Effect Of X-ray Irradiation Research Articles

Evaluation of low-kV energy X-ray radiation effect on breast cancer cells incubated with gold nanoparticles capped with aminolevulinic acid, methyl aminolevulinate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have unique properties, including size-dependent optical and electronic characteristics, biocompatibility, and ease of functionalization, making them attractive for various diagnostic and therapeutic applications. The goal of this work was to verify the potential application of gold nanoparticles capped with aminolevulinic acid (ALA), methyl aminolevulinate (MALA), and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in low-energy X-ray diagnostics and therapy of breast cancer. ALA and MALA induce the accumulation of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) in cancer cells. PpIX, in turn, can be excited by Cherenkov radiation, producing reactive oxygen species after energy or electron transfer from the triplet excited state of PpIX to molecular oxygen, which induces cell death by apoptosis or necrosis. The results indicated that ALA and MALA nanoparticles promoted reduced cell viability by approximately 20 % with X-ray irradiation at an energy level of 35 kV for 5 min. Breast cancer cells possess GABA receptors, allowing for targeted effects by GABANPs, which can enhance contrast and improve diagnostic potential. GABAAuNPs also demonstrated decreased cell viability in ∼10 % following X-ray irradiation, making them a promising material for breast cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Hair Follicle Damage after 100 mGy Low-Dose Fractionated X-Ray Irradiation and the Protective Effects of TEMPOL, a Stable Nitroxide Radical, against Radiation.

The effects of long-term low-dose X-ray irradiation on the outer root sheath (ORS) cells of C3H/He mice were investigated. Mice were irradiated with a regime of 100 mGy/day, 5 days/week, for 12 weeks (Group X) and the results obtained were compared to those in a non-irradiated control (Group C). Potential protection against ORS cells damage induced by this exposure was investigated by adding the stable nitroxide radical 4-hydroxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPOL) at 1 mM to the drinking water of mice (Group X + TEMPOL). The results obtained were compared with Group C and a non-irradiated group treated with TEMPOL (Group C + TEMPOL). After fractionated X-ray irradiation, skin was removed and ORS cells were examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining and electron microscopy for an abnormal nuclear morphology and nuclear condensation changes. Fractionated X-irradiated mice had an increased number of ORS cells with an abnormal nuclear morphology as well as nuclear condensation changes. Sections were also immunohistochemically examined for the presence of TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL), 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), nitrotyrosine, heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), and protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5). Significant increases were observed in TUNEL, 8-OHdG, and 4-HNE levels in ORS cells from mice in Group X. Electron microscopy also showed irregular shrunken ORS cells in Group X. These changes were prevented by the presence of TEMPOL in the drinking water of the irradiated mice. TEMPOL alone had no significant effects. These results suggest that fractionated doses of radiation induced oxidative damage in ORS cells; however, TEMPOL provided protection against this damage, possibly as a result of the rapid reaction of this nitroxide radical with the reactive oxidants generated by fractionated X-ray irradiation.

Photon energy dependence of graphene oxide reduction by soft X-ray irradiation and atomic hydrogen annealing

The effects of soft X-ray irradiation and atomic hydrogen annealing on the reduction of graphene oxide (GO) to obtain graphene were investigated. To clarify the interaction between soft X-rays and GO, soft X-rays of 300 eV and 550 eV were used for C 1s and O 1s inner-shell electron excitation, respectively at the NewSUBARU synchrotron radiation facility. Low-temperature reduction of the GO film was achieved by using soft X-ray at temperatures below 150 °C at 300 eV, and 60 °C at 550 eV. O-related peaks in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, such as the C–O–C peak, were smaller at 550 eV than those at 300 eV. This result indicates that excitation of the core–shell electrons of O enhances the reduction of GO. Soft X-rays preferentially break C–C and C–O bonds at 300 and 550 eV, respectively.

Effects of x-ray irradiation on fertilization and early development in quagga mussels (Dreissena bugensis)

Effects of x-ray irradiation on fertilization and early development in quagga mussels (Dreissena bugensis)

Effect of X-Ray Radiation and High Temperature on Long Period Fiber Gratings in Crystal-Derived Silica Fiber

Effect of X-Ray Radiation and High Temperature on Long Period Fiber Gratings in Crystal-Derived Silica Fiber

Effect of Gamma and X-ray Irradiation on Polymers Commonly Used in Healthcare Products.

