifier

The synergy of two renewable and efficient sources in producing clean fuels, i.e., solar energy and biomass, can result in high efficiency. In this regard, developing syngas production systems based on solar biomass gasification has attracted much attention. However, experimental setups on solar-driven gasifier processes are costly and time-intensive. In such a situation, an accurate and low-cost alternative is to develop data-driven machine learning (ML) models to predict the processes involved in solar-driven biomass gasifiers. In the present study, several ML models, including random forest (RF), RANdom SAmple Consensus (RANSAC), stochastic gradient descent (SGD), automatic relevance determination (ARD) regression, and elastic net linear (ENL) regression, were developed to accurately predict the various processing of a continuous solar-driven biomass gasifier, including CO production rate and H2 production rate (H2), carbon feeding rate, solar power input, thermochemical reactor efficiency, solar-to-fuel energy conversion efficiency, solar energy input, and carbon consumption rate. Using efficient ML methods, the eight formulas and the eight models for H2, CO production rate, carbon feeding rate, carbon consumption rate, solar energy input, solar power input, thermochemical reactor efficiency, and solar-to-fuel energy conversion efficiency are made in this study. Using the linear form can be reached the best R-Squared (R2) values for all formulas and the model, and the best R2 values are between 0.998 and 0.999 for the formulas by the elastic net and the ARD regression, and also the best R2 values are between 0.998 and 0.999 for the models by the RF and the RANSAC regressor. The R2 values for H2, CO production rate, carbon consumption rate, solar energy input, solar power input, thermochemical reactor efficiency, and solar-to-fuel energy conversion efficiency for formulas, respectively, are 0.998, 0.998, 0.999, 0.999, 0.999, 0.996, and 0.998 by the elastic net. For temperature of the carbon feeding rate, this value is 0.999 by the ARD regressor.

Hydrodynamic Simulation and Analysis Using Computational Fluid Dynamics: Electrochemical Reactors and Redox Flow Batteries

AbstractState‐of‐the‐art applications of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in the analysis and optimization of electrochemical reactors and redox flow batteries are reviewed. Various factors are covered which affect the efficiency of electrochemical reactors and redox flow batteries created using CFD simulation approaches, including physical and chemical factors, such as pH, treatment time, temperature, and the conductivity of the solution, as well as design elements like inter‐electrode distance and electrode materials. Different hydrodynamic variables are discussed that impact the efficiency of these systems, such as pressure distribution, velocity, tracer mass fraction, geometry, flow‐based electrochemical energy storage, and residence time distribution. Although CFD methods are reliable, more straightforward, and cost‐effective, also the limitations of CFD and the challenges are considered that remain in its development and application in electrochemical engineering. The significant progress made in the use of CFD to study electrochemical reactors and redox flow batteries and the technology's potential to improve the efficiency and sustainability of these technologies are emphasized.

Combination of sulfide-driven partial denitrification with anammox enhanced by zeolite powder for autotrophic nitrogen and sulfide removal from wastewater

Sulfide-driven partial denitrification and anaerobic ammonia oxidizing (anammox) (SPDA) is a high-efficiency technology to achieve simultaneous nitrogen and sulfide removal. Nitrite accumulation from sulfide-driven partial denitrification is the key to achieve SPDA. Zeolite powder was added to strengthen the competition of anammox bacteria against nitrite. The nitrogen removal rate (NRR) and partial denitrification efficiency in reactor was 5.18 kg-N m−3d−1 and 92.3% during 180 days of operation, higher than those without zeolite powder, indicating an improving contribution of zeolite powder. Metabolomics analysis revealed zeolite powder addition enhanced the metabolisms of amino acids, nicotinate and porphyrin through increasing glutamate content, and improved EPS secretion, heme c content and particle size. Besides, high ammonia enriched by zeolite powder was conducive to improve anammox activity and NRR. This study provides the metabolic insights into the mechanism of zeolite powder enhancing SPDA, which is meaningful towards overcoming the limitations in practical application of SDPA.

