Efficacy Of Entomopathogenic Fungi Research Articles

The synergistic potential of polyethylene glycol 400 for the control of Hyphantria cunea larvae by Beauveria bassiana

The efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi as pest control agents is constrained by both their physiological state and external environmental factors. This study identified synergists capable of enhancing the insecticidal activity of Beauveria bassiana (Bb) and investigated the underlying synergistic mechanisms. Our results found that among 6 potential synergists, polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG) and trehalose significantly improved Bb's lethality against Hyphantria cunea larvae, with PEG demonstrating the most pronounced effect. PEG treatment markedly increased Bb spore adhesion and germination rates, while spore hydrophobicity and growth rates remained unaffected. Moreover, PEG-treated spores exhibited higher thermal tolerance compared to untreated ones. In the Bb + PEG treatment group, the hemocyte count, encapsulation and melanization activities, and the expression of related regulatory genes were significantly lower than those in the Bb treatment group. Additionally, pathogen recognition, signal transduction, and humoral immunity effector genes expression were markedly suppressed in the Bb + PEG group. A significant reduction in the content of total amino acids, free fatty acids, glucose, and trehalose, alongside decreased expression of key regulatory genes in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and glycolysis pathways, was observed in the Bb + PEG treatment group. Furthermore, PEG enhanced Bb-induced apoptosis in H. cunea larvae, as evidenced by the upregulation of apoptosis-related genes. Notably, PEG alone did not significantly impact the innate immunity, energy metabolism, or apoptosis in H. cunea larvae. Overall, PEG exhibits considerable potential in amplifying Bb's insecticidal activity by directly optimizing spore performance and indirectly modulating the larvae's innate immunity, energy metabolism, and apoptosis.

Efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi against Philaenus spumarius, the vector of Xylella fastidosa.

Xylella fastidiosa is an important causative agent of Olive Quick Decline Syndrome in the Apulia region of Italy. The current study evaluated the bioefficacy of three entomopathogenic fungal strains: Beauveria bassiana SGB7004, Metarhizium robertsii SGB1K, and Akanthomyces lecanii SGB4711 against Philaenus spumarius the main vector of this pathogen, under laboratory conditions. Pathogenicity bioassays were performed by dipping nymphs and adults of P. spumarius in an aqueous suspension of powdered fungal culture (PFC) or conidial suspension (CS) of the three fungal strains. Both B. bassiana SGB7004 and M. robertsii SGB1K affected the viability of nymphs, resulting in more than 80% mortality at 48 h post treatment, while the effect of A. lecanii SGB4711 was not statistically significant. On adults, all three biocontrol strains were effective in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The PFCs of B. bassiana SGB7004, M. robertsii SGB1K, and A. lecanii SGB4711 at the highest concentration tested (120 mg mL-1) resulted in 97%, 83% and 27% mortality at the trial endpoint (120 h), respectively. Mycelial growth was observed on 38.5%, 37.0% and 61.5% of dead insects treated with B. bassiana SGB7004 (2.3 × 108 CFU mL-1), M. robertsii SGB1K (3.8 × 106 CFU mL-1) and A. lecanii SGB4711 (5.4 × 108 CFU mL-1), respectively. None of the PFCs of the tested strains was pathogenic when injected into nymph spittle. Beauveria bassiana SGB7004 and M. robertsii SGB1K significantly affected the survival of P. spumarius nymphs and adults, while A. lecanii SGB4711 was not effective on nymphs and only slightly effective against adults. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi against codling moth, Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

ABSTRACT Cydia pomonella L. is a highly destructive pest inflicting substantial damage on pome fruits globally. Resistance to chemical pesticides by C. pomonella poses a significant challenge to the effective management strategies. Utilising entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) for the management of insect pests has emerged as one of the promising and environmentally friendly alternatives. Against this backdrop, we conducted laboratory bioassays to assess the efficacy of three EPF, namely Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill., Cordyceps fumosorosea (Wize) and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokīn against C. pomonella using three effective concentrations (1 × 104, 1 × 105, and 1 × 106 conidia/ml). Highest larval (98.62 ± 10.00%) and pupal (37.35 ± 2.15%) mortality was observed when treated with B. bassiana while lowest larval (51.55 ± 6.30%) and pupal (17.83 ± 7.28%) mortality was seen in C. fumosorosea. Maximum adult emergence (16.26 ± 3.24) was recorded in C. fumosorosea and the minimum (5.72 ± 0.09) in B. bassiana. LC50 values of C. fumosorosea, M. anisopliae and B. bassiana were 5.482, 2.683 and 1.891 conidia/ml, respectively. All three tested EPF were effective against C. pomonella under controlled laboratory conditions.

