Efficacy Of Preventive Measures Research Articles

Prevention and health promotion in dementia: motivation for change within preventive interventions-Empirical results

Aging healthily and prevention of diseases are statutory and a national health target. There is convincing evidence that describes the modifiable risk factors, which are principally suitable for preventive measures. Definition of terms, presentation of the roots of prevention in laws, strategies and guidelines. Presentation of the risk factors for dementia, outline of effective preventive measures and their promising components. Prevention is systematically described. The available evidence on risk factors, health behavior and preventive measures is analyzed. A multimodal intervention is presented and the influence of motivation on a change in behavior is outlined, exemplified by physical activity. Aging healthily is a national health target and prevention of disease is rooted and defined in both the legislation and guidelines. The current evidence on modifiable risk factors for dementia originates from 12 factors. These include behavior-associated factors, such as inactivity, diabetes and smoking. The efficacy of preventive measures can be described by their effectiveness, the utilization when available and the principal availability for all people for whom they are indicated. Changing a health behavior is complex and dependent among other things on the motivation to want to change a behavior. Currently, multimodal prevention programs appear to be very promising for the prevention of cognitive disorders and dementia.

Management of high recurrent urolithiasis patients: the long term interdisciplinary approach is the key

Background: Urolithiasis is a pathology that can be highly recurrent, leading to frequent urological interventions, even with specific management. Objective: We want to verify, whether an interdisciplinary long-term approach during a single day-care program decreases the recurrences rate requiring urological intervention. Design, Setting, and participants: Patients with recurrent stone events were included in a prospective study of 18 months of interdisciplinary management. During the first day (T0), a team of health professionals diagnoses the lithogenic process and analyzes the causes of recurrences to determine preventive measures. Then, patients were re-evaluated at 6 and 18 months later to check the recurrences of stone events and the efficacy of preventive measures. Primary endpoints were urological intervention and urinary tract infection rates at baseline and 6 and 18–months. Secondary endpoints were blood and urine parameters changes and quality of life assessed by an open-ended survey. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis: the rate of recurrence and urological intervention was checked before the interdisciplinary day (T0) and at 18 months (T18). Blood and urine samples were analyzed to evaluate the lithogenic process, such as the 24h urine, morning urine, and eGFR. Statistical analyses were performed with Statistica 10. Results and limitations: Out of 157 patients included in the study between 2007 and 2010, 82 (52%) came back 18 months later. After 18 months, 83% did not show any recurrences. The frequency of surgical intervention was 0.65(0.21-1.42) intervention per year before the management and reach 0(0-0) after 18 months (p<0.0001). The 24h diuresis volume was improved from 2.00 (1.50-2.50) to 2.33(1.80-3.05) L/d (p<0.01). Initial extreme values of pH have shown a significant improvement for both initial acid (<5.5, p<0.001), and alkaline (>6.5, p<0.01) pH. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) was stable (81+-23 VS 80+-22 ml/min/1.73m2 (p>0.05)). However, all parameters of 24h urine, as calciuria and oxaluria, did not show significant change. Conclusion: The long-term interdisciplinary management of the recurrent stone former was useful to reduce recurrences and decrease uro-logical intervention.

Characteristics of retained foreign bodies and near-miss events in the operating room: a ten-year experience at one institution.

Retained foreign bodies (RFBs) are a major complication of surgical procedures. However, the efficacy of preventive measures is not well defined. This study investigates the characteristics of potential (near miss) and actual RFBs, and the contributions of routine practice for the prevention of RFB events. We conducted a retrospective review of incident reports regarding near-miss and RFB events in patients who underwent surgery under general anesthesia in our institution between October 2008 and November 2018. Among 49,831 operations under general anesthesia, there were 106 (2.13/1000) near-miss events and 24 (0.48/1000) RFB events. Counting surgical materials and intraoperative X-rays detected the remaining items before completion of surgery in 59 (56%) and 15 (14%) cases, respectively. The operator or staff noticed the surgical materials in the remaining 32 (30%) near-miss events. RFBs included 4 sponges (17%), 4 instruments (17%), 4 needles (17%), and 12 miscellaneous items (50%). Of these, 12 (50%) RFBs were discovered on postoperative X-rays and 16 (67%) patients required operative removal. Four incidents (17%) with RFBs were attributable to ignoring count discrepancies during surgery. The actual incidence of RFB events is higher than previously reported. A standardized counting protocol, communication among staff, and intra- and postoperative X-rays may contribute to the prevention and detection of RFBs.

