Efficacy Of Different Levels Research Articles

Efficacy of Different Levels of Hydrogel and Crop Geometric Strategies in Overcoming the Pessimistic Effect of Abiotic Stress on Growth and Yield Attributes of Spring Maize (Zea mays L.)

Background: Climate change is a major issue across the globe. The erratic weather conditions fluctuate to create uncertain and stressful abiotic conditions. With escalating abiotic stress analogous to the decline in freshwater accessibility and soil properties, global food security is at stake. Methods: The experiment was implemented in the spring seasons of 2022 and 2023 to assess the impact of different levels of hydrogel and crop geometric strategies on the growth and yield attributes of spring maize. The field trial was executed in split-plot design with three levels of hydrogel i.e., 0 (@ 0 kg/ha), 50% (@ 1.5 kg/ha) and 100% (@ 3 kg/ha); four crop geometric strategies i.e., normal spacing (70 x 25 cm); paired-row spacing (55-85 x 25 cm); normal spacing with seed capsule (70 x 25 cm) and paired-row spacing with seed capsule (55-85 x 25 cm). Here we correlate the outcomes with the factors in incapacitating the pessimistic effects of abiotic stress on spring maize. Result: The results revealed that the attributes were significantly affected by the employment of the combination hydrogel @ 3 kg/ha + paired-row spacing with seed capsule at (55-85 x 25 cm) which was also found effective in overcoming the abiotic stress. There was a significant enhancement of growth attributes as well as grain yield by 28.1% and 29.3%; stover yield by 24.4% and 19.9% compared to control in 2022 and 2023 respectively.

Different levels of single-strain probiotic (Bacillus subtilis) with proteolytic enzyme (serratiopeptidase) can be used as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in broiler

In the current study, the proteolytic enzyme (serratiopeptidase) was used to enhance the efficacy of Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) probiotic as a growth promotor in broiler chicken. The effects of serratiopeptidase on the efficacy of different levels of B. subtilis as a growth promotor in broiler chicks were evaluated regarding growth performance traits, villus histomorphometric characterization, and intestinal microbiota count. Day-old broiler chicks (n=120) were allocated into four groups having three replicates/group. In the control group (C), the basal diet was kept without supplementation. In treatment groups (P100, P150, and P200), the basal diet was supplemented with 100, 150, and 200 mg probiotics, respectively besides 30mg proteolytic enzyme in the three treated groups for 4 weeks. The performance parameters were significantly affected by the supplementation of serratiopeptidase to the B. subtilis treatment groups. Feed intake (FI), body weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and dressing percent were significantly improved in the treatment groups as compared to the control group. Significantly, the lowest feed intake was recorded for the P200 group. The highest body weight gain and dressing percent were recorded for the P200 group. Improved FCR was recorded in the P200 group (1.7) as compared to the control group. The different levels of B. subtilis supplemented with serratiopeptidase revealed significant improvements (P<0.05) in the morphology of the intestine by showing increases in villus height and width and crypt depth of the small intestine. The microbial count revealed that E. coli and salmonella colonies were significantly reduced in the P200 group as compared to the control and other treatment groups. In conclusion, the supplementation of B. subtilis with serratiopeptidase as a growth promoter in broiler chicks significantly improved the overall performance, and intestinal health and reduced microbial load contributing to optimizing the performance of broiler chickens. The greatest improvement was observed in the P200 group fed with B. subtilis as a probiotic and serratiopeptidase enzyme (200mg:30mg).

Effect of Different Levels of Maternally Derived Genotype VII Newcastle Disease Virus-Specific Hemagglutination Inhibition Antibodies on Protection against Virulent Challenge in Chicks.