Trap crops enhance the control efficacy of Metarhizium brunneum against a soil-dwelling pest

Soil-dwelling insect pests may cause considerable damage to crops worldwide, and their belowground lifestyle makes them hard to control. Amongst the most promising control agents for subterranean pests are soilborne entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) such as Metarhizium brunneum. Albeit EPF can be highly pathogenic to their target pest species under laboratory conditions, their efficacy in the field is often limited due to adverse environmental conditions. Here, we test for the first time if the efficacy of EPF can be improved when they are augmented with trap crops. In a field experiment, the M. brunneum strain ART2825 was combined with a trap crops mixture of six plant species and evaluated for its control effect of wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae). When both were combined in the main crop, potato damage was lowered on average by 42.5% and wireworm abundance by 50.8%. Single application of trap crops or EPF lowered damage/pest abundance only by 29.9%/15.89% and 34.7%/4.77%, respectively. Importantly, the strength of the synergistic pest control effect between trap crops and EPF increased disproportionately with increasing wireworm abundance. However, DNA-based gut content analysis showed that wireworms’ feeding preferences were not shifting toward the trap crops. Our findings demonstrate that combining trap crops with EPF improves the efficacy of the latter and leads to a synergistic control effect which magnifies with increasing wireworm abundance. Hence, the synergistic effect of EPF and trap crops might be a promising control strategy for soil-dwelling pests in general and significantly improve our abilities to manage soil pests environmentally friendly.

Efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi against the fruit fly Drosophila suzukii and their side effects on predator and pollinator insects

Efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi against the fruit fly Drosophila suzukii and their side effects on predator and pollinator insects

Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Fungi as Prevention against Early Life Stages of the Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Laboratory and Greenhouse Trials.

The red palm weevil (RPW) Rhynchophorus ferrugineus is a highly destructive invasive pest for palms whose management is mainly by application of synthetic pesticides. As a key pest of date palm plantations, it is necessary to integrate environmentally safe measures for its management. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) have been primarily studied as a preventative control measure due to the horizontal transfer of conidia within the RPW population. We previously demonstrated the horizontal transmission of fungal conidia from an egg-laying surface to the female weevil and then to the eggs and larvae. Based on that strategy, this study aimed to evaluate the virulence of commercial EPF products and laboratory EPF preparations to RPW females and their progeny, and their ability to protect palms against infestation. As such, it serves as a screening platform for field experiments. Mortality rates of females and eggs depended on the applied treatment formulation and fungal strain. Velifer®, a Beauveria bassiana product, and Metarhizium brunneum (Mb7) resulted in 60-88% female mortality. Mb7-as a conidial suspension or powder-resulted in 18-21% egg-hatching rates, approximately 3 times less than in the non-treated control. Treating palms with Mb7 suspension or dry formulation significantly inhibits infestation signs and results in protection. These results lay the foundation for investigating the protective rate of EPF products against RPW in date plantations.

Efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi against three major stored insect pests, Rhyzopertha dominica, Sitophilus zeamais and Trogodermagranarium