A Health Crisis in the Age of Misinformation: How Social Media and Mass Media Influenced Misperceptions about COVID-19 and Compliance Behavior

ABSTRACT The media are important information disseminators in society. Particularly in uncertain times, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, citizens are very “media dependent.” The way in which people are informed about the coronavirus heavily depends on the type of media they use. Especially on social media, the share of misinformation is considerable, which might impact the way in which people comply with preventive measures. Our study investigates how media use affects misperceptions about the coronavirus and whether this influences important behavioral determinants as well as compliance behavior itself. The results of a unique 5-wave panel survey (N = 1,741) conducted between April 2020 and October 2020 show that the use of mass media reduces misperceptions. The same was found for Twitter users, whereas Facebook and Instagram users have more misperceptions about the coronavirus. Misperceptions negatively influence the perceived severity, susceptibility and efficacy of preventive measures taken by governments, which may ultimately result in decreased compliance. Our findings underline the important role of media consumption and misperceptions in shaping citizens’ beliefs and behavior regarding COVID-19. They re-emphasize the importance of mass media, such as newspapers, television broadcasts or reliable news websites, to inform the public about current affairs. They also imply that platform media might be more heterogeneous in their effects than mass media.

Evaluation of the efficacy of some preventive measures on their ability to restrict fall in salivary pH after consumption of carbonated drinks

Introduction and Aim: Salivary pH is important for healthy enamel of the teeth. Consumption of carbonated beverages leads to a drop in salivary pH which favors the growth of microorganisms, leading to dental caries. This study evaluates the efficacy of preventive measures in resisting change of salivary pH after consumption of carbonated drink. Materials and Methods: The study consisted of four experiments (1 to 4), conducted with thirty-seven participants: consumption of drink, 1) directly from the glass, 2) Using a straw. Preventive measures post consumption of carbonated drink, 3) rinsing the mouth with water, and 4) chewing sugar free gum. The salivary pH was measured using pH paper narrow range at the basal level, and at <1, and 5 to 30 min post consumption of the drink. The data was analysed by descriptive statistics and the intergroup comparisons were done using ANOVA and Tukey test. Results: In all the four experiments there was an increase in salivary pH at the <1 min and a significant decrease in salivary pH at 5-20 min (p<0.001). There was no significant difference in the salivary pH between the two modes of drink consumption (p>0.05). Post consumption of drink, chewing gum resisted the fall in pH for a longer duration of 5-20 min than rinsing the mouth with water 5-10 min (p<0.000). Conclusion: Post consumption of the carbonated beverages, preventive measures such as rinsing the mouth with water and chewing gum resist the fall in pH of saliva. Chewing gum is more effective than rinsing the mouth with water.

Reluctance of urban residents to adopt preparedness behaviors against wild monkey intrusion: a case of the northern area of Mount Fuji

ABSTRACT Human–macaque conflict occurs in urban areas that overlap with habitats of monkeys. Improving awareness among residents regarding appropriate control measures is essential for conflict mitigation, but only a few studies have examined the reluctance of residents to engage in preparedness behaviors. We examined the reluctance of residents to apply prevention measures against wildlife damage. We evaluated the structural relationships among three factors related to behaviors of natural disaster preparedness – place attachment, damage risk, and outcome expectations – using covariance-based structural equation modeling. We conducted risk estimation based on radio-tracking data and a questionnaire to examine the effects of these factors on preparedness behaviors. Results showed an increased reluctance among residents with poor place attachment and low expectations toward the efficacy of preventive measures. To further facilitate preparedness behaviors, it is necessary to strengthen the attachment of residents to their communities and continue communicating the appropriate preparedness behaviors.

