Effects Of Water-soluble Extract Research Articles

Effect of weeds on pea (Pisum sativum) seed germination

Segetal vegetation should be controlled both during crop growing season and after harvesting. The reason is that undesirable vegetation accumulates a significant mass, one that will later become a threat to the following crop in crop rotation. Mixtures of substances of biogenic origin, called allopathic, are constantly changing subject to abiotic factors and environmental conditions. Therefore, their effects on organisms are characterized by significant variability. According to the biotesting results, we found that allopathically active substances of all experimental weed species had a negative effect on pea seed germination. In the control variant, all seeds germinated in 4 days, but in some experimental variants 2–3% of the seeds were in the phase of swelling. Water extracts from different species and parts of weeds had significant inhibitory effect on the germination of pea seeds and further growth. The water-soluble extracts from the underground organs of perennial weeds such as Elytrigia repens L. and Cirsium arvense L. were particularly strong, leading to 58.2% and 53.1% reduction in the length of the embryonic root. Water-soluble extracts from the leaves of these weeds had slightly lower effects on pea germination, and the lags in root growth were 33.5% and 31.4%, respectively. Extracts from weed stems also inhibited pea germination and had an intermediate effect between the effect of water-soluble extracts from the underground part and leaf blades. The effect of extracts from roots of annual weeds on the length of the germinal root ranged 36.6% in common stork’s-bill (Erodium cicutarium L.) to 13.9% in chickweed (Stellaria media L.). The allopathic effect of the substances from the leaves of chickweed (Stellaria media L.) and potato weed (Galinsoga parviflora Cav.) had the lowest effect on the growth of pea root. The lag of the indicator in the control was 7.2% and 12.9% for the variants.

Effects of water-soluble extract from cactus pear fruit on proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of new bone rat osteoblasts

Objective To investigate the effects of the water-soluble extract from cactus pear fruit (CPFWE) on differentiation of obsteoblasts. Methods Rat osteoblasts were isolated as an in vitro model. MTT assay was used to evaluate the growth and proliferation of rat osteoblasts. The spectrophotometer was used to determine alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and hydroxyproline (Hyp) content. By alizarin red staining, bone nodule formation was observed. Results In the middle stage of differentiation, CPFWE observably stimulated ALP activity and Hyp content in osteoblasts. Especially, CPFWE increased the ALP activity by (57.748±4.071)% at the concentration of 50.000 μg/ml for 9 days and Hyp content by (26.444±0.990)% at the concentration of 25.000 μg/ml for 22 days as compared with the control group. In the later stage, the CPFWE significantly increased the area of nodules by (43.840±1.200)% at 50.000 μg/ml concentration and increased IOD by (48.241±1.760)% at 6.250 μg/ml for 18 days. Conclusion The effects of CPFWE on bone formation by rat osteoblasts suggest that these phenolics may have beneficial effects on bone health. Key words: Cactus pear fruit; Water-soluble extract; Osteoblast cell; Bone formation

Spectrophotometric assessment of effect of aqueous extract of Aloe vera on rabbit erythrocytes in varying concentrations of saline

Background: Hemolytic disorders are one of the prime reasons for frequent blood transfusions which involves lots of costs and sufferings to the patient. This study was undertaken to determine the effect of water soluble extract of Aloe vera on rabbit erythrocytes in varying concentrations of NaCl from 0.9% (isotonic) to 0.15% (hypotonic).Methods: Aqueous extract of Aloe vera (AVE) 200mg/kg was orally administered to rabbits in the test group while control group was given 1ml of distilled water (DW). Blood was withdrawn from rabbits, centrifuged and suspension in 1ml of normal saline was made. 20 microliter of red blood cells suspension from both control and test groups was added to normal saline of varying concentrations from 0.9% to 0.15% NaCl which were quantitatively analysed for hemolysis by UV spectrophotometer. Data was analysed by unpaired t test and P <0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: The difference in percentage of hemolysis in both test and control groups was not statistically significant. Therefore, acute administration of water soluble extract of Aloe vera (200mg/kg) did not have protective effect on rabbit erythrocytes against hypotonic solution of normal saline.Conclusions: Aloe vera might be useful for the treatment of oxidative stress-related human disorders by virtue of its antioxidant activity and may have a role in prevention of hemolysis which needs to be explored by further studies.