The use of biological control agents such as pathogens and natural enemies could be helpful in reducing reliance on synthetic non-selective insecticides and environmental pollution. Entomopathogenic fungi act as pathogens for insect pests and could be a good alternative to insecticides. In the present work, control potential of six native entomopathogenic fungi: Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Metarhizium flavoviride, Penicillium citrinum and Trichoderma harzianum, was evaluated against three major stored insect pests, Rhyzopertha dominica, Sitophilus zeamais and Trogoderma granarium, under laboratory conditions. Four doses of each fungal isolate viz., 1 × 104, 1 × 106, 1 × 108 and 1 × 1010 conidia/kg wheat grains were evaluated in terms of adult mortality and progeny suppression of subsequent generation. Bioassays were performed in an incubator with 30 °C, 65% relative humidity and without lighting, and the vials were observed after 7, 14, and 21 d post exposure to calculate mortality of introduced adults. The results revealed that insects’ mortality was dose and time dependent. In most of the cases, M. flavoviride caused the highest mortality and progeny suppression of all tested insect species followed by T. harzianum and C. cladosporioides, while the lowest were observed against A. nidulans followed by A. fumigatus and P. citrinum. Overall, R. dominica was the most susceptible species to all fungal isolates followed by S. zeamais and T. granarium. In summary, the data of the present work indicate a significant potential of tested entomopathogenic fungi as biological control agents against R. dominica, S. zeamais and T. granarium. Further studies are recommended to evaluate control potential of these entomopathogenic fungi against stored insect pests under storage environment. Evaluation of more virulent strains of entomopathogenic fungi and their isolates, development of suitable formulation(s), and standardizing mode application will also be the questions for future research.

Efficacy of entomo-pathogenic fungus and botanical pesticides against mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.) at field condition Rupandehi Nepal

Mustard aphid is the most concerning pest of rapeseed in warm and humid areas of Nepal because of its widespread prevalence and increasing severity. There is increasing use of chemicals, as the only resort, to manage this pest. The experiment was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of different bio-friendly management techniques against Mustard aphid, at the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Paklihawa campus. Treatments like “Jholmal” (250 ml/L), Beauveria bassiana (4gm/L) Abamectin @ 1 ml/L of water, Metarhizium anisopliae (2 gm/L), Verticillium lecanii 2% A.S (5 ml/L) and Neem oil (5 ml/L) were used at post-infestation condition. Results revealed that the overall performance of Abamectin was found to be remarkably effective as compared to others. However, the performance of “Jholmal” and Neem was also found similar for both adult and nymph management. Also, the yield and yield attributing characters in “Jholmal”, Neem, and Abamectin treated plots were similar. However, Abamectin was not found to be convincing considering its impact on natural enemies and thus “Jholmal” and Neem are suggested from the experimental results for the management of mustard aphids at the farmer's level.

Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Fungi against Fall Armyworm (FAW) in Laboratory Conditions

Fall armyworm (FAW) is most dangerous pest of maize crops and distributed widely in various countries of the world especially tropical and subtropical regions, resulting threat to food security. The efficacy of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana were checked against 2nd instar larvae of FAW under controlled conditions. The results showed that among tested entomopathogenic fungi, B. bassiana was found more toxic than M. anisopliae. B. bassiana caused highest larval mortality than M. anisopliae. In the current study, B. bassiana and M. anisopliae caused 68.89% and 53.85% larval mortality, respectively. M. anisopliae and B. bassiana demonstrated LT50 values of 80.54 h and 83.32 h, respectively. Additionally, the LC50 values for M. anisopliae and B. bassiana were determined to be 1.4×107 and 1.5×107 spores/ml, respectively. Entomopathogenic fungi can give effective control against pest and further studies are needed to check the efficacy against older instars under field and laboratory conditions.

Efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi, nematodes and spinetoram combinations for integrated management of Thrips tabaci.

Two consecutive field trials using a blend of entomopathogens in combination with a new chemistry insecticide were conducted to determine treatment effects on onion thrips (Thrips tabaci Lindeman) populations, crop damage, plant development, crop yield and impact on natural enemies. Products were tested in an onion cropping system and included the insect pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (isolate WG-11), an entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (strain VS) and the new-chemistry chemical insecticide spinetoram. In all treatments, a significant decrease in thrips per plant population was detected in both trials. Overall, dual application of entomopathogens and insecticide was more effective than singly applied treatments. The lowest number of thrips larvae (1.96 and 3.85) and adults (0.00 and 0.00) were recorded when treated with dual application of B. bassiana and spinetoram at 7 days post application (DPA) after the second spray application in 2017and 2018, respectively. Damage on onion plants was considerably decreased in all treatments relative to the control. The lowest damage was observed on onion plants treated with B. bassiana + spinetoram at 7 DPA after the second spray application during both years. A significant decrease in the number of natural enemies (beetles, spiders, mites, lacewings, ants and bugs) on onion plants was recorded during both years. Insect pathogens when applied alone and in combination with each other considerably protected arthropod natural enemies compared to insecticide application applied alone. Significant increase in plant agronomic traits was observed compared to the control. Among all the treatments, B. bassiana + spinetoram produced maximum leaf length, leaf weight, total leaves, neck diameter, bulb diameter, number of rings per bulb, bulb weight, dry matter and plant yield following the 2017and 2018 applications, respectively. The findings of the study reveal the potential of using insect pathogens and insecticide for control of T. tabaci. However, combinations containing spinetoram are harmful to nontarget organisms, whereas biological control agents help in protecting biodiversity in onion agroecosystems. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Efficacy of the Key Isolated Entomopathogenic Fungi for the Biocontrol against Tuta absoluta in Tomato Plants