2020 IDEOM Annual Meeting: Actinic Keratosis Stakeholders Survey Identifies Gaps in Research and Care.

This is a report of the survey results from the International Dermatology Outcome Measures (IDEOM) actinic keratosis (AK) workgroup. The purpose of the survey was to compile a list of gaps within AK care and management that require refinement. The results were discussed at the IDEOM annual meeting held virtually on October 23–24, 2020. This built a framework with which the AK workgroup, which consisted of physicians, patients, and pharmaceutical scientists, discussed at length in their breakout session at the meeting. The electronic survey was distributed to patients, pharmaceutical scientists, and leading physician experts in the field via email on September 22, 2020, with a deadline of October 2, 2020. The survey consisted of three open-ended prompts concerning key gaps and/or unmet needs in (1) the care of AKs, (2) outcome measurement of AKs in clinical trials and, (3) the measurement of AKs in clinical practice. The results were qualitative, with a response rate of 47%. Responses included reform of outcome measures for clinical trials, a methodology for evaluating the efficacy of preventative measures, and a comparison of treatments to establish a treatment protocol, among other efforts. This paper will also provide a brief overview of the current state of the AK outcome measures, emphasizing the heterogeneity of the measures and detailing the AK workgroup's future efforts to create a reliable and applicable core outcome measure set. J Drugs Dermatol. 2022;21(2):128-134. doi:10.36849/JDD.6360.

Perception of COVID-19 Prevention Methods Efficacy and Intention to Use Among Patients with Chronic Disease in Dessie Town, Northeast Ethiopia: A Multicentered Cross-sectional Study.

BackgroundIn Ethiopia, people infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been increasing dramatically. COVID-19 precaution measures are essential for highly susceptible groups. However, it was not known previously to what extent chronic disease patients were perceived to know about the efficacy of prevention measures. Hence, the aim of this study was to assess perception of patients with chronic disease toward the efficacy of COVID-19 preventive measures and their intention to carry out those measures.MethodsA multicentered institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 413 patients attended in selected hospitals of Dessie town from July 21 to August 5, 2020. Hospitals were selected using the lottery method and systematic random sampling was utilized to select study participants. An interviewer-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect the data and the tool had four dimensions which include sociodemographic, clinical profile and risk assessment, perceived efficacy of prevention measures, and patient’s intention to carry out measures. In multivariable analysis, variables were declared statistically significant at a p-value of <0.05.ResultsIn this study, the mean age of participants was 48.2 years (SD ±15.8 years) and 52.1% were females. In overall, 42.1% of participants had low perception on the efficacy of prevention measures and 28.3% had low intention to carry out measures. In this study, young adults (AOR=2.48; 95%CI: 1.42–4.31), male gender (AOR=2.75; 95%CI: 1.73–4.37), low literacy (AOR=3.42; 95%CI: 1.47–7.94) and face mask nonusers (AOR=1.64; 95%CI: 1.03–2.61) were significantly associated with low perceived efficacy of COVID-19 prevention methods.ConclusionIn this study, a significant proportion of patients had low perception about the efficacy of COVID-19 prevention measures and nearly one-third of them had low intention to carry out prevention measures. Therefore, health education programs about efficacy of preventive measures should be provided by health professionals targeting high risk groups.

The Association of Oral Health Status and socio-economic determinants with Oral Health-Related Quality of Life among the elderly: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between poor Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) and oral health determinants (eg being 75years of age or greater, marital status, smoking status, denture wearing, depression, low educational level (≤8th grade), poor general health, caries history, tooth-induced pain, decayed, missing filled teeth (DMFT) scores and periodontal diseases) among the elderly. Formal search strategies in PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane and Web of Science were performed to identify studies in English published before 1 December 2019. We assessed the impacts of the oral health determinants including being 75years of age or greater, marital status, smoking status, denture wearing, depression, low educational level (≤8th grade), poor general health, caries history, tooth-induced pain, DMFT scores and periodontal diseases) on OHRQoL among elderly individuals. The data were analysed using Stata 12.0 software. In total, 19 publications met the inclusion criteria of this meta-analysis. Findings indicate a positive association between low educational level (ie ≤8th grade), marital status, depression, smoking status, denture wearing, poor general health, tooth-induced pain, periodontal diseases and poor OHRQoL among the elderly. We also observed a negative association between DMFT, being older than 75years of age on poor OHRQoL among the elderly. This review identified that several oral health determinants were associated with poor OHRQoL. The efficacy of preventive measures and the economic aspects of tooth replacement approaches should be explored in the future. Developing oral healthcare plans and policies with the specific aim of improving OHRQoL among this group is essential.