Synthetic organic polymers commonly are used in the construction of healthcare product and medical device components. Medical devices often are sterilized to ensure that they are free from viable microorganisms. A common technique to achieve this is using ionizing radiation, usually gamma. A trend exists in industrial sterilization to supplement gamma with alternative accelerator technologies (e.g., X-ray). In the current work, studies were performed to characterize polymer modifications caused by gamma and X-ray sterilization processes and to assess the comparative equivalency. The studies were developed to evaluate two key process parameters: dose and dose rate. Three commonly used polymers were selected: high-density polyethylene, low-density polyethylene, and polypropylene. Four grades of each family were chosen. The dose assessment involved sample exposures to both gamma and X-ray irradiation at two dose levels (30 and 55 kGy). All other processing conditions, including dose rate, were controlled at standard processing levels akin to each sterilization technology. The dose rate assessment expanded on each dose level by introducing two additional dose rate parameters. Subsequent laboratory testing used techniques to characterize physico-chemical properties of the polymers to ascertain equivalency across test groups. Initial results indicated positive levels of equivalency between gamma and X-ray irradiation.

Silencing AREG Enhances Sensitivity to Irradiation by Suppressing the PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway in Colorectal Cancer Cells.

It has been established that Spalt-Like Transcription Factor 4 (SALL4) promotes Colorectal Cancer (CRC) cell proliferation. Furthermore, Amphiregulin (AREG) is crucially involved in cancer cell proliferation and therapeutic resistance regulation. In this regard, this study aimed to establish whether SALL4 affects the radiosensitization of CRC cells via AREG expression regulation. Transcriptome sequencing and the Human Transcription Factor Database (HumanTFDB) were used to identify the potential SALL4 targets. The dual-luciferase reporter analysis was used to confirm the SALL4-induced AREG activation. Western Blot (WB) and Reverse Transcription quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) assays were used to examine the effect of X-ray irradiation on SALL4 and AREG expression. The AREG-KD (Knockdown) stable cell lines were created through lentiviral infection. Cell proliferation was tracked using Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK-8) and 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU)-incorporation assays. Cell cycle and apoptosis were examined through flow cytometry. The cells were exposed to a controlled X-ray radiation dose (6 Gy) for imaging purposes. SALL4 could bound to the AREG promoter, enhancing AREG expression.Furthermore, irradiation upregulated SALL4 and AREG in CRC cells. Additionally, AREG knockdown in CRC cells led to reduced DNA replication efficiency, suppressed cell proliferation, increased DNA damage, and enhanced G1 phase arrest and apoptosis following irradiation. On the other hand, AREG overexpression reversed the inhibitory effects of SALL4 downregulation on AREG expression. In CRC cells, SALL4 downregulation suppressed AREG expression, regulating CRC cell radiosensitivity via the PI3K-AKT pathway, thus presenting a potential therapeutic pathway for CRC treatment using Radiotherapy (RT).

Luminal B Breast Cancer Coexpressing p62 and ALDH1A3 Is Less Susceptible to Radiotherapy.

We have reported that p62 (also known as sequestosome 1) is needed for survival/proliferation and tumor formation by aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) -positive cancer stem cells (CSCs) and that p62high ALDH1A3high expression is associated with a poor prognosis in luminal B breast cancer. However, the association between p62high ALDH1A3high and the benefit from radiotherapy in patients with luminal B breast cancer remains unclear. Datasets from the Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were downloaded, and data from p62high ALDH1A3high luminal B patients treated without or with radiotherapy were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier and multivariate Cox regression analyses. We also performed an in vitro tumor sphere formation assay after X-ray irradiation using p62-knockdown ALDH1high luminal B BT-474 cells. p62high ALDH1A3high patients had poorer clinical outcomes than other luminal B breast cancer patients treated with radiotherapy. The combination of p62 DsiRNA KD and X-ray irradiation suppressed in vitro tumor sphere formation by ALDH1high BT-474 cells. These results suggest that p62 is involved in the reduced effect of X-ray irradiation on ALDH1-positive luminal B breast CSCs. p62 and ALDH1A3 may serve as prognostic biomarkers for luminal B breast cancer patients treated with radiotherapy. Additionally, the combination of p62 inhibition and radiotherapy could be useful for targeted strategies against ALDH1-positive luminal B breast CSCs.

Оцінка резервних можливостей організму Myodes Glareolus після гострого опромінення за гематологічними показниками

The problem of identifying the sensitivity of living organisms to ionizing irradiation remains relevant, considering the spread of anthropogenic environmental pollution. The study on the effect of single X-ray irradiation (1,5 Gy) on peripheral blood of bank voles (Myodes glareolus (Schreber, 1780)) captured within territories with background radiation level was conducted. Hematological indicators, characterizing the overall condition of performance of the body, were determined dynamically on the first and seventh days after exposure to detect both early changes and the rate of recovery processes. The patterns and features of the main components of leukocyte formula found in peripheral blood of irradiated animals are being discussed. Differences between irradiated and control mouse-like rodents are shown, using parameters of erythrocytes and leukocytes. The analysis of changes in the peripheral blood of irradiated bank voles indicates the high reserve capacity of the body, according to its ability to restore homeostasis.

