Effects Of Various Pesticides Research Articles

A near-infrared fluorescent probe based on a hemi-cyanine skeleton for detecting CES1 activity and evaluating pesticide toxicity.

A novel near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe CHC-CES1 based on a hemi-cyanine skeleton for detecting carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) activity was developed. Herein, CHC-CES1 could be specifically hydrolysed to CHC-COOH along with a significant NIR fluorescence signal enhancement at 670 nm. Systematic evaluation indicated that CHC-CES1 possessed an outstanding selectivity and sensitivity towards CES1, and possessed good chemical stability in complex biosamples. Finally, CHC-CES1 was successfully used for the real-time imaging of endogenous CES1 activity in living cells. Moreover, CHC-CES1 was applied to evaluate the inhibitory effects of various pesticides towards CES1, and visually revealed the inhibitory effect of combined residue pesticides.

Neonicotinoid Pesticides Are More Toxic to Honey Bees at Lower Temperatures: Implications for Overwintering Bees

The honey bee (Apis mellifera) is an important pollinator and also an important test model for pesticide effects on other insect pollinators. Honey bees have been experiencing high mortality in both the US and worldwide and pesticide exposure has been identified to be one of the many stressors causing this mortality. Effects of various pesticides have been measured for multiple responses such as learning, memory performance, feeding activity, and thermoregulation. These studies were conducted at many different temperatures (11- 35°C), however, almost no studies compared toxicity of the same pesticide to bees at different temperatures. It is possible that the same pesticide might show different toxicity to honey bees at different temperatures. To reveal such potential interactions, we administered low doses of two neonicotinoid insecticides (imidacloprid and thiamethoxam) at different temperatures (35, 24 and a varying temperature) and determined their effects on honey bee survivorship. We discovered that honey bees are much more sensitive to neonicotinoid pesticides, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, at a constant 24oC or at a varying temperature (night at 13oC and day at 24oC) compared to bees at 35°C. These results suggest that honey bee colonies during winter time will be more sensitive to pesticides. Doses of neonicotinoids that are safe to colonies during summer might kill them during the winter time.

The Effect of Pesticides on the Microbiome of Animals

In recent decades an increase in the use of pesticides to protect plants from pests, diseases and weeds has been observed. There are many studies on the effects of various pesticides on non-target organisms. This review aims to analyze and summarize published scientific data on the effects of pesticides on the animal microbiome. Pesticides can affect various parameters of the animal microbiome, such as the taxonomic composition of bacteria, bacterial biodiversity, and bacterial ratios and modify the microbiome of various organisms from insects to mammals. Pesticide induced changes in the microbiome reducing the animal’s immunity. The negative effects of pesticides could pose a global problem for pollinators. Another possible negative effect of pesticides is the impact of pesticides on the intestinal microbiota of bumblebees and bees that increase the body’s sensitivity to pathogenic microflora, which leads to the death of insects. In addition, pesticides can affect vitality, mating success and characteristics of offspring. The review considers methods for correcting of bee microbiome.

Alterations in Steroid Sex Hormones (17β Estradiol and Testosterone) of Clarias gariepinus Exposed to Different Sub-lethal Concentrations of Cypermethrin

