Abstract

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD), which includes heart attack and stroke, is the number one cause of death in the United States. Data gathered from certain lab tests utilized as part of an early detection and prevention strategy can be used to gauge the efficacy of preventative measures in an effort to halt or slow the progression of CVD. Acute phase reactant tests, Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Fibrinogen, and Ferritin are the most clinically relevant to detection. Acute phase reactants are proteins that increase or decrease in the presence of inflammatory stimuli. Of the four tests, the most widely used in conventional medicine are ESR and CRP. Fibrinogen tests are underutilized in conventional medicine. Fibrinogen, which originates in the liver, is a fibrous glycoprotein in vertebrates that helps in the formation of blood clots. Fibrinogen levels rise in the following conditions: Inflammation, tissue damage/trauma, infection, cancer, acute coronary syndrome, strokes, and inflammatory diseases. Fibrinogen tests are often used after a cardiovascular incident has occurred or if symptoms are severe enough to warrant a test. However, there is sufficient evidence which shows that fibrinogen levels slowly begin to rise long before a heart attack or stroke and may even be reflective of the severity of subclinical atherosclerotic conditions. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and other preventative natural medical systems have treatments which reduce or normalize Fibrinogen levels, thereby, preventing the progression of symptoms that can lead to more serious cardiovascular occurrences in the future. This article will review published studies that show how natural remedies can effectively lower elevated plasma fibrinogen levels.

Highlights

  • The purpose of this paper is to present evidence that elevated plasma fibrinogen causes intravascular inflammation, but is a result of inflammation, and is part of the clotting factor contributing to Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) [18]

  • The secondary purpose of this review is to show elevated fibrinogen levels are an early predictor of future CVD

  • This article is a review of published, peer reviewed scientific papers that support the reliability of fibrinogen as an indicator of existing and future CVD risks and natural remedies shown to be effective in reducing elevated plasma fibrinogen levels

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Summary

Introduction

The purpose of this paper is to present evidence that elevated plasma fibrinogen causes intravascular inflammation, but is a result of inflammation, and is part of the clotting factor contributing to CVD [18]. The secondary purpose of this review is to show elevated fibrinogen levels are an early predictor of future CVD. The final purpose of this report is to discuss natural remedies that can lower fibrinogen levels in the prevention of CVD via a Vitamin K independent pathway. Fibrinogen is one of 12 blood clotting factors in the human body. The presence of elevated fibrinogen in blood plasma indicates acute and/or chronic inflammation in various parts of the body, most notably, in the cardiovascular system [2]. Fibrinogen appears as a result of inflammation and is a predictor of CVD severity [2]

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