Efficacy Of Various Concentrations Research Articles

Antimicrobial Efficacy of Various Concentrations of Bamboo Salt against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans: An in vitro Study

ABSTRACT Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) remains the gold standard against which any new endodontic irrigant is compared. But, its inadvertent extrusion beyond the confines of the root canal can be caustic to vital periapical or periodontal tissues. There has been an increase in the use of herbal medicines as irrigants over the last two decades. Bamboo salt is a Korean folk medicine, which shows promising antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this in vitro study was to comparatively evaluate the effectiveness of 1, 3, and 5% bamboo salt against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans using agar diffusion test; 4% NaOCl was used as control. The experiment was performed in triplicate and the zone of inhibition (ZOI) was measured. The results of the present study showed that 4% NaOCl and 5% bamboo salt showed significantly higher mean ZOI than the other groups against E. faecalis; 4% NaOCl showed significantly higher mean ZOI than the other groups against C. albicans, followed by 5 and 3% bamboo salt. Hence, it can be concluded that 4% NaOCl proved to be the most effective antimicrobial against both the species; 5% bamboo salt was as effective as 4% NaOCl against E. faecalis, but significantly less effective against C. albicans. How to cite this article Santosh Kumar P, Vidhya S, Mahalaxmi S. Antimicrobial Efficacy of Various Concentrations of Bamboo Salt against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans: An in vitro Study. J Oper Dent Endod 2017;2(2):65-68.

Antimicrobial Efficacy of Various Essential Oils at Varying Concentrations against Periopathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis.

Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.gingivalis) is a notorious perio-pathogen with the ability to evade host defense mechanism and invade into the periodontal tissues. Many antimicrobial agents have been tested that curb its growth, although these agents tend to produce side effects such as antibiotic resistance and opportunistic infections. Therefore search for naturally occurring anti-microbials with lesser side effects is the need of the hour. The aim of this study was to substantiate the antimicrobial activity of various essential oils; eucalyptus oil, chamomile oil, tea tree oil and turmeric oil against P. gingivalis. Pure cultures of P. gingivalis were grown on selective blood agar. Antimicrobial efficacy of various concentrations of essential oils (0%, 25%, 50% and 100%) was assessed via disc diffusion test. Zone of inhibition were measured around disc after 48 hours in millimeters. Zones of inhibition were directly proportional to the concentration of essential oils tested. At 100% concentration all the tested oils possess antimicrobial activity against P.gingivalis with eucalyptus oil being most effective followed by tea tree oil, chamomile oil and turmeric oil. All essential oils tested were effective against P.gingivalis. After testing for their clinical safety they could be developed into local agents to prevent and treat periodontitis.

Safety and efficacy of various concentrations of topical lidocaine gel for intravitreal injection

Introduction: Intravitreal injection (IVT) is one of the most common vitreoretinal procedures, a large majority are performed with local anesthesia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the safety to the cornea and anesthetic efficacy of five concentrations of lidocaine gel.Methods: A prospective clinical trial was conducted testing lidocaine gel in five preparations: 2, 3.5, 5, 8 and 12%. Patients with macular degeneration, diabetic edema or retina vein occlusion were scheduled for intravitreal treatment received topical anesthesia with lidocaine gel 5 and 10 min before the procedure. Patients answered the visual analog scale for pain during the procedure. Corneal and conjunctival was evaluated using the Oxford scale.Results: In total, 260 patients were randomized into five groups. The mean pain scores (± standard deviation) were 2.63 (± 1.68) in the 2% group, 2.08 (± 1.35) in the 3.5%; 2.00 (± 1.65) in the 5%, 1.93 (± 1.40) in the 8% and 1.83 (± 1.35) in the 12% group. Mean pain score among all groups was similar (p = 0.077). There was no significant difference between groups in regard to keratitis mean score (p = 0.897).Conclusions: Lidocaine gel at concentrations from 2 to 12% induced similar anesthetic effect for IVTs, without adverse effects on cornea and conjunctiva.

