Effect Of Water Research Articles

Rose Mentioned in the Works of Scientists of the Medieval East and Implications in Modern Science

Fragrant roses (e.g., Rosa damascena, R.gallica, R. centifolia) have been mentioned in ancient texts written by scientists of the Medieval East such as Al-Kindi (9th CE), Al-Dinawari (9th CE), Rhazes (9th CE), Az-Zahrawi (10th CE), Ibn Sina (11th CE), Al-Mizza (14th CE), and Ad-Dimasqi (14th CE). The great physician Ibn Sina emphasized the beneficial effects of rose fragrance on the heart and the brain. He praised rose water's effects on mind and spirit, and its beneficial effects on brain function and cognitive power. Modern studies have provided scientific evidence for this information.

Geckos go the Distance: Water's Effect on the Speed of Adhesive Locomotion in Geckos

The gecko adhesive system has been subject to widespread investigation for many decades, but relatively few studies explore environmentally relevant conditions that geckos likely face in their natural habitat. Recent evidence suggests that after Gekko gecko take more than three steps on wet glass, their shear adhesion is significantly lower than adhesion on dry substrates. Such an observation is intriguing because many species of geckos are indigenous to the tropics and must commonly navigate wet substrates. Here we report the locomotor performance of two gecko species, G. gecko and Chondrodactylus bibronii, measured on wet vertical glass and acrylic substrates over a distance of 2 m. We found that neither water nor substrate type had a significant effect on the mean sprint velocity of either species. Mean sprint velocity was unaffected despite variation in frequencies of slipping between species, where C. bibronii slipped significantly more than did G. gecko. Interestingly, the substrate effect on the frequency of slipping was nonsignificant, but misted glass showed a general trend of producing more slips than did misted acrylic. Our results suggest that geckos can sustain adhesive locomotion for at least 2 m on wet substrates.

Experimental Characterization of the Hydromechanical Properties of the Gypsum Soil of Sebkha of Oran

This paper deals with hydro-mechanical investigation of salinegypsum soil properties from Sebkha of Oran in respect withtheir impact on the feasibility of the project of the second runwayof the Es-Sénia airport in Oran (Algeria). The geologicaland in-situ geotechnical studies prior to the construction phaseof the airport runway revealed underground cavities supposedto be created from salts and gypsum dissolution in the Sebkhasoil. Standard laboratory experiments are used to determinepermeability coefficient, isotherm curve, shear resistance andelastic parameters of two soils. These ones are affected by thevariation of water table level that varies according to the dryperiod (summer) or the rainy period (winter), creating cyclichydric conditions. The paper presents a comparison of parametersof these two soils in saturated and partially saturatedconditions. The results of tests performed in laboratory arecompared with those performed in situ in order to check theirrepresentativeness before a detailed comparison of the effect ofwater conditions. The two soils have similar behavior highlysensible to water with some particularities.

Effect of PEG8000 and NaCl on germination and seedling traits of tropical maize (Zea mays L.)

Among the different types of abiotic stresses, water isthe most damaging for crops. In the current research, the effect ofwater stress, induced with Polyethylene Glycol 8000 (PEG8000)and Sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions, was studied in maize genotypes.A randomized block design (RBD) with a factorial arrangementand four replications of 25 seeds each was used. The studiedmaize genotypes were RC2C39, RC2C51 (wild varieties of the Stateof Tabasco backcrossed with the endogamic line CML247 of the InternationalCenter for the Improvement of Maize and Wheat), wildTamulte, VS536, and Asgrow 7573 hybrid, study osmotic pressures(OP) were 0, -1.0, and -2.0 MPa. The percentage seed germination(G%), and seedling length (SL, in cm), root length (RL, in cm), freshseedling weight (FSW, in g), and fresh root weight (FRW, in g) wereevaluated on seedlings after 12 days of treatment imposition in thefive corn genotypes (Zea mays L.). The results showed significant differencesin the study variables before and after the stresses as theconcentrations of PEG8000 and NaCl increased. In general, theRC2C39, RC2C51, and VS536 genotypes had a better response toPEG8000 and NaCl as compared to wild Tamulte and Asgrow 7573hybrid for all measured variables. The OP of -2.0 MPa is suggestedto separate drought-tolerant from intolerant corn cultivars in theMexican tropical areas.