Side effects of X-ray irradiation on flight ability of Cydia pomonella moth.

The sterile insect technique (SIT) has proven to be an effective approach in managing the population of major invasive pests. Our previous studies showed that irradiation of Cydia pomonella males at a dosage of 366 Gy X-rays resulted in complete sterility. However, the mating competitiveness of sterilized males is significantly compromised, which can be attributed to a decline in their ability to fly. In this study, we examined the flight patterns of both male and female adults of C. pomonella. The results revealed significant variations in the average flight speed of both genders at different stages of maturity, with females displaying longer flight duration and covering greater distances. Effect of irradiation on the flight performance of 3-day-old male moths was further evaluated, as they demonstrated the longest flight distance. The findings indicated a significant decrease in flight distance, duration, and average speed, due to wing deformities caused by irradiation, which also limited the dispersal distance of moths in orchards, as indicated by the mark-and-recapture assay. Reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed a down-regulation of flight-related genes such as Flightin, myosin heavy chain, and Distal-less following radiation exposure. These findings demonstrate that X-ray irradiation at a radiation dose of 366 Gy has a detrimental effect on the flight ability of male C. pomonella adults. These insights not only contribute to a better understanding of how radiation sterilization diminishes the mating competitiveness of male moths, but also aid in the development and improvement of SIT practices for the effective control of C. pomonella. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Bottom-up proteomics to investigate the X-ray irradiation effects on soft cheese

Food irradiation is an alternative technological process employed to preserve the hygienic quality of food and to extend its shelf life. In this work, three different types of soft cheese, mozzarella, robiola and primosale, were treated with X-rays at 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 kGy to evaluate their effect on proteins and peptides using a bottom-up proteomic approach. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF-MS) and liquid chromatography coupled with MS through electrospray interface (LC-ESI-MS) were employed to analyse the peptide mixtures coming from the proteolytic digestion of soft cheese using both trypsin and chymotrypsin enzymes. We discovered 15 peptides most affected by X-rays that were sequenced by tandem MS and identified; ten of these discriminant peptides, generated from the cleavage of β-casein and α-casein (B. taurus), were localized on the proteins' secondary structure, highlighting a heightened susceptibility of random coils to X-ray irradiation. No additional post-translational modifications were found to be induced or emphasized by irradiation. For all studied cheese samples, the major spectral differences were encountered at 1.0 kGy, suggesting that such a dose was the most effective in promoting peptide bond cleavage. Some non-enzymatic and/or half-enzymatic peptides belonging to α-S1-, α-S2- and β-casein were also produced when varying X-ray doses.

Effect of X-ray Irradiation on Pupal Development of Bactrocera zonata and Bactrocera dorsalis under Laboratory Conditions

The studies were performed to check the effect of X-ray doses such as 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 Gy on the Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) and Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) pupae reared on different diets. The laboratory strains of the Peach fruit fly and Oriental fruit fly reared on Guava, Mango and artificial diets. Results showed a significantly (P<0.05) greater number of deformed adults (Males and Females) of B. zonata at 100 Gy dose of x-ray irradiation followed by B. dorsalis obtained from artificial diets. Less deformity in adults of both fruit fly species was found at the same dosage of irradiation when maggots tended on mango. Similarly, a reduced number of normal adults of both fruit flies were recorded at 100 Gy dose of X-rays reared on an artificial diet. Reduced pupal emergence was recorded on an artificial diet. From the above results, it is determined that B. zonata is more tolerant to different irradiation doses. Results of the present investigation would be useful to control or target fruit fly pupae in fruits of trade commodities as these pests are universally regulated as quarantine pests.

Deterioration effects of X-ray irradiation in artificially aged parchment

The effects of X-ray irradiation, a potential disinfection method, produced in parchment samples with different extent of artificial ageing have been investigated to analyse the possible superposition effects of the irradiation-induced damage with the existing ageing associated deterioration. The study was carried out in modern parchment samples in which different degrees of artificial ageing were induced by exposing them to severe hygro-thermal conditions for various durations. The aged samples were subsequently irradiated with increasing X-ray doses (350–4000 Gy). The consequent deterioration effects were analysed using light transmission analysis (LTA), attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and fibre optic reflectance spectroscopy (FORS) in order to evaluate possible changes in, respectively, the hydro-thermal stability, the collagen protein structure (hydrolysis/denaturation) and the optical absorption/reflectance properties of the collagen protein. The results show increasing additional deterioration with irradiation dose for non-aged and moderately aged parchment, until damage saturation occurs for more intensively aged samples where no substantial additional deterioration is induced by the irradiation. The combined results indicate that the ageing produces the more substantial deterioration with respect to that induced by the irradiation treatment employed for disinfection purpose.