Aminoethoxyvinylglycine 처리시기가 복숭아 '장택백봉'의 유통 중 품질에 미치는 영향

This research aimed to investigate the effect of preharvest spray of aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) on fruit quality of ‘Nagasawa Hakuho’ peach (Prunus persica Batsch). The efficacy of various concentrations of AVG (75 and 150 ㎎/L), which inhibits the ethylene biosynthesis, was evaluated under field conditions. Treatments were performed 21, 14 and 7 days before harvest, respectively. Fruit weight, flesh firmness, soluble solids content, acidity, ethylene production, respiration rate and skin color difference were determined at harvest time and during shelf-life at 25℃. Results indicated that the most appropriate timing of AVG spraying was 21 days before harvest at the concentration of 75 mg/L as shown higher firmness at harvest time and lower ethylene production and respiration rate during shelf-life. Spraying of AVG during near harvest period (14 to 7 days before harvest) inhibited fruit growth slightly, independent of concentration and did not affect fruit quality in ‘Nagasawa Hakuho’ peach.

The effect of inhibition of heat-shock proteins on thiram-induced tibial dyschondroplasia

Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) is a skeletal abnormality that can cause economic losses and animal welfare concerns. Thiram-induced TD is characterized by enlarged, unvascularized growth plates, low levels of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor Flk-1, abnormal chondrocyte differentiation, and lameness. Recently we reported the involvement of heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90) in chondrocyte differentiation and growth-plate vascularization. Inhibition of Hsp90 activity in thiram-induced TD resulted in increased Flk-1 levels, re-instated normal growth-plate angiogenesis and morphology, and abrogated lameness. In the present study, we evaluated the efficacy of various concentrations of 17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-DMAG), an inhibitor of Hsp90 activity, in preventing growth-plate histopathology and lameness in TD-affected chicks. Low doses of 17-DMAG (2 injections, each of 100 or 300 μg) did not prevent TD development even though Flk-1 levels were restored, which suggests that Flk-1 is not the only rate-limiting factor in growth-plate angiogenesis. High doses of 17-DMAG (2 injections, each of 600 or 900 μg) prevented BW loss, decreased the TD score, reduced lesion width, restored proper chondrocyte differentiation, increased blood vessel invasion, and eliminated lameness. To assess the specificity of Hsp90, we evaluated the efficacy of the flavonoid quercetin, an inhibitor of Hsp70 synthesis, in preventing TD development; it decreased Hsp70 levels but not those of Hsp90 in the control growth plates and prevented upregulation of Hsp70 in the TD-affected growth plates. Dietary quercetin (at 100 or 500 ppm) did not prevent the hypoxia that is characteristic of the TD-affected growth plate or development of thiram-induced TD and lameness. The present results demonstrate the specificity and the major role of Hsp90 in chondrocyte differentiation and growth-plate vascularization. In contrast to the anti-angiogenic effect of 17-DMAG observed in mammals, inhibition of Hsp90 activity in the unvascularized TD-affected growth plates resulted in activation of the angiogenic switch and restored normal growth-plate morphology.

Sensitization of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Cells to Cisplatin by Naturally Occurring Isothiocyanates

We show that naturally occurring isothiocyanates (ITCs) sensitize human non-small cell lung cancer cells to cisplatin. Moreover, the structure of the ITC side chain moiety is important for sensitization. In NCI-H596 cells, 20 microM benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) and phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) enhance the efficacy of various concentrations of cisplatin, but sulforaphane (SFN) does not. Reducing the concentration of BITC and PEITC to 10 microM still allows for the sensitization of cells to cisplatin. Neither cellular platinum accumulation nor DNA platination account for this increased cytotoxicity. BITC and PEITC deplete beta-tubulin, but SFN does not; this correlates with and may be important for sensitization.