Newcastle disease (ND), caused by the virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is an acute, highly contagious, and economically significant avian disease worldwide. Vaccination is the most effective measure for controlling ND. In recent years, vaccines matched with the prevalent strains of genotype VII have been developed and are now commercially available. These vaccines can provide full protection for chickens against clinical disease and mortality after challenges with genotype VII viruses and significantly decrease virus shedding compared to conventional vaccines belonging to genotypes I and II. Vaccinated hens can transfer antibodies to their offspring through the egg yolk. Maternally derived antibodies can provide passive protection against diseases but can also interfere with vaccination efficacy early in life. This study was conducted on chicks hatched from hens vaccinated with a commercial genotype VII NDV-matched vaccine to investigate the correlation between hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody levels in chicks and hens and the decaying pattern of maternally derived HI antibodies, and to evaluate the protective efficacy of different levels of maternally derived HI antibodies against challenge with a virulent NDV strain of genotype VII based on survivability and virus shedding. The HI antibody titers in chicks at hatching were about 1.3 log2 lower than those in hens, indicating an antibody transfer rate of approximately 41.52%. The estimated half-life of these antibodies was about 3.2 days. The protective efficacy of maternally derived HI antibodies was positively correlated with the titer. These antibodies could effectively protect chicks against mortality when the titer was 7 log2 or higher, but they were unable to prevent virus shedding or infection even at a high titer of 11 log2. The obtained results will greatly assist producers in determining the immune status of chicks and formulating appropriate vaccination schedules against ND.

Quality Characteristics and Ultra Structural Changes of Restructured Buffalo Meat Slices with Flaxseed Flour as Binder: A Novel Value Added Technology

In India, spent buffaloes are the main contributors of meat, which is tough and low priced and poor demand in the market. In this context, a new technological intervention is needed for restructuring of meat to enhance value-added meat production. Accordingly, an investigation was carried out to analyze the efficacy of different levels of flaxseed flour (C, T1, T2, and T3) as a novel binder for making of Restructured Buffalo Meat Slices (RBMS). The results revealed that T3 (RBMS added with 6% flaxseed flour) demonstrated significantly (P&lt;0.01) higher cooking yield, water-holding capacity (WHC), batter stability and lower diameter shrinkage than control and RBMS incorporated with 2 % and 4 % flax seed flour. None of the treatments had significant influence on pH, total protein extractability, collagen content and solubility of RBMS. Moreover, T3 revealed significantly (P&lt;0.01) higher moisture, total protein, total fat and total ash content than RBMS formulated with other levels of flax seed flour. Conversely, significantly lower in hardness, springiness, chewiness and higher in cohesiveness than other treatments. However, T3 influenced the colour scores, though at different degrees. Ultra structural images of cooked samples displayed the protein matrix between myofibrils which indicates gel network of flaxseed gum and proteins, subsequently caused more cohesiveness. This implies that the flaxseed flour acted as excellent novel binder for binding meat pieces. T3 has proven significantly greater sensory scores than other treatments. Thus, it is clearly evident that T3 has improved most of the quality attributes of buffalo meat and can be recommended as a novel value added technology for meat industry. Keywords: Buffalo meat; Flaxseed flour; Quality characteristics; Restructuring; Ultra structure

Effect of buckwheat flour on quality characteristics of chevon sausages

A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different levels (0, 2, 4 and 6%) of buckwheat flour (Fagopyrum esculentum) on quality characteristics and storage stability of chevon sausages. Shelf life of chevon sausages incorporated with 0% (control) and 6% extended buckwheat flour was studied during refrigerated storage (4±1ºC) at 5 days interval up to 20 days. Significant (p<0.05) higher cooking yield, emulsion stability and water holding capacity was observed in chevon sausages incorporated with 6% buckwheat flour. Moisture and total ash contents increased (p<0.05); however protein content decreased (p<0.05) with the increased level of buckwheat flour in chevon sausages. Chevon sausages incorporated with 6% buckwheat flour recorded (p<0.05) superior sensory scores compared to control and other formulations. TBRS (2-thiobarbuteric acid reactive substance) values, free fatty acid values, total plate counts, total psychrophilic counts, coliform and yeast and mould counts were significantly (p<0.05) reduced in buckwheat flour treated sausages. Addition of buckwheat flour in chevon sausages resulted in superior (p<0.05) sensory scores compared to control during 20 days of refrigerated storage. It can be concluded that addition of 6% buckwheat flour isoptimalin formulation of chevon sausagesfor better quality characteristics.