Effects ofAbietinella abietinaExtracts on the Germination and Seedling Emergence ofPicea crassifolia: Results of Greenhouse Experiments

ABSTRACT Moss cushion plays an important role in recruitment of vascular plants. In this study, we examined the effects of water soluble extracts (WSE) of Abietinella abietina on germination of Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia) and the effects of moss substrates (A. abietina) on seedling emergence of P. crassifolia in two greenhouse experiments. We found that the WSE of moss affected germination of P. crassifolia in two ways: (1) the WSE reducing the risk of fungal infection to the seeds, improve the germination rate; and (2) the WSE affects germination by its concentration, that is, low concentrations of WSE (i.e., 0.5 mg ml-1 and 5 mg ml-1) stimulate, while high concentrations (i.e., 50 mg ml-1) inhibit it. In seedling emergence experiments, we detected that the moss substrates (both thick and thin mosses) facilitate the emergence of P. crassifolia in dry and intermediate moisture conditions, but inhibit it in moist conditions. In bare soil, the P. crassifolia emergence was also controlled by moisture ...

Changes in Some Quality Properties of Kefir during Storage and Inhibition Effect of Water Soluble Extracts on Angiotensin-I Converting Enzyme Purified by Human Plasma

Abstract Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory activity in water soluble extracts (WSEs) of kefir was investigated. Kefir was produced traditionally using kefir grains and stored at refrigerated temperature for 20 days. During storage period (on 1, 5, 10, 15 and 20 days) in vitro ACE-inhibitory activity in WSEs was determined. ACE was purified from human plasma to determine kinetic parameters. Purified ACE had a specific activity of 20.75 EU.mg−1, a yield of 16.6% with a factor of 22100. The inhibition effects of kefir on ACE increased at 15 storage days than other storage days. Some microbiological and physicochemical characteristics of kefir were also studied. Counts of presumptive LAB on M-17 and presumptive LAB on MRS in the kefir were about 108 CFU.ml−1 throughout the storage period. Yeast counts were lower than lactic acid bacteria counts and the average of the counts was approximately 106 log CFU.ml−1. Storage period had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on titratable acidity and pH values. On the contrary, it had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on viscosity and serum separation values of kefir.

Effects of water soluble extracts from marine algae on root growth in soybean seedlings

Data on the effects of water soluble extracts of red marine algae—such as Grateloupia divaricate, Chondrus pinnulatus, Neorhodomela larix, and Tichocarpus crinitus—brown marine algae—such as Stephanocystis crassipes, Coccophora langsdorfii, Sphaerotrichia divaricata, Saccharina japonica, Sargassum pallidum, and Chorda filum—and green marine algae—such as Ulva fenestrata and Codium fragile—on root growth in soybean seedlings (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) have been presented. The stimulatory effects of extracts containing T. crinitus, N. Larix, C. pinnulatus, and S. crassipes algae at low (10−4 g/mL) and ultralow (10−10–10−12 g/mL) concentrations are defined.

Biomonitoring of the genotoxic effects and oxidative potentials of commercial edible dung beetles (Onitis sp.), grasshopper (Caelifera sp.) and mole crickets (Gryllotalpa sp.) in vitro

In this investigation, the genotoxic and oxidative effects of water soluble extracts of dung beetles, flying grasshopper and mole crickets have been assessed on cultured human blood cells. The extracts were added to the culture tubes at 12 different concentrations (0-2000 ppm). Micronucleus test was used to monitor the DNA and the chromosomal damage produced by aqueous extracts in vitro. In addition, to assess the oxidative effects, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidant status (TOS) levels were also measured. Our results indicated that these extracts did not show genotoxic effects at the tested concentrations. However, the extracts caused dose-dependent alterations in both TAC and TOS levels. Based on the findings, it was concluded that the studied insects can be consumed safely, but it is necessary to consider the cellular damages which are likely to appear depending on oxidative stress at higher concentrations. It has also been suggested that this in vitro approach for oxidative and genotoxicity assessments may be useful to evaluate the potential health risks of edible insects.

Immunomodulatory effect of water soluble extract separated from mycelium of Phellinus linteus on experimental atopic dermatitis

BackgroundComplementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is becoming a popular treatment for modulating diverse immune disorders. Phellinus linteus (P. linteus) as one of the CAMs has been used to modulate cancers, inflammation and allergic activities. However, little evidence has been shown about its underlying mechanism of action by which it exerts a beneficial role in dermatological disease in vivo. In this study, we examined the immunomodulatory effects of P. linteus on experimental atopic dermatitis (AD) and elucidated its action mechanism.MethodsThe immunomodulatory effect of total extract of P. linteus on IgE production by human myeloma U266B1 cells was measured by ELISA. To further identify the effective components, P. linteus was fractionated into methanol soluble, water soluble and boiling water soluble extracts. Each extract was treated to U266B1 cells and primary B cells to compare their inhibitory effects on IgE secretion. To test the in vivo efficacy, experimental atopic dermatitis (AD) was established by alternative treatment of DNCB and house dust mite extract into BALB/c mice. Water soluble extract of P. linteus (WA) or ceramide as a positive control were topically applied to ears of atopic mouse every day for 2 weeks and progression of the disease was estimated by the following criteria: (a) ear thickness, clinical score, (b) serum total IgE, IgG and mite specific IgE level by ELSIA, (c) histological examination of ear tissue by H&E staining and (d) cytokine profile of total ear cells and CD4+ T cells by real time PCR and ELSIA.ResultsTreatment of total extracts of P. linteus to U266B1 inhibited IgE secretion. Among the diverse extracts of P. linteus, water soluble extract of P. linteus (WA) significantly reduced the IgE production in primary B cells and B cell line U266B1. Moreover, treatment of WA reduced AD symptoms such as ear swelling, erythema, and dryness and decreased recruitment of lymphocyte into the inflamed site. Interestingly WA treatment significantly reduced IgE level without affecting IgG levels and also down-regulated the levels of pathogenic cytokines (IL-4, IL-13, IL-12 and IFN-γ) and chemokines (CCL17 and CCL22) involved in AD development.ConclusionsOur study indicates that protective effect of water soluble extract of P. linteus in atopic dermatitis is mediated by inhibiting IgE production and expression of AD associated pathogenic cytokines as well as chemokines, suggesting the beneficial effect of P. linteus to modulate allergic skin disease.

Invitro biomonitoring of the genotoxic and oxidative potentials of two commonly eaten insects in southwestern Nigeria

In this study, the cytogenetic and oxidative effects of water soluble extracts of two commonly eaten insects, Zonocerus variegatus (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae) and Oryctes boas (Solanales: Solanaceae), in southwestern Nigeria were evaluated on cultured human blood cells. The extracts were added to the cultures at various concentrations (0-2000ppm). The chromosome aberration and micronucleus tests were used to find out the DNA and chromosomal damage potentials in vitro by aqueous insect extracts. To assess the oxidative effects of these insect extracts, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidant status (TOS) levels were also measured. Our results indicated that these extracts did not show genotoxic effects at the tested concentrations. However, the extracts caused dose-dependent alterations in both TAC and TOS levels. Based on the findings, it was concluded that the studied insects can be consumed safely, but it is necessary to consider the cellular damages that are likely to appear depending on the oxidative stress. We also suggest that this in vitro approach for oxidative and genotoxicity assessments may be useful to compare the potential health risks of edible insects.

Sensitivity of innate and adaptive cellular immune parameters of poultry to minor macro- and micronutrient differences in two nutritionally complete layer feeds

Comparable diets were found to modulate levels of specific and natural humoral immunity in different manners over two generations of genetically selected hens for a high or low Ab response. These diets were based on ingredients that were grown organically (diet A) or conventionally (diet B). Here we report the effects of these diets on cellular immune parameters such as monocyte reactivity measured by NO production, proliferation of whole blood leucocytes and PBMC with the T- and B-cell mitogens, ConA and LPS respectively. Furthermore we measured the in vitro modulatory effects of water soluble extracts of the two diets on T-cell proliferation of whole blood cultures. In both generations a feed change enhanced monocyte reactivity in all birds with the high line birds being most sensitive. Whole blood assays showed the most pronounced diet effects on T-cell reactivity. The low line birds of the first generation showed the greatest effect, but in the second generation all lines were affected by the diets. In the PBMC the greatest effects were found in the control values, with the effects differing in each generation. The present results together with the results found in the whole blood cultures, suggest dietary effects on the intrinsic reactivity of peripheral lymphocytes as well as in vivo effects, the first with quickly measurable effects and the last activity reflected in our later measurements. These results suggest that a feed change with only minor nutritional differences will induce immunomodulatory effects, and each diet has a unique effect on cellular parameters of innate and adaptive immunity.