The tomato is an important vegetable crop, both domestically and commercially. Recently, the crop is facing the problem of insect pest destruction, which causes its production to drop by up to 50% if not controlled. Tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) is one of the most destructive insects of tomato. The entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae are currently used as an efficient biological control agent against Tuta absoluta. In this study, the efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi was tested using EPF obtained from 24 soil samples collected from tomato farms infested by T. absoluta. The efficacy of EPF were tested against Tuta absoluta larvae instars, pupa, and adults at different conidial concentrations and incubation times. The results showed that among all EPF, Metarhizium anisopliae had high pathogenicity and recorded a high percentage of Tuta absoluta larval mortality rate (98.2%), followed by Aspergillus spp., which recorded 71%. Other EPF recoded lower percentages, which imply lower pathogenicity. Despite Aspergillus spp. being entomopathogenic fungi that have high pathogenicity for Tuta absoluta, it is not recommended for Tuta absoluta management in tomato production due to aflatoxin, which is very toxic to humans. Based on these observations, Metarhizium anisopliae has the potential to be used as an effective biological control of Tuta absoluta in tomato production.

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION ON GROWTH AND PATHOGENICITY OF Metarhizium anisopliae

The efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi in the field depends on the influence of various environmental factors, including temperature and level of exposure to UV light. It is hypothesized that temperature and level of UV light exposure of Metarhizium anisopliae (Hypocreales, Clavicipiceae) may affect its efficiency in controlling the sweetpotato weevil (Cylas formicarius, Fabricius; Coleoptera, Brentidae). The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of temperature and ultraviolet light radiation on the growth and pathogenicity of different native strains of Cuban origin of the M. anisopliae Sorokin complex with biological activity against C. formicarius. Colony diameter was measured at 28, 30, 32 and 34 °C temperature and exposed to ultraviolet light (254 nm) for 10, 15, 20, 30, 30, 60 and 120 minutes. Under laboratory conditions, the percentage germination of conidia of strains LBMa-11, LBM-30, LBM-41 and LBM-146 was determined, as well as their pathogenic capacity by means of bioassays with adults of C. formicarius in terms of the percentage of cumulative mortality and the mean lethal time (TL50). Results proved that temperature and UV light affect the ability of M. anisopliae to control C. formicarius. A delay in cumulative mortality was detected for all strains exposed to UV light, with an increase in TL50. The optimum temperature range was between 28 and 30 °C. The strain LBM-127 showed the highest sensitivity to temperature, LBMa-11 the highest tolerance to UV light, and LBM-146 was the most virulent according to Probit regression analysis.

Effect of entomopathogenic fungi against banana pseudostem weevil Odoiporus longicollis (Olivier) and elucidation of infection process