EFFECT OF ZEOLITE ON AMMONIA TOXICITY AND ON SOME OF BLOOD PARAMETERS IN COMMON CARP CYPRINUS CARPIO

The current study was undertaken to investigate the efficacy of different levels of natural zeolite on ammonia and on some of blood parameters of Cyprinus carpio. The experimental treatments included adding zeolite as stones placed in the bottom of aquarium : Control( 0 zeolite); T1, T2 and T3 zeolite stones were added in the water at concentrations of 6 , 8 and 10 mg/l respectively. Results of ammonia concentrations ranged between 0.17 – 1.25 mg/l in T2 and in control treatment respectively from the first week up to fourth week. In T1 values of ammonia were 0.18mg/l in first week with gradually increase from 0.48 mg/l in second week and 0.78mg/l in the third week, then decline to 0.66mg/l in the fourth week, same condition was found in T2 and T3. In the second week level of ammonia was increased highly in control treatment , compared to other treatments. In the third week the increasing level of ammonia was continuously especially in control treatment followed by T3,T2 and T1 respectively. In the fourth week the level of ammonia recorded 1.25 mg/l , but decrease in T3 which reached 0.62mg/l. No mortalities were recorded in the first week for all treatments during the experimental period, while, in the fourth week in control reached up to 100% mortality compared with the T1,T2 and T3 which recorded 50, 33.33 and 33.33% respectively . Generally results showed that ammonia and mortality were decreased with increased zeolite level in water. Results of RBC ranged between 2.05 – 2.33 ×106/mm3 in control treatment and T3 respectively .The highest number of WBC in the control treatment which recorded 24.55 ×103/mm3 , while the lowest number was document in T2 (23.01×103/mm3) . The highest PCV(%) was registered inT3(26.50%). For Hb content the highest mean was reported in T3 (9.70g/dl). T3 can be considered as better treatment which contained zeolite in blood parameters followed by T2.

How do environmental regulations affect carbon emission and energy efficiency patterns? A provincial-level analysis of Chinese energy-intensive industries.

This study measures the environmental regulation effect and pattern of carbon emission and energy efficiency through data envelopment analysis and econometric estimation. One of the most important ways to achieve a green transition is promoting technical progress through environmental regulation. Though China has witnessed rapid economic growth over the last two decades, the country can improve it further through adopting sustainable green energy and establishing more energy-efficient industries to strike a good balance between economic and social developments. The oil and carbon dioxide emission performances form the most important metrics. This study uses panel data from 30 Chinese provinces from 2008 to 2017 to assess the effect of environmental regulation on energy production. The nonradial directional distance function (NDDF) is used to measure the total factor energy efficiency index (TFEEI). The panel system GMM model, which can effectively address endogenous problems and regional variability, is utilized to research the nonlinear relationship between environmental regulations and EEI under various environmental regulations to study it. The findings reveal a considerably modest total average EEI amount for energy-intensive industries, averaging between 0.55 and 0.58, which is way below the ideal value (i.e., 1). Furthermore, the results of the dynamic panel data model revealed a significant U-shaped relationship between China's EEI and environmental regulation. The results show that as the values of market-based environmental regulations (MERs) and command and control environmental regulations (CCERs) exceed the corresponding levels, the impact of environmental regulation on the TFEEI increases gradually. This study will aid policymakers in better understanding the efficacy of different levels of environmental regulations to make more educated decisions.

Effects of Nigella sativa on Performance, Blood Profiles, and Antibody Titer against Newcastle Disease in Broilers.

Recent anxiety about resistance to chemical drugs has elevated the position of phytogenic feed additives including Nigella sativa in preventive strategy in the poultry industry. During this study, a completely randomized experiment was designed to investigate the efficacy of different levels (0 to 16%) of N. sativa seeds supplemented in the diet of broilers on performance, immune responses, and hematological and biochemical parameters. The results indicated the following: (a) Supplementation of 1% N. sativa seeds in diet had the highest positive effects and 16% N. sativa had the highest significant (p=0.03) adverse effects on weight gain, while up to 2% N. sativa seeds in the diet reduced feed conversion ratio (FCR) whereas 4% and over that increased the FCR. (b) Chickens fed with a diet containing 1% N. sativa seeds had the highest antibody titers, but those fed with 16% N. sativa seeds had the lowest antibody titers at end of the experiment. (c) Dietary inclusion of N. sativa seeds increased hemogram parameters and the group fed with 16% N. sativa seeds had the highest values on day 21 until the end of the experiment. (d) Supplementation of N. sativa seeds decreased in WBC and lymphocytes but increased heterophils, H/L, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils percentages. Supplementation of up to 2% of N. sativa seeds in broiler's diets elaborated serum level of those parameters, while supplementation of ≥ 4% N. sativa seeds decreased their serum levels. In conclusion, supplementation of N. sativa seed (1-2%) in broiler diets, as a multipurpose natural growth promoter, improves performance, elevates humoral immune responses, affects serum biochemical profiles of broiler chickens, and induces changes in their hemogram and leukogram, while there are no side, residual, and hazardous effects.