Effects of Water-soluble Extracts from Different Pistil Parts on Self-incompatibility Suppression in Pomlo (<I>Citrus grandis</I>)

Effects of Water-soluble Extracts from Different Pistil Parts on Self-incompatibility Suppression in Pomlo (<I>Citrus grandis</I>)

수용성 녹용 추출물이 랫드의 지방대사 및 혈액성분에 미치는 영향

An experiment was conducted with 80 male rats for 4 weeks to investigate the effect of water soluble extracts (WSE) from different sections of farmed Elk (Cervus elaphus) antler on lipid metabolism and hematology. Antlers were divided into four sections of tip, upper, middle and base. Water soluble extract (35g/60ml) was prepared from each section of antler, and was administered orally to male Sprague- Dawley rats (10ml/kg body weight) once a day. Administration of WSE from upper, middle and base sections of antler decreased (P<0.0027) AST values at 3 weeks of feeding, however AST value was decreased (P< 0.0136) in the WSE of base section compared to that of control at 4 weeks of feeding. Administration of antler WSE for 4 weeks decreased total cholesterol in visceral fat (P<0.0035) and liver (P<0.0003) at 4 weeks of feeding compared to those of control. Feeding antler WSE for 4 weeks increased the compositions of C14:0(P<0.0037), C16:1 (P<0.0061), C18:1 (P<0.0066), C18:2 (P< 0.0069) and C18:3 (P<0.0035) in the visceral fat compared with that of control.

Hepatoprotective effect of water soluble extract of Coleus barbatus on cholestasis on young rats

To test the effects of water extract of Coleus barbatus (WEB) on liver damage in biliary obstruction in young rats. Forty 21 day-old male Wistar rats were divided into four groups of ten 21 day old (P21) submitted to sham or actual operation (S or L) combined with WEB or Water (B or A). At P48 pentobarbital sleeping time (ST) was measured. At P49 they were submitted to euthanasia to determine of serum activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), liver wet weight (PFF) and, on hepatic histological slides, the frequency of mitoses (FM), the number of necrotic areas (NN), intensity of fibrosis (IF) and intensity of ductal proliferation (IPD). Two Way ANOVA, the S.N.K. test and the Wilcoxon test for paired multiple comparisons were employed to study the effects of cholestasis and those of EAB and their interactions. The Pearson's coefficient of linear correlation of between paired histological variables separately for the groups LA and LD was determined. The test results were considered statistically significant when the p of alpha error <0.05. Cholestasis increased the TS, ALT, AST, PFF, MI, NN, IF and IPD. The EAB decreased the TS and IM in the animals without cholestasis (sham operated animals). The EAB decreased the TS, ALT, AST, PFF, MI, NN and IF of the cholestatic animals. In the LA group there was a positive correlation between the IPD and the IF, a negative correlation between the IPD and the FM and a negative correlation between the IF and the FM. In the LD group there was a negative correlation between the NN and the IPD. In the absence of cholestasis the EAB reduces the pentobarbital sleeping time and decreases the frequency of mitoses. The EAB has a hepatoprotective effect on the biliary cirrhosis secondary to extra-hepatic biliary obstruction.

Evaluation of the Synergetic Effect of Water Soluble Extracts of Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) on the Activity of Ciprofloxacin in Urinary Isolated E. coli

Evaluation of the Synergetic Effect of Water Soluble Extracts of Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) on the Activity of Ciprofloxacin in Urinary Isolated E. coli

Effects of traditional Chinese herbs on growth of mouse hair follicles and hair bulb cells in vitro

To investigate the effect of water soluble extracts of traditional Chinese herbs on growth of mouse hair follicles and hair bulb cells in vitro. Mouse hair follicles and hair bulb cells were cultured in Williams E medium with (experimental groups) or without (control group) water soluble extracts of Chinese herbs; the experimental group was further divided into mixture and single herb groups. Hair growth was observed by microscopy and growth activity of hair bulb cells was detected by MTT colorimetric assay. On day 7 of culture, the hair growth in the mixture groups was faster than that in the control group (P<0.05). On day 3 and 5 of culture, the cell growth activity in the mixture groups was greater than that in the control group (P<0.05). While the hair growth and the cell growth activity between the single herb groups and the control group were not significantly different. The water soluble extracts of mixed traditional Chinese medicines can promote the growth of mouse hair in vitro and stimulate the proliferation of hair bulb cells; while those of the single traditional Chinese herb have no effect.

Effect of water soluble extract of nacre (Pinctada maxima) on alkaline phosphatase activity and Bcl-2 expression in primary cultured osteoblasts from neonatal rat calvaria.