The study focused on the alterations in steroid hormone levels of Clarias gariepinus. Fish were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of cypermethrin over a 28 days period. A total of 200 sub-adults of C. gariepinus with a mean weight of 55.280 ± 6.281g were used throughout the study. Sub-adults of C. gariepinus were exposed to 0.00 ppm, 0.0125 ppm, 0.025 ppm, 0.100 ppm and 0.400 ppm of cypermethrin. The concentration of 17β-Estradiol and testosterone in C. gariepinus sub-adults exposed to 0.0125 ppm, 0.025 ppm, 0.100 ppm and 0.400 ppm of the toxicant for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days decreased significantly from the control, with increase in toxicant at p<0.05, except for 17β-Estradiol and testosterone in fish exposed to 0.0125 ppm of cypermethrin for 21 days and 7 days. The mean levels of estradiol decreased in 0.400 ppm group compared to the control; from 212.4 ± 3.156 pg/mL to 118.9 ± 9.682 pg/mL (Day 7); 210.5 ± 8.286 pg/mL to 90.70 ± 7.554 pg/mL (Day 14); 131.7 ± 5.652 pg/mL to 80.77 ± 6.882 pg/mL (Day 21) and 177.6 ± 12.25 pg/mL to 52.77 ± 11.08 pg/mL (Day 28). The mean levels of testosterone decreased in 0.400 ppm group compared to the control; from 2.367 ± 0.208 pg/mL to 0.823 ± 0.276 pg/mL (Day 7); 2.700 ± 0.200 pg/mL to 0.466 ± 0.152 pg/mL (Day 14); 3.200 ± 0.300 pg/mL to 0.300 ± 0.100 pg/mL (Day 21) and 2.933 ± 0.251 pg/mL to 0.366 ± 0.208 pg/mL (Day 28). Due to adverse alteration in 17β-Estradiol and testosterone concentration of the test fish, we recommend that the Government sensitizes the farmers properly on the proper use of pesticides and also enforce against an excess application of pesticides. More of similar studies should be funded to continue monitoring the effects of various pesticides on fishes and the aquatic eco-system at large.

Pesticides impact on Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus biofilm formation

ABSTRACTThe effect of various pesticides on the biofilm formation by the phytopathogenic bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus (Cms), the potato ring rot causative agent, was explored for the first time. Systemic herbicides: 2,4-D, diuron, glyphosate, clopyralid, fluorodifen, as well as the commercial preparations “Lazurite,” “Ridomil Gold,” and the mitochondria inhibiting pesticides analog, sodium monoiodoacetate, were studied. These pesticides' effect on the Cms biofilm formation was shown to be distinct and dependent on the agent under question. Cms biofilm formation was reduced when exposed to sodium monoiodoacetate, as well as “Lazurite” preparation, that could be due to the bactericidal effect of these agents. 2,4-D and “Ridomil Gold” preparation stimulated the biofilm formation. Systemic herbicides diuron, glyphosate, clopyralid, fluorodifen did not exert appreciable influence on the process of bacterial biofilm formation.

Micronucleus assay in genotoxicity assessment

Three different pesticide formulations were tested for micronuclei production and cell cycle arrest. Micronucleus test represents a suitable method for assessing chromosome damage because both chromosome breakage (clastogenicity) and chromosome loss (aneugenicity) can be measured simultaneously. In the experiments for 24 and/or 48 h exposure, no significant increase (p < 0.05) in MN frequency was found in comparison with negative control. On the contrary, the values of CBPI (cytochalasin blocked proliferative index) were significantly reduced in a dose dependent manner (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.001) for both exposure time. Our results indicated an expressive cytotoxic effect of various pesticides in cultivated bovine peripheral lymphocytes.

Chemical Control of Apple Mealybug, 2014: Table 1

The purpose of this test was to determine the effects of various pesticides on AMB, a vector of little cherry virus 2 (LChV2), a cause of little cherry disease in sweet cherry. This test was conducted in a mixed “Delicious” apple block with “Golden Delicious” pollinizers in the Washington State University Sunrise orchard near Rock Island, WA. The trial took place in an apple orchard due to heavy infestation of AMB, but materials and timings simulated those available for use on cherry. A RCB design was used to assign four replications of each of the nine treatments and an …

Adverse biochemical effects of various pesticides on sprayers of cotton fields in El-Behira Governorate, Egypt

A total of 60 healthy pesticide sprayers (smokers and non-smokers) in cotton fields exposed to different classes of pesticides for many years were compared with controls matched for age with respect to serum cholinesterase (ChE), serum total protein, alkaline and acid phosphatases (ALP and AP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), creatine kinase (CK), blood glucose, serum hormones FSH, testosterone and L-thyroxine (T4). Significant increase was observed in serum ALP, AP, LDH, GGT, CK, serum hormones FSH, testosterone, L-thyroxine and blood glucose. Significant decrease in serum total protein and ChE. The increase or decrease in the tested biomarkers was more pronounced in the smokers than non-smoker workers. These results suggest that the long-term exposure of various pesticides on sprayers of cotton fields affect the normal functioning of different organ systems and may produce characteristic clinical effects.