BackgroundThe banana stem weevil, Odoiporus longicollis (Olivier), is a serious threat to banana cultivation world over. Since banana is a food crop, the use of naturally infecting biological control agents could be an effective alternative to manage the insect pest instead of harmful chemicals. Also, the efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi against O. longicollis was used in bioassay.ResultsAmong the Beauveria bassiana isolates tested the median lethal concentration (LC50) 10.468 × 105 conidia ml−1 when treated with B. bassiana (NRCBEFPMP1), two other isolates of B. bassiana, namely NRCBEPF22 and NRCBEPF2, were also effective against O. longicollis and recorded LC50 of 12.617 × 105 and 12.891 × 105 conidia ml−1, respectively. The results of bioassay with different Metarhizium spp. showed variations in efficacy, where the most virulent isolate was M. quizhouense (NRCBEPF11) with LC50 8.050 × 105 conidia ml−1. Scanning electron microscopic analysis showed that B. bassiana and M. quizhouense caused infection by cuticle penetration and completed the infection process in 15 days. The composition of volatile organic compounds released by B. bassiana and M. anisopliae during pathogenesis showed that a significantly high number of known insect volatiles were present in infected insects. Consequently, these volatiles were emission in Insect attractant, Odorant receptor agonist, Plant hormone Plant, and Microbial Metabolites, through the biological activity, such as Methyl salicylate, Benzaldehyde, alpha-Terpineol, Limonene, Benzene, 1,2-dimethoxy, Phthalic acid, 1-Octadecene, Phenylacetaldehyde, 3-Octanone, Octanal, Methylheptenone and 2-Ethyl-1-hexyl alcohol.ConclusionOverall, the results show that EPF could significantly reduce damage by O. longicollis and produce a wide profile of secondary metabolites. Further, analysis was used for principal components to determine whether separated classes of fungi can be distinguished from one another based on their metabolite profiles.

Molecular characterisation and efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi against the Green shield bug Palomena prasina (L.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) under laboratory conditions

ABSTRACT Green shield bug (GSB) Palomena prasina (L.) causes significant yield and quality losses in hazelnut production of Turkey. Alive and dead adults of GSB were collected from the main hazelnut cultivation areas of Turkey during 2018 and 2019. The entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) were isolated from GSB individuals and identified by DNA sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer of the rRNA. Phylogenetic analysis based on the maximum likelihood method of these sequences with reference sequences retrieved from GenBank revealed that 20 native isolates were Beauveria bassiana (6), B. pseudobassiana (1), Cordyceps confragosa (5), Akanthomyces muscarius (4), Purpureocillium lilacinum (2), Isaria fumosorosea (1), and Bionectria sp. (1). Furthermore, the isolates were tested for their efficacy against GSB adults at 1 × 108 spores mL−1 concentration under laboratory conditions. Registered bio-insecticides were applied at the same concentration to compare the efficacy of the isolates. Beauveria spp. isolates were most effective among the tested isolates with LT50 and LT90 values ranging between 3.65–6.14 and 5.26–8.25 days, respectively. These isolates caused 100% mortality in GSB adults within 6–10 days. The isolates of A. muscarius (TR-OR-1) and P. lilacinum (TR-SM-7) were highly effective and caused 100% mortality 10 and 11 days after the treatment, respectively. These results indicated that some EPF isolates obtained in this study are more promising as an alternative control agent against GSB.

Biological control of white grubs, Holotrichia serrata (Fabricius) in sugarcane by two species of entomopathogenic fungi, Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana

Sugarcane is one of the important commercial crop in India and white grubs are one of the serious pests of this crop. The present study was taken up to study the efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi against Holotrichia serrata (Fabricius) in sugarcane. Laboratory bioassay studies were conducted using five strains of Metarhizium anisopliae (ICAR-NBAIR Ma-4, Ma-6, Ma-11, Ma-14a & Ma-35) and one strain of Beauveria bassiana (ICAR-NBAIR Bb-5a) on third instar grubs of H. serrata at the concentration of 1 × 108 spores/ml. M. anisopliae (ICAR-NBAIR Ma-4) strain showed 100% mortality of the grubs and the rest of the strains showed 56–80% mortality of H. serrata. Dose and time mortality studies with aqueous spore suspensions and talc formulation (2% WP) of M. anisopliae (ICAR-NBAIR Ma-4 strain) showed LC50 value of 6.67 × 104 spores/ml and 1.72 g/l andLT50 value of 122.02 h at spore dose of 1 × 108 spores/ml and 183.86 h at the dose of 5 g/l. Further field evaluation was conducted in white grub infested sugarcane during 2016–17 and 2017–18 using M. anisopliae (ICAR-NBAIR Ma-4 strain) and B. bassiana (ICAR-NBAIR Bb-5a) for management of white grubs, H. serrata in Karnataka state of India. The results showed soil applications of 250 kg of M. anisopliae, (ICAR-NBAIR Ma-4) enriched Farmyard manure per hectare two times (June & July) effectively reduced the grub population of H. serrata by 86–89% leading to reduced plant damage and increased yield (33–34%). This treatment was better than the insecticidal application in the management of sugarcane white grubs.

