Effects Of Various Intensities Research Articles

Drought intensity and duration effects on morphological root traits vary across trait type and plant functional groups: a meta-analysis

The increasing severity and frequency of drought pose serious threats to plant species worldwide. Yet, we lack a general understanding of how various intensities of droughts affect plant traits, in particular root traits. Here, using a meta-analysis of drought experiments (997 effect sizes from 76 papers), we investigate the effects of various intensities of droughts on some of the key morphological root traits. Our results show that root length, root mean diameter, and root area decline when drought is of severe or extreme intensity, whereas severe drought increases root tissue density. These patterns are most pronounced in trees compared to other plant functional groups. Moreover, the long duration of severe drought decreases root length in grasses and root mean diameter in legumes. The decline in root length and root diameter due to severe drought in trees was independent of drought duration. Our results suggest that morphological root traits respond strongly to increasing intensity of drought, which further depends on drought duration and may vary among plant functional groups. Our meta-analysis highlights the need for future studies to consider the interactive effects of drought intensity and drought duration for a better understanding of variable plant responses to drought.

Effects of far-red light on growth, endogenous hormones, antioxidant capacity and quality of Lettuce

This study aimed to explore the effects of various intensities of far-red light on the growth performance, endogenous hormones, antioxidant indices, and overall quality of hydroponically cultivated lettuce. As the control treatment, a white LED emitting light at an intensity of 200 µmol/(m2·s) was utilized (referred to as CK with an R/FR ratio of 5.5), while two experimental treatments, FT1 (R/FR = 1.2) and FT2 (R/FR = 0.8), were established by adding different intensities of far-red light to the CK treatment. The results demonstrated that the application of far-red light, particularly in FT1, led to a significant increase in plant height, leaf area, and lettuce biomass, while simultaneously resulting in a notable reduction in leaf thickness. The content of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in response to far-red light treatments exhibited an initial increase followed by a subsequent decrease, with FT2 experiencing a significant decline. The gibberellin (GA3) content in FT2 reached its peak on the 35th day, showing a substantial increase of 60.09% compared to CK. Far-red treatments were found to enhance peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities, while significantly reducing superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. In comparison to CK, FT1 exhibited a remarkable 134.33% increase in anthocyanin content. Both FT1 and FT2 significantly boosted vitamin C levels while reducing nitrite content. Additionally, the application of far-red light treatment significantly increased the alcohol and ester content in lettuce leaves. This study establishes a theoretical foundation for enhancing the quality and flavor of lettuce using different far-red light treatments.Graphical

Optimization of green LED light intensity for accelerating wound healing in olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck et Schlegel)

Recent studies showed that green wavelength light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were effective for wound healing in various animal models, including olive flounder. However, determining the optimal light intensity for phototherapy is very important for accelerating wound healing and safety. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the optimal intensity of green LEDs (520 nm) for accelerating wound healing using olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. In vitro studies, a Paralichthys olivaceus-derived embryo cell line (Hirame natural embryo cells; HINAE) was used to verify the proliferative effects of various intensities (20, 40, 80, and 120 μmol·m−2·s−1) of green LED (520 nm) light in 24-h light for seven days. In vivo studies, artificial wounds (4 mm in diameter) were made in flounders using a biopsy punch, and the wounds were exposed to green LED (520 nm) light at 20, 40, and 60 μmol·m−2·s−1, as well as ambient light as a control, in 12-h light/ dark cycles for 28 days. The results showed that 520 nm LED treatment at 40 μmol·m−2·s−1 significantly stimulated HINAE cell proliferation relative to ambient light (3 ± 1 μmol·m−2·s−1) and the 20, 80 and 120 μmol·m−2·s−1 LED intensity groups. The relative wound healing rate of fish exposed to 40 μmol·m−2·s−1 of green LED light was significantly higher than that of the other groups and showed a high expression of wound healing-related genes such as matrix metalloproteinase (mmp)-9, mmp-13, epidermal growth factor (egf), and vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf)-a. After the injuries, the survival rate of fish exposed to 520 nm LED light at an intensity of 60 μmol·m−2·s−1 was markedly lower (82%) than those of the control and 20 and 40 μmol·m−2·s−1-treated groups (over 95%). Stress-related factors such as catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the fish wound areas and serum glucose levels were significantly increased in the 60 μmol·m−2·s−1 exposure group, showing that prolonged exposure to strong light intensity could negatively affect physiology and wound healing. Therefore, the results showed that 40 μmol·m−2·s−1 intensity green LED (520 nm) light was the most effective light condition for accelerating wound healing in olive flounder.