Organic Dairy Farming: A Novel Approach in Dairy Sector

The phenomenal growth witnessed during the recent decades in country’s milk production has resulted in India emerging as world’s largest producer with the annual milk production.There has been an increased concern voiced over quality of milk and milk products including the contents of contamination and pollutant and the residual effect of various pesticides, insecticide, chemicals, drugs and hormones. Due to this, the interest in organic dairying is increasing at rapid pace worldwide with faster growth in demand of organic milk and milk products. Under Indian condition, Organic Livestock Farming is most suitable because of indigenous technical knowledge and practices followed by Indian farmers. In order to make organic dairy farming success there is need to take care of certain points, like reducing the paper work and cost for certification; sourcing of organic inputs

Biochemical alterations induced by oral subchronic exposure to fipronil, fluoride and their combination in buffalo calves

The effects of various pesticides and minerals on biochemical parameters have been explored in different species, but hardly any data exist regarding the combined toxicological effect of pesticides and minerals on these parameters in animals. The present study investigated the effects of fipronil and fluoride co-exposure on biochemical parameters in buffalo calves. Twenty-four healthy male buffalo calves divided into four groups were treated for 98 consecutive days. Group I, receiving no treatment served as the control. Animals of groups II and III were orally administered with fipronil @ 0.5mg/kg/day and sodium fluoride (NaF) @ 6.67mg/kg/day, respectively, for 98 days. An additional group IV was co-administered fipronil and NaF at the same dosages as groups II and III. Administration of fipronil alone produced mild toxic signs, significant elevation in plasma proteins, blood glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and significant decline in the plasma cholesterol levels. NaF exposure produced toxic signs specifically of muscle weakness and brown and black discoloration of teeth. Significant elevation was seen in whole blood cholinesterase, BUN and creatinine levels. However, it produced significant decline in blood glucose, cholesterol and plasma protein levels. Combined exposure to fipronil and sodium fluoride produced toxic signs with greater intensity while biochemical alterations produced were similar to those that were produced by their individual exposures.

Side effects of some crop protection products on non-target soil invertebrates

Summary Soil living invertebrates play crucial roles in the terrestrial ecosystem. Plant protection products are known to affect soil organisms and might have negative impacts on soil functions influenced by these organisms. The main goal of this study was to estimate the prompt effects of various pesticides applied against soil pests, weeds and diseases agents on some soil populations. Four plant protection products were applied to soil in a trial at the Plant Protection Department of Ankara University demonstration field and the variation of population in samples was then observed. The samples were collected at different periods and soil depths. The soil samples taken were washed through sieves and the invertebrates were isolated, counted and classified. The results obtained from this study indicated that the most sensitivite invertebrate groups to pesticides were collembolans (Insecta: Collembola). Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), earthworms (Clitellata: Haplotaxida) and soil mites (Arachnida: Acarina) were also monitored. According to the results obtained from this work, the changes of distributed products, sampling period, soil depth and applied plant protection products statistically were detected.