X-ray and UV Irradiation-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species Mediated Antibacterial Activity in Fe and Pt Nanoparticle-Decorated Si-Doped TiCaCON Films.

Bone implants with biocompatibility and the ability to biomineralize and suppress infection are in high demand. The occurrence of early infections after implant placement often leads to repeated surgical treatment due to the ineffectiveness of antibiotic therapy. Therefore, an extremely attractive solution to this problem would be the ability to initiate bacterial protection of the implant by an external influence. Here, we present a proof-of-concept study based on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the implant surface in response to X-ray irradiation, including through a layer of 3 mm adipose tissue, providing bactericidal protection. The effect of UV and X-ray irradiation of the implant surface on the ROS formation and the associated bactericidal activity was compared. The focus of our study was light-sensitive Si-doped TiCaCON films decorated with Fe and Pt nanoparticles (NPs) with photoinduced antibacterial activity mediated by ROS. In the visible and infrared range of 300-1600 nm, the films absorb more than 60% of the incident light. The high light absorption capacity of TiO2/TiC and TiO2/TiN heterostructures was demonstrated by density functional theory calculations. After short-term (5-10 s) low-dose X-ray irradiation, the films generated significantly more ROS than after UV illumination for 1 h. The Fe/TiCaCON-Si films showed enhanced biomineralization capacity, superior cytocompatibility, and excellent antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant hospital Escherichia coli U20 and K261 strains and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MW2 strain. Our study clearly demonstrates that oxidized Fe NPs are a promising alternative to the widely used Ag NPs in antibacterial coatings, and X-rays can potentially be used in ROS-regulating therapy to suppress inflammation in case of postimplant complications.

A systematic study to investigate the effects of x-ray exposure on electrical properties of silicon dioxide thin films using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is generally used for chemical analysis of surfaces and interfaces. This method involves the analysis of changes in binding energies and peak shapes of elements under consideration. It is also possible to use XPS to study the effect of x-ray radiation on the electrical properties of thin films. We measured the Si 2p peak using x-ray powers of 300 and 150W on ∼135nm silicon dioxide (SiO2) thin films grown on both n- and p-type substrates while applying DC or AC external biases. Using the shifts in the binding energy of the Si 2p peak, we calculated the resistances and the capacitances of the SiO2 thin film. The way that the binding energies of the Si 2p peak and the capacitance of the thin film change as a function of the type of Si substrate and the power of the x-ray are explained using band bending.

Cellular response to exposure to ionizing radiation and light in the presence of a photosensitizer

This study has been conducted to investigate the effects of X-ray irradiation in combination with photodynamic therapy on human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 used as a lung cancer model. It has been established that the concomitant use of these two types of radiation leads to much lower survival rate of tumor cells than that observed after the sequential use of these types of radiation or exposure to each type of radiation measured separately. For different combinations of the two mentioned types of radiation, the mRNA expression levels of some genes involved in cell cycle regulation (p21, DINOL), apoptosis (BAX, PUMA), and DNA repair (PARP1, OGG1, Rad51, Lig4) were determined in cells. The highest level of expression after exposure to different combinations of radiation was observed for the lncRNA DINOL gene. The increased expression of the BAX and PUMA genes indicates the development of apoptosis. The results obtained confirm that there is synergism in X-ray radiation and photodynamic therapy due to the concomitant use of these types of radiation.

Radiosensitizing Effects of Lithium Ascorbate on Normal and Tumor Lymphoid Cells under X-ray Irradiation