Nim (Azadirachta indica): uma alternativa no controle de moscas na pecuária

As moscas Lucilia cuprina, Chrysomya megacephala, Cochliomyia hominivorax e Musca domestica, estão entre as mais importantes pragas da pecuária causando miíases e como portadoras de microrganismos patogênicos. O propósito deste estudo foi testar a eficácia de várias concentrações do óleo de nim sobre pupas das moscas mencionadas em condições de laboratório e de campo. A redução da emergência das moscas das pupas tratadas com 0,6 por cento de óleo de nim foi de 95,6 por cento em condições de laboratório e 94,5 por cento quando aplicado ao solo onde descansam os animais durante a noite. A aplicação do óleo de nim a 0,6% no solo é uma alternativa viável para controle das pupas de L. cuprina, C. megacephala, C. hominivorax e M. domestica.

Comparative efficacy of ethanol and isopropanol against feline calicivirus, a norovirus surrogate

Improper disinfection of environmental surfaces contaminated by the feces or vomitus of infected patients is believed to be a major cause of the spread of noroviruses (NoV) in close institutional settings. Although several disinfectants are available, the search for safe and effective disinfectant continues. Because alcohol and alcohol-based products have been used as antiseptics and their efficacy against several enveloped viruses has been documented, we wanted to determine their efficacy against nonenveloped calicivirus. Feline calicivirus (FCV) was used as a surrogate for NoVs, using the carrier test. We evaluated the virucidal efficacy of various concentrations of ethanol and isopropanol against FCV, dried on an inanimate, nonporous contact surface for contact times of 1, 3, and 10 minutes. The virus was eluted after alcohol treatment and titrated in feline kidney cells. Percentage virus inactivation was calculated by comparing these titers with those obtained with virus eluted from controls. Ethanol at 70% and 90% and isopropanol at 40% to 60% concentrations were found to be the most effective, killing 99% of FCV within a short contact time of 1 minute. Isopropanol was more efficacious than ethanol at 40% to 60% concentrations, suggesting that the use of an appropriate concentration of isopropanol or ethanol would help in controlling the transmission of NoVs from environmental contact surfaces.

Efficacy of various concentrations of NaOCl and instrumentation techniques in reducing Enterococcus faecalis within root canals and dentinal tubules

To evaluate the efficacy of 0.5%, 2.5% and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) as intracanal irrigants associated with hand and rotary instrumentation techniques against Enterococcus faecalis within root canals and dentinal tubules. A total of 180 extracted human premolar teeth were infected for 21 days with E. faecalis. The specimens were divided into 12 groups, as follows: group 1: 5.25% NaOCl + Hybrid technique (Valdrighi et al. 1998); group 2: 5.25% NaOCl + nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary technique 4 mm shorter than the apex (by FOP-UNICAMP); group 3: 5, 25% NaOCl + NiTi rotary technique (Hero 642); group 4: 2.5% NaOCl +Hybrid technique; group 5: 2.5% NaOCl + NiTi rotary technique 4 mm shorter than the apex; group 6: 2.5% NaOCl + NiTi rotary technique (Hero 642); group 7: 0.5% NaOCl + Hybrid technique; group 8: 0.5% NaOCl + NiTi rotary technique 4 mm shorter than the apex; group 9: 0.5% NaOCl + NiTi rotary technique (Hero 642); group 10: sterile saline solution + Hybrid technique; group 11: sterile saline solution + NiTi rotary technique 4 mm shorter than the apex; group 12: sterile saline solution + NiTi rotary technique (Hero 642). Canals were sampled before and after preparation. After serial dilution, samples were plated onto brain heart infusion (BHI) agar, and the colony forming units (CFU) that were grown were counted. The teeth were sectioned into three thirds and dentine chips were removed from the canals with conical burs. The samples obtained with each bur were immediately collected into test tubes containing BHI broth, and were incubated at 37 degrees C and plated onto BHI agar. The CFU were counted and analysed. At all depths and thirds of the root canals and for all techniques used, 5.25% NaOCl was shown to be the most effective irrigant solution tested when dentinal tubules were analysed, followed by 2.5% NaOCl. No differences among concentrations in cleaning the canals were found. Especially at higher concentrations, NaOCl, was able to disinfect the dentinal tubules, independent of the canal preparation technique used.