Effects of various pesticides on human 5α-reductase activity in prostate and LNCaP cells

Certain pesticides are able to disturb the sex steroid hormone system and to act as antiandrogens. While the different underlying mechanisms remain unclear, inhibition of 5α-reductase, the enzyme which is indispensable for the synthesis of DHT and thus normal masculinization, appears to be one of the sensitive targets for endocrine disruption. We therefore tested several endocrine disrupters with antiandrogenic effects in vivo for their influence on 5α-reductase activity in two different test systems: (a) an enzyme assay with human Lymph Node Carcinoma of Prostate (LNCaP) cells and (b) an enzyme assay with human prostate tissue homogenate. The selected pesticides and industrial compounds were monobutyltin (MBT), dibutyltin (DBT), tributyltin (TBT), triphenyltin (TPT), diuron, fenarimol, linuron, p, p′DDE, prochloraz and vinclozolin. The synthetic androgen methyltestosterone and the synthetic antiandrogen flutamide, as well as the 5α-reductase inhibitor finasteride served as control compounds. The effect of the organotin compounds DBT, TBT and TPT on enzyme activity was approximately the same in both test systems, with IC 50 values ranging between 2.7 and 11.2 μM, while in prostate tissue, methyltestosterone and prochloraz proved to be stronger inhibitors (IC 50 values of 1.9 and 12.4 μM) than in LNCaP cells (IC 50 values of 13.2 and 53.2 μM). The inhibitory impact of finasteride was approximately 130 times stronger in prostate tissue than in LNCaP cells. Fenarimol, flutamide, linuron and p, p′DDE inhibited 5α-reductase activity only at very high concentrations (IC 50 ⩾ 24 μM) in prostate homogenates, and not at all in LNCaP cells. On average, the IC 20 values were 3.5 times lower than the IC 50 values. Diuron, MBT and vinclozolin exerted no effect in either of the test systems. The finding of pesticides acting as 5α-reductase inhibitors might be of clinical relevance. As a screening tool for putative ED, the tissue assay is the more practical and sensitive method. However, the cell assay can, to some extent, reflect particular cell processes since the living cell is able to compensate moderate toxicological effects of the ED on cell viability, and possibly also their impact on 5α-reductase activity.

Effect of various pesticides on the non‐target species Microctonus hyperodae, a biological control agent of Listronotus bonariensis

AbstractThe parasitoid Microctonus hyperodae Loan (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was introduced into New Zealand to control the weevil Listronotus bonariensis (Kuschel) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a major pest of graminaceous plants. Four experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of various pesticides that are commonly used in the pastoral environments of L. bonariensis and M. hyperodae. Topical applications of aqueous solutions prepared from commercial formulations of five herbicides were not toxic, but the surfactant Silwett L‐77 increased M. hyperodae mortality relative to the water‐treated controls. Laboratory assays showed that M. hyperodae adults were susceptible to chlorpyrifos residues on pasture foliage following application of the insecticide to field plots at ≥5 g a.i. ha−1. Maintenance of L. bonariensis on ryegrass in the laboratory showed that treatment of the food plants with chlorpyrifos at ≥96 g a.i. ha−1 reduced L. bonariensis survivorship and ultimately reduced M. hyperodae prepupal emergence from those hosts. Initially, mortalities of non‐parasitized L. bonariensis were significantly greater than for parasitized L. bonariensis. Maintenance of parasitized L. bonariensis on diflubenzuron‐treated ryegrass plants arrested M. hyperodae larval development in the host and ultimately reduced prepupal emergence of M. hyperodae from those hosts. Despite the arrested development of M. hyperodae, the mortality of L. bonariensis hosts was increased. Adult M. hyperodae successfully reared from hosts maintained on diflubenzuron (12.5 g a.i. ha−1) treated food plants had reduced reproductive potential. The consequences of pasture management strategies that employ pesticides are discussed in relation to biocontrol of L. bonariensis by M. hyperodae.

Biochemical effects of various pesticides on sprayers of grape gardens

A total of 85 healthy male pesticide sprayers in grape garden exposed to different class of pesticides for 3 to 10 years were compared with 75 controls matched for age with respect to serum cholinesterase, serum total protein, albumin, AST, ALT, hematological parameters such as Hb, Hct, RBC and serum lipid peroxidation. Serum lipid peroxidation was estimated in the form of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) produced. Significant decrease was observed in serum cholinesterase, serum total proteins, albumin and hematological parameters viz. Hb, Hct and RBC. Significant increase in lipid peroxidation, AST, ALT, was observed in exposed group when compared with control. These results suggest that the long term exposure of various pesticides on sprayers of grape garden affect liver, heme biosynthesis and decrease serum cholinesterase.