Bias in Clinical Research.

Clinical epidemiological research entails assessing the burden and etiology of disease, the diagnosis and prognosis of disease, the efficacy of preventive measures or treatments, the analysis of the risks and benefits of diagnostic and therapeutic maneuvers, and the evaluation of health care services. In all areas, the main focus is to describe the relationship between exposure and outcome and to determine one of the following: prevalence, incidence, cause, prognosis, or effect of treatment. The accuracy of these conclusions is determined by the validity of the study. Validity is determined by addressing potential biases and possible confounders that may be responsible for the observed association. Therefore, it is important to understand the types of bias that exist and also to be able to assess their impact on the magnitude and direction of the observed effect. The following chapter reviews the epidemiological concepts of selection bias, information bias, intervention bias, and confounding and discusses ways in which these sources of bias can be minimized.

The Spread of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among the Medical Oncology Staff of ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia: Efficacy of Preventive Measures.

Patients with cancer are at a higher risk of developing serious disease-related complications in case of contracting SARS-CoV-2. Oncology units should implement all possible preventive measures to reduce the risk of viral transmission by healthcare professionals (HCPs) to patients. We conducted a surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 infection among the staff members of the Medical Oncology Unit of ASST Spedali Civili in Brescia, one of the Italian areas most affected by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The aim of this study was to demonstrate whether the recommended preventive measures, promptly implemented by the unit, have been effective in reducing the spread of the virus among the HCPs. Between February 24 and May 19, 2020, SARS-CoV-2 infection was detected in 10 out of 76 healthy HCPs (13%). Six of them developed a symptomatic disease, leading to home quarantine, and four remained asymptomatic. The infection was revealed when a serology test was performed on all staff members of the unit. In seven HCPs, in which it was possible to trace the person-to-person infection, the contagion occurred as a result of unprotected contacts or partially protected with surgical masks. In particular, four asymptomatic HCPs did not stop working, but a widespread outbreak in the unit was avoided. Adherence to the recommended preventive strategies, in particular, wearing of surgical masks by both the HCPs and the patients, is effective in reducing and preventing the viral spread.

1004 - Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) in patients with urinary catheter hospitalized in urology: Analysis of risk factors, microbiological characteristics and the efficacy of preventive measures

1004 - Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) in patients with urinary catheter hospitalized in urology: Analysis of risk factors, microbiological characteristics and the efficacy of preventive measures

Contemporary Strategies to Prevent Infection in Hip and Knee Arthroplasty.

Prosthetic joint infection (PJI) remains a serious concern in lower limb arthroplasty. Despite the significant consequences of PJI, the assessment of the safety and efficacy of preventative measures is challenging due to a low event rate. Notwithstanding, enormous efforts have been made in this arena, and prevention strategies continue to evolve. This review provides an update on contemporary literature (published within the last 5years) pertaining to infection prevention in primary hip and knee arthroplasty. Patient optimization has been highlighted as a critical preoperative factor in mitigating PJI risk. Recent evidence emphasizes the importance of preoperative glycaemic control, nutritional status, weight optimization and smoking cessation prior to hip and knee arthroplasty. Perioperatively, attention to detail in terms of surgical skin preparation agent and technique as well as prophylactic antibiotic agent, spectrum, dose and timing is important with statistically and clinically significant differences seen between differing strategies. Intraosseous regional antibiotic administration is an emerging technique with promising preclinical data. Dilute betadine lavage also shows promise. Data supporting bundled interventions continues to grow. A multimodal approach is required in PJI prevention, and attention to detail is important with each element. Patient optimization is critical, as is the execution of the planned perioperative infection prevention strategy.

The significant role of health surveillance in the occupational heat stress assessment.

In order to address the heat stress hazard, the worker health surveillance makes a difference by providing information about individual factor, feedback, and evidence about efficacy of preventive measures and activities carried out through the risk assessment process, at individual and group levels. Every technical, procedural, or organizational measures could be ineffective without taking into account the results provided by health surveillance.