Enhancing efficiency of biological contact oxidation reactors through filaments optimization of basalt fibers bio-carriers: Insights from a pilot-scale study

There has been significant interest in using Modified basalt fibers (MBF) based bio-carriers in biological contact oxidation reactors to enhance biological remediation while minimizing secondary pollution and carbon footprints. These MBF filaments form a unique spherical structure called “bio-nest,” which supports diverse microbial communities and facilitates various biogeochemical processes. However, impact of different structural alignments of the filaments within the bio-nest on system performance has not been fully understood. To address this question, this study investigated the variable spatial structures of MBF filaments using response surface methodology. The MBF carrier media were retrofitted in a pilot-scale bio-contact oxidation reactor (R-MBF) under multiple runs, and optimal parameters for the spatial distribution were identified. The optimal parameters were identified as 17.27 cm for horizontal spacing, 15.04 cm for vertical spacing, and 62.51 % for filling ratio at 6 h of HRT. R-MBF demonstrated successful treatment performance, achieving a total nitrogen removal rate of 0.231 kg/m3/d simulated by the modified Stover-Kincannon model. Denitrifying and decarboxylating bacteria, heterotrophic nitrifying-aerobic denitrifying bacteria, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria were likely involved in pollutants transformation. The findings of the study emphasize the significance of filament optimization prior to installation as it may improve the efficiency of system's performance.

Comparison of organic wastewater treatment using anaerobic reactors fixed bed type in Germany and Indonesia

Waste that has a high organic matter content can be treated biologically under anaerobic conditions or using bacteria that can live in an environment without oxygen. One method of wastewater treatment that can reduce high organic content is the Fixed Bed type anaerobic reactor system. The purpose of this research is to compare the treatment of organic wastewater using a Fixed Bed type anaerobic reactor that has been implemented in Germany with that implemented in Indonesia. The method used is a literature study by comparing case studies between the two countries, so the methodology used is a systematic literature review. Based on the results of the discussion, it is known that the organic waste that is processed using an anaerobic reactor carried out in Germany has several differences starting from the sub-stages of the process, and operations to the materials used such as the use of pumps, installation storage tanks, sewage filtration, use of stainless steel and heat exchangers. These differences if applied in Indonesia can cost relatively a lot so they are not suitable for application in Indonesia. Based on the literature study, it was concluded that the anaerobic wastewater treatment solution using a fixed bed type in Indonesia can be a good opportunity and can be imitated by other countries because it has simple equipment, but the reactor efficiency and the resulting percentage of methane production are relatively high. although the required HRT is long, anaerobic catalysts can be used as a solution.

To Examine Efficiency of Sequential Batch Reactor to Treat Domestic Wastewater

To Examine Efficiency of Sequential Batch Reactor to Treat Domestic Wastewater

Application of an Integrated Granular and Suspended Sludge Methane Reactor for a Two-Stage Anaerobic Digestion System to Deal with Biodegradable Municipal Solid Waste

This study aims to investigate the performance of a two-stage anaerobic digestion system using a hybrid methane reactor to deal with biodegradable municipal solid waste. The reactor allowed both suspended sludge and granular sludge to work together. The feedstock was fermented in one continuous stirred tank at different pH conditions for 5 d. Furthermore, the liquid hydrolysate was diluted and pumped into a methane reactor with different organic loading rates. In the fermentative reactor, raising the pH condition from 4.5 to 6.5 caused a sharp increase in volatile fatty acids concentration, mainly due to the increase in acetate and propionate. The efficiency of the methane reactor was proven by the results of hydrodynamic analysis and biogas production. The relationship between biogas production and operating parameters in this reactor was modeled using a quadratic multivariate regression model. Overall, by maintaining the fermentative reactor at a pH of 6.0–6.5, the methane reactor was able to achieve an organic loading rate of 7.6 g-TS.L−1·d−1 with outstanding biogas quality and yield. In terms of microbiology, the most dominant phyla in the reactor included Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Euryarchaeota, Synergistetes, and Chloroflexi. Among them, the species with the highest relative abundance in granular sludge was Firmicutes, while that in suspended sludge was Bacteroidetes.

ESTIMATION OF THE OPTIMUM BED THICKNESS OF A FLOWTHROUGH POROUS ELECTRODE (FTPE) WORKING UNDER MASS TRANSFER CONTROL

In this paper, a theoretical analysis of optimum bed thickness operates under mass transfer control for realizing a high efficiency and reaction conversion of an electrochemical reactor has been made based on flowthrough porous electrode (FTPE) configuration. Many models have been used to represent the optimum bed thickness by taking a look into previous works concerned and collecting all related information, data, and models. The parameters that affect the optimum bed thickness have been visualized and reviewed, and almost all of them have been examined by experimental data from different sources and based on the various models. It has been found that the increase in electrolyte flow rate, concentration, limiting current density, and specific surface area reduce the optimum bed thickness, and the increase in electrolyte conductivity, void fraction, and overpotential range increases optimum bed thickness. The most important design parameter that has a great effect on optimum bed thickness is found to be the electrolyte flow rate for any certain operation. It has been concluded that the most appropriate two models to represent the optimum bed thickness of FTPE electrochemical reactor operating under mass transfer control based on the results are those predicted theoretically and stated by Kreysa in (1978) and Doherty et al. in (1996).