Analysis of Adaptive Response of Maize (<i>Zea mays</i>) Varieties from DR-Congo to Water Stress

Maize production in tropical Africa is often negatively affected by drought. The main objectives of the present study were to 1) analyze the impact of water stress on the agro-morphological performance of two varieties of Quality Protein Maize (QPM) compared to two normal maize varieties and 2) assess their adaptive response in contrasting water environments. Agro-morphological responses to water deficiency of maize (Zea mays L.) were assessed in controlled experiments using four maize varieties, two normal maize (Zm725 and Mus1) and two quality protein maize (Mudishi1 and Mudishi3) varieties. They were subjected to three water regimes (100%, 60%, 30% water retention capacity) at the beginning of the bloom stage, using a Fischer block design with four replications. Significant differences (p < 0.05) among varieties, water regimes and their interactions for plant growth and production parameters were observed. Reduction of water supply to plants caused changes in aerial and underground plant growth. Plant stem height, foliar expansion, and root system development characterizing vegetative growth showed variation in varietal response to water regimes. Mus1 (normal maize variety) was the best adapted to variations in water regimes because they developed an important root volume to adapt to the effects of water deficit while maintaining their morphological and productive characteristics.

Nuclear Quantum Effects in Water and Aqueous Systems: Experiment, Theory, and Current Challenges.

Nuclear quantum effects influence the structure and dynamics of hydrogen-bonded systems, such as water, which impacts their observed properties with widely varying magnitudes. This review highlights the recent significant developments in the experiment, theory, and simulation of nuclear quantum effects in water. Novel experimental techniques, such as deep inelastic neutron scattering, now provide a detailed view of the role of nuclear quantum effects in water's properties. These have been combined with theoretical developments such as the introduction of the principle of competing quantum effects that allows the subtle interplay of water's quantum effects and their manifestation in experimental observables to be explained. We discuss how this principle has recently been used to explain the apparent dichotomy in water's isotope effects, which can range from very large to almost nonexistent depending on the property and conditions. We then review the latest major developments in simulation algorithms and theory that have enabled the efficient inclusion of nuclear quantum effects in molecular simulations, permitting their combination with on-the-fly evaluation of the potential energy surface using electronic structure theory. Finally, we identify current challenges and future opportunities in this area of research.

Multiscale stress-strain characterization of onion outer epidermal tissue in wet and dry states.

• Quantitative measurements of water's effects on the tension response of plant tissue will assist in understanding the regulatory mechanism underlying expansive growth. Such measurements should be multiscale in nature to account for plants' hierarchical structure.• Outer onion epidermal tissues were cut and bonded to uniaxial displacement-controlled mechanical loading devices to apply and measure the force on the sample. Fluorescent polystyrene beads (500 nm in diameter) were dispersed on the sample surface under various levels of tensile load conditions to obtain displacement maps with a confocal fluorescent microscope. The resulting strain was measured using a digital image correlation technique by tracking individual bead displacements. The applied forces were obtained by measuring the displacement of the calibrated force-sensing device. Tissue- and cell-scale mechanical properties were quantified by calculating the applied stress and the corresponding global and local strains.• The Young's modulus values of individual cell walls of dehydrated and rehydrated samples were 3.0 ± 1.0 GPa and 0.4 ± 0.2 GPa, respectively, and are different from the Young's modulus values of the global tissue-scale dehydrated and rehydrated samples, which were 1.9 ± 0.3 GPa and 0.08 ± 0.02 GPa, respectively. Poisson's ratio increased more than 3-fold due to hydration.• The results on global, cell-to-cell, and point-to-point mechanical property variations suggest the importance of the mechanical contribution of extracellular features including the middle lamella, cell shape, and dimension. This study shows that a multiscale investigation is essential for fundamental insights into the hierarchical deformation of biological systems.

Role of water in protein folding, oligomerization, amyloidosis and miniprotein.

The essential involvement of water in most fundamental extra-cellular and intracellular processes of proteins is critically reviewed and evaluated in this article. The role of water in protein behavior displays structural ambivalence; it can protect the disordered peptide-chain by hydration or helps the globular chain-folding, but promotes also the protein aggregation, as well (see: diseases). A variety of amyloid diseases begins as benign protein monomers but develops then into toxic amyloid aggregates of fibrils. Our incomplete knowledge of this process emphasizes the essential need to reveal the principles of governing this oligomerization. To understand the biophysical basis of the simpler in vitro amyloid formation may help to decipher also the in vivo way. Nevertheless, to ignore the central role of the water's effect among these events means to receive an uncompleted picture of the true phenomenon. Therefore this review represents a stopgap role, because the most published studies--with a few exceptions--have been neglected the crucial importance of water in the protein research. The following questions are discussed from the water's viewpoint: (i) interactions between water and proteins, (ii) protein hydration/dehydration, (iii) folding of proteins and miniproteins, (iv) peptide/protein oligomerization, and (v) amyloidosis.