Corneoscleral Melt After Pterygium Surgery Using a Single Intraoperative Application of Mitomycin-C

A 59-year-old man underwent pterygium excision with intraoperative application of 0.2 mg/ml (0.02%) mitomycin-C placed on the scleral bed for 3 min. A sliding conjunctival flap was used to cover the exposed limbus and sclera. Five weeks after the original surgery, the patient had mild trauma and noted decreased vision. At that time, it was noted that he had a corneoscleral melt with perforation. The patient was managed with a lamellar transplant in this area. Intraoperative single-dose application of topical mitomycin-C can be associated with serious complications. This case occurred despite the fact that this patient received the lowest dose used in a series of 25 eyes using the same technique without any other complications. Although topical mitomycin-C is effective as an adjunct to pterygium surgery and may reduce recurrence, the safety and efficacy of various concentrations and dosing schedules need further definition.

Tretinoin emollient cream: A new therapy for photodamaged skin

Tretinoin administered topically in 0.1% concentration has been shown to improve the wrinkling and irregular pigmentation of photoaged skin. The purpose of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of various concentrations of tretinoin in a new emollient cream base in the treatment of photoaged skin. Three concentrations of tretinoin (0.05%, 0.01%, and 0.001%) in a new emollient cream formulation were compared with vehicle in a 24-week, double-blind, randomized, multicenter study of 296 subjects with photodamaged facial skin. Tretinoin emollient cream 0.05% gave a significantly better global response to therapy than vehicle (p less than 0.001), with 68% of subjects exhibiting improvement at the end of therapy, compared with 43% of subjects in the vehicle group. An excellent or good response was found in 26% of subjects treated with tretinoin emollient cream 0.05% versus 11% of vehicle-treated subjects. Fine wrinkling, mottled hyperpigmentation, and roughness were more improved in subjects who received tretinoin emollient cream 0.05% than in vehicle-treated subjects (p less than 0.05). No significant difference was found between vehicle and tretinoin emollient cream 0.01% or 0.001%. Histologic examination showed increases in epidermal and granular layer thickness, decreased melanin content and compaction of the stratum corneum after therapy with tretinoin emollient cream 0.05% or 0.01%. Mild to moderate skin reactions, such as erythema, peeling, and burning, were the most common side effects and, although most prevalent in the group using the 0.05% concentration, generally did not limit tretinoin use. Tretinoin emollient cream 0.05% appears to be safe and effective in the treatment of photodamaged skin.

Efficacy of Some Plant Extracts in Controlling Seed-Borne Fungal Infections of Mustard

Efficacy of various concentrations of four plant extracts prepared from garlic, Neem leaf, ginger and onion bulb on reduction of seed-borne fungi was evaluated. Among the treatments, garlic extract preparations (1:0, 1:1 and 1:2) and fungicide Rovral (0.25% of seed weight) had shown to enhance seed germination remarkably compared to the other treatment. The percent reduction of fungal incidence achieved with three concentrations of the plant extracts varied from 57.0-72.0% for garlic extracts, 48.4-57.0% for Neem leaf extract, 23.6-32.2% for ginger extract, and 10.7-15.1 for onion bulb extract. The fungi isolated from the mustard seeds included species of Alternaria, Aspergillus, Chaetomium, Curvularia, Fusarium, Penicillium and Rhizopus. It was also found that garlic extract was most effective in controlling the seed-borne fungi among the plant extracts studies. The effectiveness of concentrated (1:0) preparation of garlic extract was comparable to the fungicide Rovral. In addition, Neem leaf extract was moderately effective in removal of mycoflora of mustard seeds, while ginger and onion bulb extracts were the least effective in removal of the seed-borne fungi. Keywords: Mustard, Seed-borne fungi, Plant extracts, Seed germination, Control of seed-borne fungiDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v23i2.887 Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 23, Number 2, December 2006, pp 168-170