Scope and Efficacy of Preventive Measures in Contact Dermatitis

To describe the scope and review the efficacy of interventions to prevent contact dermatitis. Universal measures to prevent contact dermatitis start at the population level with legislation regulating exposure to skin irritants and sensitizers. Primary measures include health education on skin care and protection, use of moisturisers and proper use of protective gloves. The overall epidemiological evidence regarding the efficacy of such preventive measures varies from low to moderate. Secondary prevention comprises the application of specific diagnostic procedures and early intervention. Tertiary prevention measures focus on medical, psychosocial, and occupational rehabilitation of patients with a chronic form. Education on risk factors and skin protection is an essential element at all the levels of prevention. Evidence-based recommendations and international standards for prevention, diagnosis and management of contact dermatitis are available. The low evidence on the efficacy of several primary measures can be due to limitations in study designs and low comparability of the studies. Stakeholders should address shortcomings of the current legislation. Randomised control trials studies including a homogenous assessment of the outcome measure, a longer follow-up and better adjustment for potential bias can enhance the current level of evidence for the efficacy of preventive measures.

Natural Remedies Lower Elevated Fibrinogen Levels in the Prevention of Atherosclerosis

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD), which includes heart attack and stroke, is the number one cause of death in the United States. Data gathered from certain lab tests utilized as part of an early detection and prevention strategy can be used to gauge the efficacy of preventative measures in an effort to halt or slow the progression of CVD. Acute phase reactant tests, Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Fibrinogen, and Ferritin are the most clinically relevant to detection. Acute phase reactants are proteins that increase or decrease in the presence of inflammatory stimuli. Of the four tests, the most widely used in conventional medicine are ESR and CRP. Fibrinogen tests are underutilized in conventional medicine. Fibrinogen, which originates in the liver, is a fibrous glycoprotein in vertebrates that helps in the formation of blood clots. Fibrinogen levels rise in the following conditions: Inflammation, tissue damage/trauma, infection, cancer, acute coronary syndrome, strokes, and inflammatory diseases. Fibrinogen tests are often used after a cardiovascular incident has occurred or if symptoms are severe enough to warrant a test. However, there is sufficient evidence which shows that fibrinogen levels slowly begin to rise long before a heart attack or stroke and may even be reflective of the severity of subclinical atherosclerotic conditions. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and other preventative natural medical systems have treatments which reduce or normalize Fibrinogen levels, thereby, preventing the progression of symptoms that can lead to more serious cardiovascular occurrences in the future. This article will review published studies that show how natural remedies can effectively lower elevated plasma fibrinogen levels.

Natural Remedies Lower Fibrinogen Levels in the Prevention of Atherosclerosis

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD), which includes heart attacks, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases, are the number one cause of death in the United States. Data gathered from certain lab tests utilized as part of an early detection and prevention strategy can be used to gauge the efficacy of preventative measures in an effort to halt or slow the progress of the CVD. Acute phase reactants are proteins that increase or decrease in the presence of inflammatory stimuli. The most common acute phase reactant tests are Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), CReactive Protein (CRP), Fibrinogen, and Ferritin. of these four tests the most common tests currently used in conventional medicine are ESR and CRP. Fibrinogen, which originates in the liver, is a glycoprotein in vertebrates that helps in the formation of blood clots. Fibrinogen levels rise in the following conditions: Inflammation, tissue damage/trauma, infection, cancer, acute coronary syndrome, strokes, and inflammatory conditions. Fibrinogen tests are underutilized in conventional medicine. They are often used after a cardiovascular incident has occurred or if symptoms are severe enough to warrant a test. There is sufficient evidence which shows that fibrinogen levels slowly begin to rise long before a heart attack or stroke and may even be reflective of the severity of subclinical atherosclerotic conditions. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and other preventative natural medical systems have treatments which reduce or normalize Fibrinogen levels, thereby, preventing the progression of symptoms that can lead to more serious cardiovascular occurrences in the future. This article will review published studies that confirm natural remedies effectively lower fibrinogen levels.

Seroprevalence of Sparganosis in Rural Communities of Northern Tanzania.