The Effect of Grain Type on Virulence of Entomopathogenic Fungi Against Stored Product Pests

Fungal virulence is multifaceted and dependent on multiple abiotic factors. The present study represents an investigation of the effect of one such abiotic factor, that of the grain type, on the insecticidal action of three entomopathogenic fungal species, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae), Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschinkoff) Sorokin (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) and Isaria fumosorosea Wize (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) on larvae of the three very common and destructive stored product pests: the khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium Everts) (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), the confused flour beetle (Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and the Mediterranean flour moth (Ephestia kuehniella Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). To this end, we selected four different grains, i.e., Triticum aestivum L. (Poales: Poaceae), Oryza sativa L. (Poales: Poaceae), Arachis hypogaea L. (Fabales: Fabaceae) and Vicia faba L. (Fabales: Fabaceae). Bioassays were carried out in the lab, where experimental grains were sprayed with 1 mL of conidial suspension (108 conidia/mL) from each isolate. Mean mortality, median survival time and weight loss of seeds were estimated for each species. Our results suggest that the differences in the efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi were dependent both on the isolates and the grain. The grain type as a factor is equally important to other abiotic factors.

Effect of Entomopathogenic Fungi and Non-repellent Toxicants Fipronil and Imidacloprid Against Termites: A Review

Non-repellent termiticide such as imidacloprid and fipronil are important to control the subterranean termites. These termiticides effect on the walking and tunneling of subterranean termites in the colony. However, health and environmental concerns related to the use of these termiticide arises question and forced scientific community to focus on alternative, more environmental friendly approaches. Use of microorganisms especially fungi for the control of subterranean termites has gain much attraction in the 40 years as many experimental studies have demonstrated promising output. This method was based on classical biological control with the use of entomopathogenic fungi which can replicate itself in the termite colony and can be transmitted from one individual termite to another, hence creating an epizootic and kill the whole colony. However, lack of positive output in field trial arises concerns about the efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi as a potential approach for the control of subterranean termites. Thus, research on the defense system of subterranean termites against the fungal infection started to gain attention in the past decade, however, interaction between termites and fungi is still poorly understood. This review focuses on the use of non-repellent termiticide to control the subterranean termites, problems arises because of these termiticides, alternative methods for subterranean termite control, biological control of fungi using entomopathogenic fungi and defense mechanism of termites triggered in response to fungal interaction.

Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Fungi with Insecticides Mixtures against Oxycarenus hyalinipennis (Costa) (Lygaeidae: Hemiptera)

Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Fungi with Insecticides Mixtures against Oxycarenus hyalinipennis (Costa) (Lygaeidae: Hemiptera)

Efication of Some Entomopatogen Fungus on Green Ladybug Imago (Nezara Viridula Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Green ladybug (Nezara viridula L.) is an important pest in some plants, including soybeans. N. viridula attacks cause a decrease in yield of up to 80%. Environmental friendly pest control studies are needed to overcome the problem of resurgence caused by N. viridula, among others by utilizing entomopathogenic fungus as their natural enemies. This study discusses about the efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi against N. viridula imago. The research is conducted at the Agricultural Agrotechnology Laboratory, Muhammadiyah University of South Tapanuli. The study uses a completely randomized design, nine treatments (control and eight isolates of entomopathogenic fungus) with three replications. The conidia density used is 108 conidia / ml. The entomopathogenic fungus application was performed on N. viridula imago. The results shows that MetKP fungus isolates are able to kill N. viridula imago with the highest mortality rate of 78.33%. The isolates of MetKM fungi and M. anisopliae caused the lowest imago mortality of 61.67%. Isolate of B. bassiana fungus had the lowest LT50 with a time of 5.66 HSA and the isolate of the MetTmM fungus had the highest LT50 with a time of 7.27 HSA. In the immature body part of N. viridula infected with fungus is enveloped by entomopathogenic fungal mycelium.

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