Neuroprotective efficacy of different levels of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in mice with CUMS-induced depression: Involvement of the p11/BDNF/Homer1a signaling pathway

High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (HF-rTMS) is widely used to treat depression. However, the underlying mechanism has not been identified, and there is uncertainty regarding the optimal choice of stimulus parameters, especially stimulus frequency. Our previous study in mice demonstrated that 10-Hz HF-rTMS ameliorated depression by inducing expression of Homer1a and reducing excitability of cortical pyramidal cells. The aims of this study were to compare the effects of 15-Hz and 25-Hz HF-rTMS in a model of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depression and investigate its possible molecular mechanism. Male C57BL/6J mice were treated with CUMS for 28 days followed by 15-Hz and 25-Hz rTMS for 4 weeks. The sucrose preference, open field, forced swimming, and tail suspension tests were used to evaluate depression-like behaviors. Immunostaining was performed to measure neuronal loss and neurogenesis. Apoptosis was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling staining. Expression of synapse-related proteins and the effects of HF-rTMS on the signaling pathway were examined using Western blot. The results showed that both 15-Hz and 25-Hz rTMS had significant antidepressant effects; 15-Hz rTMS seemed to be more effective than 25-Hz rTMS in preventing neuronal loss and promoting neurogenesis, while 25-Hz rTMS was superior to 15-Hz rTMS in facilitating synaptic plasticity. We also found that 15-Hz and 25-Hz rTMS markedly increased expression of p11, BDNF, Homer1a, and p-trkB proteins. These findings suggest that 15-Hz and 25-Hz HF-rTMS could exert neuroprotective effects to different degrees via multiple perspectives, which at least in part involve the p11/BDNF/Homer1a pathway.

EFFECT OF PEPPERMINT SUPPLEMENTATION AS POWDER OR EXTRACT ON BROILER PERFORMANCE, SERUM BIOCHEMICAL CONTENT AND GUT HEALTH UNDER E COLI CHALLENGE

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of different levels of peppermint (Mentha piperita) on broiler performance, jejunum morphology, organs percentage and serum biochemical content. A total of 576-day old ross 308 chickens was divided randomly into 12 treatments with 4 replicates pen per treatment and 12 birds each pen. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 6 factorial arrangement of treatments was employed. Factors were challenge, - or +; control, antibiotic, 0.5 % peppermint in feed, 1% peppermint in feed, 0.5% peppermint in water and 1% peppermint in water. The result of study was showed that the peppermint supplementation was significant effect on feed intake, feed conversion ratio and it has effect on body weight at day 24 and 35. The peppermint supplementation either in feed and water at 24 day had a significant effect on jejunum muscle thickness and villus/ crypt ratio while not effect on villus height and crypt depth. In conclusion, supplementation of peppermint has positive effect on broiler performance and gut morphology.

Glycerol use in dairy diets: A systemic review.