Contributions of reactor geometry and ultrasound frequency on the efficiency of sonochemical reactor

An intermediate-scale reactor with 10L capacity and two transducers operating at 700 and 950 kHz frequencies was developed to study the scalability of the sonolytic destruction of Per and Polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS). The impact of frequency, height of liquid or power density, and transducer position on reactor performance was evaluated with the potassium iodide (KI) oxidation and calorimetric power. The dual frequency mode of operation has a synergistic effect based on the triiodide concentration, and calorimetric power. The triiodide concentration, and calorimetric power were higher in this mode compared to the combination of both frequencies operating individually. The sonochemical efficiency for an intermediate-scale reactor (10L) was similar that obtained from a bench-scale reactor (2L), showing the scalability of the sonolytic technology. The placement of the transducer at the bottom or side wall of the reactor had no significant impact on the sonochemical reactivity. The superposition of the ultrasonic field from the dual transducer mode (side and bottom) did not produce a synergistic effect compared to the single transducer mode (bottom or side). This can be attributed to a disturbance due to the interaction of ultrasonic fields of two frequencies from each transducer. With the encouraging results scaling up is in progress for site implementation.

Long-term effect of light rare earth element neodymium on Anammox process

During the mining of rare earth minerals, the application of neodymium-containing manures, and the treatment of spent neodymium iron boron magnet, the generation of ammonia wastewater containing neodymium is increasing. Thus, the effects of neodymium (Nd(III)) on anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) were investigated from the aspects of performance, kinetics, statistics, microbial community and sludge morphology, and the recovery strategy of EDTA-2Na wash was discussed. The nitrogen removal efficiency of the Anammox reactor decreased significantly and eventually collapsed at the Nd(III) dosing levels of 20 and 40 mg L−1, respectively. And the toxicity of Nd(III) to AnAOB was determined by the amount internalized into the cells. The EDTA-2Na wash successfully increased the total nitrogen removal rate (TNRR) of Nd(III)-inhibited Anammox to 41.60% of its initial value within 30 days, and the modified Boltzmann model accurately simulated this recovery process. The transient and extended effects of Nd(III), self-recovery, and EDTA-2Na wash on Anammox were effectively assessed using a one-sample t-test. 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that Nd(III) remarkably decreased the relative abundance of Planctomycetes and Candidatus Brocadia. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) revealed crystal-like neodymium particles on the surface of Anammox sludge. The above-mentioned results demonstrate that the concentration of Nd(III) should be below the toxicity threshold (20 mg L−1) when treating ammonia wastewater containing neodymium by Anammox, and also emphasize the importance of an appropriate recovery strategy.

A novel vertical immobilized photocatalytic membrane reactor based on Bi2WO6-g-C3N4/PVDF for enhanced removal of atrazine, anti-fouling performance and long-term stability

The high efficiency, anti-fouling performance and long-term stability of photocatalytic membrane reactors (PMRs) are critical in practical applications. Here, three flat-sheet immobilized PMRs based on Bi2WO6-g-C3N4/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) photocatalytic membrane were constructed and compared for atrazine (ATZ) degradation under simulated sunlight. The photocatalytic removal rate of ATZ by the vertical PMRs was remarkable, at 78.98% in 6 h, and had a stable removal rate (about 65%) under continuous flow mode (18 h). Additionally, the reactor presented superior reusability and long-term stability with an ATZ removal rate of 65% even after at least 6 cycles in continuous flow mode. By filtering bovine serum albumin (BSA), humic acid (HA) and sodium alginate (SA) under simulated solar irradiation, it demonstrated good anti-fouling ability, which was further proved by the extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (XDLVO) theory. The degradation pathway and evolution of the intermediates were proposed by HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS and DFT calculations. The PMR in this work has great potential in the water treatment industry.