The Antioxidant Activity of Sulphurous Thermal Water Protects against Oxidative DNA Damage: A Comet Assay Investigation

Various studies have recently shown that sulphurous waters acts against the oxidants released during respiratory bursts of human neutrophils, and free radicals such as HO•, O2¯•, Tempol and Fremy's salt. However, there is still a lack of data concerning their direct protection of DNA. The aim of this study was to investigate the antigenotoxicity effects of sulphurous water, which has never been previously investigated for this purpose, using the alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) approach (comet assay). The comet assay is a sensitive method for assessing DNA fragmentation in individual cells in genotoxicity studies but can also be used to investigate the activity of agents that protect against DNA damage. The extent of migration was measured by means of SCGE, and DNA damage was expressed as tail moment. All of these assays were made using natural sulphurous water, degassed sulphurous water (no detectable HS), and reconstituted sulphurous water (degassed plus NaHS). DNA damages was significantly inhibited by natural water with HS concentrations of 5.0 and 2.5 μg/mL. The use of degassed water did not lead to any significant differences from baseline values, whereas the reconstituted water led to significant results overlapping those obtained using natural water. These findings confirm the importance of the presence of an HS group (reductive activity) and indicate that, in addition to their known mucolytic activity and trophic effects on respiratory mucosa, HS groups in sulphurous water also protect against oxidative DNA damage and contribute to the water's therapeutic effects on upper and lower airway inflammatory diseases.

A study of shallow water's effect on a ship's pivot point

Information regarding a turning ship's pivot point has been collected, taking practical notes and ship maneuvering manuals into account as well as experimental data and simulated results, together revealing consistent behaviour when varying water depth or some ship's particulars. Results from studies already carried out using the Colombian Navy's River Support Patrol Vessel (RSPV) are included here to estimate the pivot point and contrast results with theory and available observations. Linear manoeuvrability theory was tested and the results revealed poor agreement with kinematic equations. As to the depth variation effect, full-scale experiments confirmed that the pivot point's position, when in shallow water, always varied in the same way, thereby agreeing with available pivot point information.

Soil and Groundwater Relationships with Pistachio Yield in the Rafsanjan Area, Iran

This study was conducted to examine the spatial variability of groundwater quality factors and to determine soil physicochemical properties in order to distinguish their relationships with pistachio yield in the Rafsanjan area, Iran. One hundred fifty-seven water samples from the wells of the studied area were evaluated for electrical conductivity (EC), sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), sulfate (SO4 2–), bicarbonate (HCO3 –), chloride (Cl–), total hardness, and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). Groundwater levels of the wells were also recorded. The EC and SAR values of groundwater for some of the wells separately compared with pistachio yield in the orchards irrigated with these wells. Six pistachio gardens with the same management but in different parts were selected, and each garden was divided in two (desired and undesired) parts. In each part of these orchards, soil samples were randomly taken in three replicates from depths of 0–40 and 40–80 cm to determine soil properties. One soil profile was also excavated for soil classification in each part of these gardens. Groundwater in most of the area had EC > 8 dS m–1 and SAR ≥ 13 (meq L–1)0.5. The lowest qualities of groundwater were found in the eastern, southern, and the northern parts of the area, where water's negative effects on pistachio yield have been reported. Statistical results for selected gardens showed that pistachio yield was affected considerably by salinity and clay content of the soils. Modern irrigation techniques and mixing high-quality water with poor-quality water in the area is necessary to prevent the reduction of the water table in the area. Preparing continuous soil salinity and texture maps are recommended for proper pistachio management in the area.

Free radical–scavenging activity of sulfurous water investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy

ABSTRACTThe aim of the study was to explore the antiradical activity of sulfurous water, used for inhalatory therapy (characterized by the presence of sulfhydryl [HS]) by means of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The effects of sulfurous water corresponding to the concentrations from 16 down to 0.25 μg/mL of HS were tested by means of Fenton reaction (HO•), KO2–crown ether system (O2−•), and EPR of Tempol and of Fremy's salt radical. All of these assays were made using natural sulfurous water or degassed sulfurous water (no detectable HS) or reconstituted sulfurous water (degassed plus NaHS). The free radicals were significantly inhibited by natural water with HS concentrations ranging from 16 to 1 μg/mL for HO•, Tempol, and Fremy's salt, and O2−• was significantly inhibited from 16 and 2 μg/mL. The tests of degassed water did not reveal any significant differences from baseline values. The tests of reconstituted water led to significant results overlapping those obtained using natural water, thus confirming the importance of the presence of HS group (reductive activity). The positive effects of the activity of sulfurous thermal water is partially based on the patients’ subjective sense of well-being and partially on symptomatic (or general) clinical improvements that are sometimes difficult to quantify. These findings indicate that, in addition to their known mucolytic activity and trophic effects on respiratory mucosa, the HS groups in sulfurous water also have antioxidant activity that contributes to the water's therapeutic effects on upper and lower airway inflammatory diseases.