Effect of Various Pesticides on Lettuce Physiology and Yield

The effects of various insecticides on lettuce physiology and productivity were investigated in the field, Measurements of plant photosynthesis and stomatal conductance rates were taken with a dual-isotope porameter. Methyl parathion and permethrin had the greatest significant effects on photosynthesis and stomatal conductance rates. Lettuce plants receiving weekly treatments of methyl parathion produced smaller lettuce heads as compared with those treated with other insecticides and untreated check plants. Results indicate that the use of the dual-isotope porometer has great potential in monitoring subtle changes in plant photosynthesis and stomatal conductance rates caused by pesticides. The potential development of “pesticide thresholds” which would indicate the maximum safe number of pesticide applications permissible on designated crops was suggested.

Toxicology of various pesticides and their decomposition products on mitochondrial electron transport.

The effect of various pesticides and derivatives on mitochondrial electron transport systems was assessed. DDT, DDE, TDE, Kelthane, chlorobenzilate, chloropropylate and Acarol were found to be inhibitory towards both heavy beef heart mitochondrial (HBHM) NADH-oxidase and succinoxidase enzyme systems. Dichlorobenzophenone and p-chlorophenol were less inhibitory towards the HBHM NADH-oxidase and did not inhibit the succinoxidase enzyme system. DDA did not inhibit either of the electron transport systems. Carbaryl was not inhibitory towards both HBHM oxidase systems, whereas its degradative product dihydroxynaphthalene was inhibitory at the same concentration. Furadan, Matacil, Baygon and Dimetilan were only slightly inhibitory towards themitochondrial NADH-oxidase system and did not inhibit the succinoxidase system. Zectran was inhibitory towards the NADH-oxidase system and was not inhibitory towards the succinoxidase system. DDT, DDE and TDE, dihydroxynaphthalene and 1-naphthol inhibited the NADH-oxidase enzyme system onthe substrate side of cytochrome c, whereas Kelthane inhibited on the oxygen side.

Effect of Pesticides on the Methylene Blue Reduction Test in Milk

The effect of various pesticides on the methylene blue reduction test of milk was studied. Phosphamidon (0-(2-Chloro-2(diethylcarbamoyl)-1-methyl vinyl)-0-0-dimethyl phosphate), DDVP (0:0-dimethyl-2:2-dichlorovinyl phosphate), dimetilan (2-dimethyl carbamoyl-3-methyl pyrazolyl-(5)-dimethyl carbamate), 1-naphthol, NaDDC (sodium diethyl-dithiocarbamate), baygon (2-isopropoxyphenyl-N-methyl carbamate), isolan (1-isopropyl-3-methylprazolyl-(5)-dimethyl carbamate), pyramat (2-propyl pyrimidyl-(6)-dimethyl carbamate), and amidithion (0,0-dimethyl-S-(2-methoxyethyl carbamoyl-methyl) phosphorodithioate) in raw milk did not affect the reduction time compared to the control. Sevin (1-naphthyl-N-methyl carbamate) and pyrolan (1-phenyl-3-methyl pyrazolyl-(5)-dimethyl carbamate) in milk increased the reduction time slightly but not significantly. Thiram (Tetramethylthiuram disulphide, TMTD) increased the reduction time at .05μg/ml or above. But this pesticide did not significantly affect bacterial growth in milk.

Cytotoxic effects of various pesticides in vivo and in vitro

Cytotoxic effects of various pesticides in vivo and in vitro

Cytotoxic effects of various pesticides in vivo and in vitro

Cytotoxic effects of various pesticides in vivo and in vitro

The effect of various pesticides on purified glutamate dehydrogenase

The effect of various pesticides on purified glutamate dehydrogenase