In this study, the seroprevalence of sparganosis and its relationship with sociodemographic factors in northern Tanzania have been assessed. A total of 216 serum samples from two rural districts, Monduli and Babati, were tested for sparganosis using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The seroprevalence of anti-sparganum IgG antibodies was 62.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 56.1–68.9) in all age groups. There were significant associations between district (relative risk [RR] = 1.95, 95% CI = 1.42–2.69), education (RR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.15–1.70), and pet ownership with seropositivity (RR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.02–2.16) based on univariate analysis. However, only the district was significantly associated with seropositivity (odds ratio = 4.20, 95% CI = 1.89–9.32) in binary logistic regression analysis. Providing health education to people residing in sparganosis-endemic areas is likely to improve the efficacy of preventative measures and reduce human disease burden.

Prevalence of malaria, prevention measures, and main clinical features in febrile children admitted to the Franceville Regional Hospital, Gabon.

Recently, major progress has been made in controlling malaria in Africa. However, in Gabon, little information is available on the role of malaria in childhood febrile syndromes, the use and efficacy of preventive measures, and Plasmodium species distribution. Here, we characterized malaria in febrile children in Franceville, Gabon through a cross-sectional study at the pediatric unit of the Franceville Regional Hospital. We registered 940 febrile children. Their general condition was markedly altered in 11.7% of cases (n = 89/760); among them 19 (21.4%) had a severely altered condition. Malaria was the second most frequent etiology (22.0%; n = 162/738), after respiratory tract infections (37.3%; n = 275/738). Children with malaria (63 ± 39 months) were older than children without malaria (40 ± 37 months) (p = 0.0013). Hemoglobin, red blood cell, white blood cell, and platelet values were lower in children with malaria than in those without malaria (p < 0.0001). Anemia was the most common feature of severe malaria (70.6%; n = 12/17), followed by neurological involvement (23.5%; n = 4/17). The prevalence of malaria was significantly higher in children older than 60 months than in younger children (40% vs. 15.5%; p < 0.0001). Plasmodium falciparum accounted for 97.5% of cases (158/162), followed by Plasmodium malariae (2.5%; n = 4/162). Bed net use was high (74.4%; n = 697/936) and contributed to malaria prevention (p = 0.001). Good basic knowledge of malaria also had a preventive effect (p < 0.0001). The prevalence of malaria in children in Franceville did not decrease significantly from 2009 to 2012, remaining at about 20%, highlighting that preventive measures should be reinforced.

Do the Effects of Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Events in PAD Patients Differ from Other Atherosclerotic Disease?

Atherosclerosis is considered a generalized disease. Similar or identical etiopathogenetic mechanisms and risk factors are involved in various atherosclerotic diseases, and the positive effects of preventive measures on atherogenesis in different parts of the arterial system were shown. However, until know, great emphasis has been placed on the aggressive pharmacological management of coronary artery disease (CHD), while less attention has been devoted to the management of peripheral arterial disease (PAD), despite its significant morbidity and mortality. Data on the efficacy of preventive measures in PAD patients have mostly been gained from subgroup analyses from studies devoted primarily to the management of coronary patients. These data have shown that treatment of risk factors for atherosclerosis with drugs can reduce cardiovascular events also in patients with PAD. The effects of some preventive procedures in PAD patients differ from coronary patients. Aspirin as a basic antiplatelet drug has been shown to be less effective in PAD patients than in coronary patients. The latest Antithrombotic Trialists’ Collaboration (ATC) meta-analysis demonstrates no benefit of aspirin in reducing cardiovascular events in PAD. Statins reduce cardiovascular events in all three of the most frequently presented cardiovascular diseases, including PAD to a comparable extent. Recent studies indicate that in PAD patients, in addition to a reduction in cardiovascular events, statins may have some hemodynamic effects. They prolong walking distance and improve quality of life. Similarly, angiotensin enzyme inhibitors are also effective in the prevention of cardiovascular events in coronary, cerebrovascular, as well as PAD patients and show positive effects on the walking capacity of patients with intermittent claudication. In PAD patients, the treatment of hypertension and diabetes also effectively prevents cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. As PAD patients are at a highest risk of cardiovascular complications, the risk factors of atherosclerosis should be treated intensively in this group of patients. Most of the preventive measures, including the drugs used for prevention of CHD, are also effective in PAD patients.