Effect of Time at Temperature on the Ply-Normal Modulus of Carbon Phenolic

The effect of heating rate and time at temperature on the ply-normal tensile modulus of carbon cloth phenolic is investigated. The results of previous experimental studies reveal that slower heating rates and longer times at temperature result in a higher tensile modulus. It is speculated that the heating rate effect is due to a combination of moisture diffusion and the effect ofwater on the glass transition of thephenolic polymer.An equation is proposed that defines the value of the ply-normal modulus as a function of temperature andmoisture content. Numerical solutions for moisture diffusion in the ply-normal tensile specimen are performed, and the equation for the ply-normal modulus is applied to calculate themodulus as a function of temperature and heating rate. The numerical results are successful in simulating themeasured effect of heating rate and time at temperature on the ply-normalmodulus. The validity of the supposition that the heating rate and time at temperature effect is due to the combination of moisture diffusion and plasticization of the phenolic polymer is demonstrated.

Studies on Disinfection Mechanism of Electrolyzed Oxidizing Water on E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus

Suspension quantitative germicidal test showed that electrolyzed oxidizing water (EO water) was an efficient and rapid disinfectant. Disinfection rates towards E. coli (available chlorine concentration ACC: 12.40 mg/L) and Staphylococcus aureus (ACC: 37.30 mg/L) could reach 100% at 1 and 3 min, respectively. Disinfection mechanism of EO water was investigated at a molecular biological level by detecting a series of biochemical indices. The results showed that the dehydrogenase activities of E. coli and S. aureus decreased rapidly, respectively, at the rates of 45.9% and 32% in the 1st minute treatment with EO water. EO water also improved the bacterial membrane permeability, causing the rise of conductivities and the rapid leakages of intracellular DNA, K(+), and proteins in 1 min. The leakages of DNA and K(+) tended to slow down after about 1 min while those of proteins began to decrease a little after reaching the peak values. The sodium dodecyl sulfonate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) showed that EO water destroyed intracellular proteins. The protein bands got fainter and even disappeared as the treatment proceeded. EO water's effects on the bacterial ultrastructures were also verified by the transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) photos. The disinfection mechanism of EO water was composed of several comprehensive factors including the destruction of bacterial protective barriers, the increase of membrane permeability, the leakage of cellular inclusions, and the activity decrease of some key enzymes.

Effect ofWater Ligation on the Redox Potential and Infrared Spectra of Chlorophyll-&lt;em&gt;a&lt;/em&gt;

Effect ofWater Ligation on the Redox Potential and Infrared Spectra of Chlorophyll-&lt;em&gt;a&lt;/em&gt;

Dietary effect ofwater soluble gummy fibre and water insoluble neutral detergent fibre (NDF) isolated from Syzygium cumini seeds on blood glucose, glucose tolerance and some intestinal enzymes in normal and diabetic male albino rats

In the present study, the effect of feeding of diets containing 12% and 18% water soluble gummy fibre and 5% and 10% water insoluble neutral detergent fibre (NDF) isolated from Syzygium cumini seeds were carried out in normal and alloxan treated diabetic rats for 21 days. The results obtained from present study indicates that incorporation of 12% and 18% water soluble gummy fibre significantly reduces blood glucose, notably improved glucose tolerance and decreased activity of intestinal enzymes i.e. amylase and invertase while 5% and 10 % water insoluble neutral detergent fibre (NDF) did not exhibit any hypoglycaemic effect in both normal and treated diabetic rats.