The nacre (mother of pearl) layer of the oyster Pinctada maxima shell can initiate bone formation by human osteoblasts in vivo and in vitro and is a new biomaterial that induces osteogenesis. This activity of nacre could be due to its water-soluble matrix. We examined the action of a water-soluble extract of nacre on the osteoblast phenotype of cells isolated from rat neonatal calvaria by measuring alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and by localization of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 by immunocytochemistry. ALP activity was increased 7% (p<0.001) by 100 microg proteins/ml extract and 20% (p<0.001) by 50 microg proteins/ml extract, but a low concentration of extract decreased the ALP activity by 8%. Cells treated with a high aspartic acid content fraction of the extract had increased ALP activity (23%, p<0.0001). Nacre extract and the fraction have no effect on the proliferation of mature osteoblasts. Immunoreactive Bcl-2 was overproduced in the cytoplasm and nuclei of osteoblasts at all stages of culture. Bcl-2 was found over the whole chromatin in quiescent and mitotic cells at the end of mitosis in the two nuclei in one cell, before cytodieresis. Bcl-2 was also found over chromosomes. Thus, nacre extract stimulates Bcl-2 production in osteoblasts, that is correlated with the cell cycle. Bcl-2 was also abundant in the nucleoli of extract-treated cells. Thus, the concentration and subcellular distribution of Bcl-2 in osteoblasts in primary cultures is influenced by nacre extract, and related to the cell cycle and the regulation of gene expression. Hence, knowledge of how water-soluble extracts of Pinctada maxima nacre act on osteoblasts in vitro may reveal the mechanisms involved in its action in vivo on bone cells and bone regeneration.

Effect of water-soluble extract from antler of wapiti (Cervus elaphus) on the growth of fibroblasts

The water-soluble extracts were prepared from the tip sections of antlers of 4-yr-old wapiti stags, and the effect of extract on the growth of bovine skin fibroblasts in culture was examined. The results showed the presence of growth promoting factor(s) in the antler extract. The stimulation of cell growth was found to be dose dependent (P &lt; 0.05). Key words: Growth factor, antler, wapiti, fibroblast

Antiviral Activity of Water Extract of Sanicula europaea L. Leaves on the Bacteria-Bacteriophage System

The effect of water soluble extract of Sanicula europaea L. leaves and two fractions separated from this extract through Sephadex gel filtration chromatography were tested on bacteriophage T2hr+ replication. The plant extract inhibited the adsorption and/or penetration of phage infection without any toxic effect on Escherichia coli B2 host bacteria. The heavy molecular weight fraction eluted first from the gel filtration column was found to be responsible for this inhibition.

A Time Course Study of the Relative Cytotoxic Effects of Extracts of Different Types of Tobacco on Allium cepa Mitosis.

The mutachromosomal and mutagenic effects of water soluble extracts of different forms of tobacco preparations used in India, were observed on the plant system Allium cepa in vivo. The four forms of tobacco tested prepared by different processing methods. Mitotic index indicated that certain concentrations of tobacco extracts were mitogenic in Allium cells. The abnormalities recorded were stickiness, somatic bridge formation, diplochromatid and clumping. The mode of processing did not appear to make any appreciable change in affecting cell and chromosome division.

Characterization of two distinct transglutaminases of murine bone marrow-derived macrophages: effects of exposure of viable cells to cigarette smoke on enzyme activity.

The present study examines the effects of water soluble extracts of gas-phase cigarette smoke on intracellular transglutaminase activities of intact, murine, bone marrow-derived macrophages maintained in culture. Western blotting of cell lysates utilizing noncross-reactive antisera indicate that mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages contain both tissue-type transglutaminase and factor XIII-associated transglutaminase. This finding is also supported by data indicating that the intracellular transglutaminase activity of these cells contains thrombin-dependent and -independent components. Macrophages incubated with cigarette smoke solutions for 15 minutes at 37 degrees C display a dose-dependent decrease (maximum inhibition = 55%, p less than .001) in tissue-type (thrombin-independent) transglutaminase activity, as compared to control cells incubated with phosphate-buffered saline. Factor XIII (zymogen) is not inactivated following incubation of macrophages with smoke extracts. Smoke exposure under the conditions employed has no effect on either cell viability or adherence. Incubation with 2 microM retinoic acid for 24 hours leads to a modest (2-fold) induction of tissue transglutaminase, but does not induce factor XIII; in contrast, incubation with 10% homologous serum for 24 hours results in a decrease in factor XIII, but does not affect tissue transglutaminase. These data indicate that: bone marrow-derived macrophages contain factor XIII as well as tissue-type transglutaminase; and gas-phase cigarette smoke can inactivate tissue transglutaminase within viable murine bone marrow-derived macrophages, but cannot inactivate zymogenic factor XIII.