There is an increasing interest in the production of biodiesel as bio-renewable fuel source, with numerous biofuel byproducts becoming available. The annual productions of biodiesel and crude glycerol were 34.5 and 3.8 billion liters, respectively, in 2016 and that of biodiesel is expected to reach 41 billion liters in 2019. Glycerol is a sugar alcohol without a color or odor, but with a sweet taste and high solubility index in water. Experiments support the use of glycerol at low levels ranging from 5% to 8% of the diet dry matter as a transition cow therapy. Administration of glycerol increases serum glucose and decreases ketone bodies. Glycerol is very rapidly fermented in the rumen to propionate and butyrate, at the expense of acetate, resulting in a decreased milk fat. Because glycerol is highly fermented in the rumen, it requires an adaptation period at the beginning of feeding. Administration of glycerol in the diet of lactating animals was paralleled with a decreased or an unaffected feed intake in most experiments. Improved ruminal environment to enhance nutrient digestibility was observed in many experiments; however, others observed reduced digestion of dietary fiber with feeding glycerol. Enhanced, lowered, or unaffected milk production and composition were observed with the administration of glycerol in lactating animal diets; however, in most cases, glycerol decreased milk fat content. The inconsistencies between results of experiments are due to the level and the purity of glycerol, diets, production stage of the animals, and other factors. Therefore, further research should be conducted to establish the efficacy of different levels, purity and administration periods of glycerol, and production stage of dairy animals fed glycerol-based or supplemented diets.

High protein intake during the early phase of critical illness: yes or no?

The rationale for the provision of nitrogen from proteins given via the enteral route or from intravenous amino acids is to boost the synthesis of muscle proteins, and thereby to limit the severity of intensive care unit-acquired weakness by the prevention of muscle loss. However, the optimal timing for supplemental nitrogen provision is a matter of debate and controversy. Indeed, consistent data from retrospective studies support an association between high early protein intakes and better outcomes, while recent post-hoc findings from prospective studies raise safety concerns. This pro–con paper details the arguments of both sides and highlights the need for large-scale prospective studies assessing the safety and efficacy of different levels of protein intake in combination with physical activity and summarizes the currently recruiting clinical trials.

Evaluating the Framework of a New River Bird Survey Method

AbstractRiver bird assemblages can serve as beacons of environmental change associated with restoration or degradation. River birds regularly rely on riverine resources at some point in their life cycle, vary in the scale of temporal and spatial of use and forage at multiple levels of the food web (e.g. fish, aquatic plants, aquatic or emergent insects). We present a novel river bird survey method that is more easily employed and less intrusive than riverbank transect or boat surveys and encompasses a wide suite of species and a year‐round time frame. We evaluate the relative efficacy of different levels of survey duration (20, 15, 10 or 5 min), number of surveys (every 2 weeks in spring and fall and every 3 weeks in summer and winter) and number of sites on the survey's ability to document species richness and bird abundance. We used two statistical approaches, species accumulation curves (for duration, number of surveys and number of sites) and first‐order Jackknifes (for duration). We conclude that a biweekly or triweekly survey, 25 sites in the focal river, and a survey duration of at least 15 min are sufficient to meet our objectives. This logistically efficient survey approach facilitates monitoring complex and long‐term change such as that associated with river restoration and dam removal. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Response of mango malformation to stage and severity of pruning of shoot bearing malformed panicles

An experiment was formulated to examine the efficacy of different levels of pruning of shoot bearing malformed panicles on the floral malformation in ‘Dashehari ’mango at two distinct stages of panicle emergence. Pruning of newly emerged panicles has pronounced effect in reducing the incidence of malformation. Delay in pruning of fully emerged panicles gave less satisfactory results. Among shoot pruning treatments applied at different stages of panicle emergence, malformation was significantly most suppressed with 20 cm shoot pruning applied at early stage of newly emerged panicle followed by 25 cm shoot pruning and 15 cm shoot pruning. Light pruning treatments (5 cm) applied to trees at both the stages did not affect malformation significantly and were at par with unpruned trees.

Efficacy of different levels of &lt;i&gt;Escherichia coli&lt;/i&gt; phytase in hens fed maize-soyabean meal based diets with a decreased non-phytate phosphorus content

Efficacy of different levels of &lt;i&gt;Escherichia coli&lt;/i&gt; phytase in hens fed maize-soyabean meal based diets with a decreased non-phytate phosphorus content

Treatability and fate of various phosphorus fractions in different wastewater treatment processes