Abstract: The study aimed to assess the radiosensitizing effect of lithium ascorbate on tumor cells. Background: Cancer cells radioresistance is an important factor restraining the success of X-ray therapy. Radiosensitizing drugs make tumor cells more sensitive to ionizing radiation and improve the effectiveness of radiotherapy. Although many chemical substances can potentiate the cytotoxic effects of X-ray radiation, their clinical applications are limited due to possible adverse reactions. Recently, several approaches have been proposed to develop new radiosensitizers that are highly effective and feature low toxicity. Among new enhancers of X-ray therapy, ascorbic acid, and its derivates demonstrate very low toxicity along with a wide therapeutic range. Lithium ascorbate is a promising X-ray therapy enhancer, but its mechanism of action is unknown. This research focuses on the radiosensitizing properties of lithium ascorbate and its effects on both tumor and normal irradiated cells. Methods: The viability of the radiosensitized cells was evaluated by fluorescence flow cytometry using Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit and Cellular ROS Assay Kit (Abcam, UK). The test cell cultures included normal human mononuclear and Jurkat cells. Results: Lithium ascorbate sensitizes normal human mononuclear and Jurkat cells towards ionizing radiation. The combined cytotoxic effect of X-ray irradiation (3 Gy) and lithium ascorbate (1,2 mmol/L) substantially exceeds the effects of the individual factors, i.e. synergetic action appears. The major types of cell death were late apoptosis and necrosis caused by excessive production of reactive oxygen species. Conclusion: Lithium ascorbate in combination with X-ray irradiation exhibited the cytotoxic effect on both normal and cancer lymphoid cells by activating reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced apoptosis. These findings indicate that lithium ascorbate is a promising substance to develop a new radiosensitizing drug.

TCAD Simulation of X-ray irradiated Si microstrip detector : Impact on full depletion voltage and leakage current

In the intense x-ray radiation environment at synchrotron sources, it is reported that the performance of the silicon pixel detectors degrades with an increasing x-ray dose up to 10 MGy. To study the impact of x-ray irradiation effects in the n-Fz Si microstrip detector, the microscopic radiation damage parameters of x-ray radiation were extracted from the current–voltage, and capacitance-voltage experiments on test Si microstrip detector. The damage parameters are implemented in Synopsys TCAD. In this paper, we have irradiated the test structure up to 10 MGy, and the results on full depletion voltage, and leakage current are compared with the TCAD simulation results. A very good agreement in between experimental and simulation results is observed in the leakage current for the non-irradiated, and 1 MGy irradiated detectors, where for high doses up to 10 MGy, experimental leakage current was fifty times higher than the simulated leakage current at full depletion voltage. The full depletion voltage in 0 MGy detector is also well matched with the simulation result, and further, it shows the full depletion voltage performance of x-ray irradiated detector. Finally, the new detector design specifications and process parameters are proposed for the optimum performance of the radiation hard p+n Si pixel detector equipped with guard rigs at cut edge for the next generation photon science applications.

Effect of X-ray irradiation on quality, cell ultrastructure and electrical parameters of postharvest kiwifruit

In this research, kiwifruit was irradiated with different doses (0, 200, 400 Gy) of X-ray and stored in cold storage for 120 days (0– 1 °C, 90– 95% relative humidity) to investigate the postharvest preservation effect of X-ray. The results indicated that 400 Gy X-ray reduced the decay rate and respiration rate, delayed the rise in soluble solids content (SSC), and inhibited chlorophyll decomposition, maintained higher peroxidase and phenylalanine deaminase activities and lower polyphenol oxidase activity compared to the control group. Microscopically, the 400 Gy group displayed a clear and well-integrated cell structure at the end of storage. Based on the electrical parameters, Rs was screened as a characteristic electrical parameter common in all groups, and decay rate and SSC as characteristic qualities. The study proved that X-ray irradiation has a positive effect on kiwifruit preservation and the electrical parameter Rs can be used to predict the quality of kiwifruit after X-ray irradiation.

Influence of X-Ray Irradiation During Photoemission Studies on Halide Perovskite-Based Devices.

Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) are semiconductorswithpromising application in optoelectronic devices, particularly, in solar cell technologies. The chemical and electronic properties ofMHPs at thesurface and interfaces with adjacent layersdictatecharge transfer within stacked devicesand ultimately the efficiency of the latter. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is a powerful tool to characterizethese material properties. However, the X-ray radiation itself can potentially affect the MHP and thereforejeopardize the reliability of the obtained information. In this work, the effect of X-ray irradiation is assessed on Cs0.05 MA0.15 FA0.8 Pb(I0.85 Br0.15 )3 (MA forCH3 NH3 , and FA forCH2 (NH2 )2 ) MHP thin-film samples in a half-cell device. There is a comparison of measurements acquiredwith synchrotron radiation and a conventional laboratory source for different times. Changes in composition and core levels binding energies are observed in both cases, indicating a modification of the chemical and electronic properties. The results suggest that changes observed over minutes with highly brilliant synchrotron radiation are likely occurring over hours when working with a lab-based source providing a lower photon flux. The possible degradation pathways are discussed, supported by steady-state photoluminescence analysis. The work stresses the importance of beam effect assessment at the beginning of XPS experiments of MHP samples.