The pressor effect of water: mechanism and location of action

Water ingestion induces a robust, sustained pressor response in patients with baroreflex impairment and in mice with sinoaortic deafferentation (SAD). The mechanism of water's effect on blood pressure remains unknown. In order to isolate the location at which water acts, SAD mice were given water via intragastric or intraduodenal routes. In both cases a similar pressor response appeared. The presence of a pressor response following intraduodenal infusion indicates that the pharynx, esophagus, and stomach are not critical sites for water's pressor action. Administering an identical volume of physiological saline did not induce a significant pressor response. Osmolality of portal and systemic circulations was measured 15 minutes post intraduodenal water infusion and found to be 292.7 and 304.4 mOsm/kg, respectively. TRPV4 is an osmo‐sensitive cation channel found throughout the body, and has been reported to be activated under hypotonic conditions. To investigate the potential role of TRPV4 in water's pressor response, animals lacking TRPV4 were given water intraduodenally. Compared to wild type, TRPV4 ‐/‐ animals had a greatly diminished pressor response to water. We conclude that the pressor effect of water is not dependent on pharyngeal, esophageal, nor gastric mechanisms; portal osmolality is reduced following water administration; and that the TRPV4 channel is essential for water's effect.

Potential Explanations for the Inhibition and Acceleration of Phenol SCWO by Water

This paper offers potential explanations for the inhibition and acceleration by water of phenol supercritical water oxidation rates. We report new experimental data at 380−465 °C that reveals the effect of water density on the oxidation reaction. At 380 and 400 °C, increasing the water density increases phenol conversion. At 442 and 465 °C, the phenol conversion decreases as water concentration increases from 2 to 9 mol/L. At 420 °C, the phenol conversion decreases as water density increases from 2 to 8 mol/L, but conversion increases as water density increases from 8 to 13 mol/L. We present new data and analyses showing that ion−ion reactions are not responsible for the observed effects. These effects are, however, quantitatively consistent with a model based on the existence of two competing rate-determining steps. In one possible scenario, one step has an increase in polarity along the reaction coordinate and the other has a decrease. It is also plausible that diffusion limitations at high temperatures and the increase in the dissociation of phenol into phenolate ions may play a part in water's effect on phenol SCWO kinetics.

EFEK FRAKSI LARUT AIR EKSTRAK ETANOL 50% KEMUNING (MURRAYA PANICULATA (L.) JACK) TERHADAP BERAT BADAN TIKUS BETINA DIET LEMAK TINGGI

Obesity is considered as a health problem that can promote the risks of getting disease, beingnot active and death. In some developing countries, many traditional therapies are applied for somediseases, including obesity. Kemuning (Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack) has been commonly knownas slimming potion. In present, kemuning leaf is used as ingredient of traditional medicine formula,indicated as slimming potion. Former researcher mentioned that 30% ethanol-bemusing extract hadbeen able to reduce trigliserid content in the blood reduce cholesterol content in blood serum ofmale Wistar furrow white rat (Rattus norvegicus). This research is proposed to examine the effect ofwater soluble fraction of 50% ethanol-kemuning extract to female Wistar furrow white rat bodyweight which given high fat diet and to compare the effect with anorextica (mazindol). Testedanimal are divided into 6 groups, each group contain 5 rats. Group I as negative control is given0,5% CMC Na solution. Group II as positive control is given 0,27 mg/kgBody Weight mazindolsuspension. Group III is given 50% ethanol-kemuning extract suspension with 475 mg/kg BWdosage. Group IV is given watersoluble fraction suspension of kemuning extract dosage I that is145 mg/kgBW. Group V is given watersoluble fraction suspension of kemuning extract dosage IIthat is 295 mg/kgBW. Group VI is given dose III that is 585 mg/kgBW. The suspension is givenorally with repeated dosage. Data collected are the increase of body weight, woof consumption anddrinking consumption. Body weight and woof consumption increases are analyzed by one-wayAnava with 90% significancy level. Research result shows that water soluble fraction of 50%ethanol-kemuning extract with 585 mg/kgBW dosage and positive control (mazindol) are able toobstruct rat body weight increase significancy (p Keys word : Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack, obesity, antiobesity

Inhibition and Acceleration of Phenol Oxidation by Supercritical Water

We have performed phenol supercritical water oxidation experiments to elicit water's influence on the reaction kinetics. We report, for the first time, both an acceleration and an inhibition of phenol disappearance by water. More specifically, experiments at 380 and 420 °C with similar residence times and phenol and oxygen concentrations showed that as the water concentration increased from 1 to 7 M the phenol conversion decreased. As the water concentration increased further from 7 to 22 M, the phenol conversion reached a minimum and then increased as the water concentration increased. Power law rate equations, which have been used in the past, are not capable of modeling water's effect on phenol supercritical water oxidation kinetics. We provide a new rate equation with a different functional form that possesses this capability. Also, by using a detailed chemical kinetics model, we eliminated the possibility that the observed effects of water are due to its acting as a collision partner, reactant, or pr...