The increasingly more stringent phosphorus (P) discharge limits, which are below the concentrations reliably achievable with currently available technologies, demand for better understanding of phosphorus removal mechanisms. This study investigated the compositional fractions of phosphorus (P) in various effluents as well as the efficacy of different levels of treatment processes for removing different fractions of P in wastewater. The results showed that BNR can effectively remove most fractions of P, with relatively higher efficiencies (>93%) towards bioavailable forms of P including soluble reactive P (sRP), particulate reactive P (pRP) portion and particulate acid hydrolysable P (pAHP) and, it showed relatively lower efficiency (78%) towards organic P. Soluble acid hydrolysable P (sAHP) was not effectively removed (<40%). Chemical P removal process was more effective for elimination of sRP, sAHP and particulate organic P (pOP), but was not as effective for removing pAHP and, it exhibited nearly no removal of dissolved organic P (DOP). We found that chemical P removal process led to a significant increase in the concentration of pRP by up to 255%, indicating that these pRP (presumably as chemically bounded P) are likely formed through chemical precipitation/co-adsorption. Only 22% and 64% of the pRP was removed through tertiary clarifier and filtration, respectively. This implies that chemical addition converts sRP into particulate-associated P, mostly as pRP that was not easily removed by sedimentation and filtration, therefore, the efficacy of chemical P removal highly depends on the effectiveness of solid and liquid separation process. As more sRP and particulate P were removed through the series of treatment processes, the percentage contribution from organic P increases with the level of treatment due to its recalcitrant nature. Our results indicated that in order to achieve extremely low effluent P levels, technologies and processes that can enhance pRP and DOP removal will be required.

Effect of Feeding Levels of Microbial Fermented Soy Protein on the Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Intestinal Morphology in Weaned Piglets

To elucidate the efficacy of different levels of microbial-fermented soy proteins (FSP) on piglet performance, a total of 240 weaned piglets (L×Y×D, 22±3 d of age, 5.16±0.07 kg initial BW) were allotted to 4 treatment diets comprising control, FSP-3%, FSP-6% and FSP-9%. The fermented soybean product named Pepsoygen® was utilized for the study. There were 15 pigs per pen and 4 pens per treatment. The control diet contained 15% soybean meal (SBM), and SBM for the treatment diets was replaced at 3, 6 and 9% with FSP, respectively. Experimental diets were fed from 0 to 14 d (phase-I) after weaning and then a common commercial diet was fed from 15 to 35 d (phase-II), There was a linear (p<0.05) increase in ADG and ADFI at both phases of measurement. The feed to gain ratio was also improved, showing a linear (p<0.01) trend as the level of supplementation increased. Except for phosphorus, the digestibility of all other nutrients was improved linearly (p<0.05) in the FSP added diets. However, villous height and crypt depth were not affected by dietary treatments. No special effect on intestinal morphology was noticed between FSP-added and control diets. In conclusion, the growth, digestibility of nutrients and morphological changes in weaned pigs fed FSP showed improved performance at higher levels of supplementation.

Efficacy of different levels of a cholecalciferol 25-OH-derivative in diets with two limestone forms in laying hen nutrition

1. Productive performance of broiler breeder hens fed 25-hydroxycholecalciferol Cibele Araujo Torres, Sergio Luiz Vieira, Renata Nuernberg Reis, André Klein Ferreira, Pedro Xavier da Silva, Fulvio Vinicius Foch Furtado Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia CrossRef

The Global Audit

This paper reviews ‘international accounting’ as it has been defined in the US in the past two decades. Unsurprisingly, a world of increasing cross border flows of workers, capital, and ideas, results in global perspectives in financial reporting practices and auditing. Yet our review of international accounting ‘disappoints’: we find a prevalence of harmonization and comparability issues and, as such, a myopia, restricting the range of potential issues for global accounting practice, research, and education. Audit policy does include verification of immigration regulations whereby US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles dictate that auditors must investigate potential liabilities or penalties that accrue to firms for non–compliance. In reviewing audit practices we conclude that auditors have not fully complied with the spirit of regulations and that this has significant implications for immigration debates. Moreover, we suggest that immigration issues, with inherently complex economic and social consequences, offer many possible contributions for the discipline to consider, as part of international accounting. Immigration debates increasingly include quantification of the costs and benefits of immigration; they include forms of regulation of immigrants in the work place; and they weigh the efficacy of different levels of immigration. Although these issues have been ignored by accounting researchers, we suggest this would be a ‘natural’ domain for accountants, given the role of accounting in providing data, quantification, and advice in numerous international arenas.