The effects of sports lessons on emotions in the primary school

Aim
 Investigate the effect of various intensities of physical activity (PA) on subsequent positive and negative emotions of fourth- to sixth-grade students.
 Background
 PA can positively affect children’s mood and emotions and this has previously been suggested as one of the mechanisms by which PA promotes mental health, including cognitive function and well-being (the psychosocial hypothesis, Lubans et al., 2016). In particular, moderate (MPA) and vigorous (VPA) activity have been found to positively affect emotions in children and adolescents (e.g. Bourke et al., 2021; Dunton et al., 2014), with positive emotions more strongly affected by acute PA than negative ones (Bourke et al., 2021).
 Method
 Seventy-seven children in fourth to sixth grade from four primary schools in Oxfordshire (United Kingdom) took part in six physical education (PE) lessons. PE lessons varied in their targeted intensity (low, medium, and high) and complexity (each intensity once at low and once at high complexity). During the classroom lesson before and after each physical education lesson, participants reported their emotional state three times via an app on tablets, by rating eight emotions on a 5-point Likert scale.
 Results
 Both positive and negative emotions during PE predicted emotions in the classroom after PE. Greater PE lesson enjoyment led to increased positive emotions during PE, and more positive emotions were reported in the classroom after PE when lessons were higher in MPA. VPA led to decreased positive emotions during PE. On the other hand, negative emotions at the end of PE or in the classroom after PE were not affected by moderate (MPA) or vigorous (VPA) PA during PE, or the participants’ enjoyment of the PE lesson. Light PA did not have any significant effect on negative or positive emotions during or after PE. PA intensity did not affect PE lesson enjoyment.
 Conclusion
 Negative emotions were not affected by any PA intensity. Positive emotions responded differently depending on PA intensity. Independent of intensity, PE lesson enjoyment strongly improved positive emotions.
 References
 Bourke, M., Hilland, T. A., & Craike, M. (2021). A systematic review of the within-person association between physical activity and affect in children’s and adolescents’ daily lives. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 52, Article 101825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101825
 Dunton, G. F., Huh, J., Leventhal, A. M., Riggs, N., Hedeker, D., Spruijt-Metz, D., & Pentz, M. A. (2014). Momentary assessment of affect, physical feeling states, and physical activity in children. Health Psychology, 33(3), 255-263. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032640
 Lubans, D., Richards, J., Hillman, C., Faulkner, G., Beauchamp, M., Nilsson, M., Kelly, P., Smith, J., Raine, L., & Biddle, S. (2016). Physical activity for cognitive and mental health in youth: A systematic review of mechanisms. Pediatrics, 138(3), 1642–1656. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-1642

Intensity of Supplemental Greenhouse Lighting Affects Strawberry Plant Growth, Anthracnose Infection Response, and Colletotrichum Pathogen Development in Culture

The effect of supplemental lighting on strawberry growth and anthracnose disease response of three strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) cultivars was evaluated in two greenhouse trials, and the effect on strawberry anthracnose pathogens (Colletotrichum sp.) was evaluated in the laboratory. The objective of the greenhouse trials was to determine the effect of various intensities of the red and blue light emitting diode (LED) light treatment on strawberry plant vigor, injury, and disease development. In these trials, the duration of supplemental light treatments was split into two 4-hour periods: dawn and dusk. The intensity of the red and blue LED bulbs was set using an adjustable dial at 1 or 3 in trial 1 and at 1, 5, or 10 in trial 2. Illuminance and photosynthetic photon flux densities of the light treatments ranged from lows of 402 lx and 5 μmol⋅m–2⋅s–1 (blue LED 1) to highs of 575 lx and 25 μmol⋅m–2⋅s–1 (red LED 1 + blue LED 3) in trial 1, and from lows of 4213 lx and 81 μmol⋅m–2⋅s–1 (red LED 1) to highs of 7051 lx (red LED 5) and 194 μmol⋅m–2⋅s–1 (red LED 10) in trial 2. Lower light intensities in trial 1 resulted in no significant differences as a result of light treatments in relative chlorophyll content, plant vigor ratings, or disease severity ratings (DSRs). However, plant injury ratings were significantly greater in plants in the wide-spectrum fluorescent (WSF) plus ultraviolet B (UVB) light treatment compared with the other treatments. Under the higher light intensities in trial 2, there were more significant effects among light treatments. Relative chlorophyll content of plants in the WSF + UVB, WSF, and red LED 1 treatments was significantly greater than that of plants in the red LED 10 treatment; however, plants in the red LED 10 treatment had the greatest injury ratings. Detached leaves from plants in the red 5 LED and red 10 LED treatments inoculated with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides received the greatest DSRs, and leaves from plants in the red LED 1 and WSF treatments received the lowest DSRs. In the laboratory, five days of exposure to supplemental lights did not prevent the growth of isolates of three species of Colletotrichum pathogens even though the intensity of the LED lights was set at their highest intensity. However, growth of isolates exposed to the WSF + UVB light treatment was slowed.

Alteration in central vascular and cognitive functions during simulated work conditions in males – a secondary analysis from a randomised controlled trial

Background: Alteration in the central vascular hemodynamics is speculated to influence cognitive functions, including executive functions in young adults. Prolonged sitting is associated with compromised central vascular functions, which activity micro-breaks could mitigate. However, the association between the carotid vascular hemodynamic alteration and the executive functions is yet to be explored. Methods: We administered a randomised controlled trial investigating the effects of various intensities' micro-breaks on central vascular and cognitive functions during simulated work conditions for four hours. The carotid artery hemodynamics and cognitive functions were measured by Duplex ultrasound at 0th, 2nd and 4th hour and computer-based Flanker tests at 0th, 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th hour of visit days, respectively. From the randomised controlled trial, we extracted the secondary data of carotid artery hemodynamics and cognitive functions change at the 4th hour from the baseline and analysed for any relation. Results: Though we observed linear relation between the carotid artery hemodynamics and the executive functions, the relation was not statistically significant. we found a significant reduction in carotid artery diameter during prolonged sitting (0.03 cm [95%CI 0.01, 0.05]), velocity (10.35 cm/s [95%CI -2.85, 17.86]) and shear rate during interrupted sitting (174.39 [95%CI 65.67, 283.11]) We found increased accuracy during prolonged sitting (12.7% [95%CI 0.66, 24.81]) and sitting with light-intensity activity breaks (6.92% [95%CI 1.39, 12.44]). We did not find any significant relation between the change in central vascular functions (carotid artery diameter, velocity, shear rate and blood flow) and the cognitive functions during three different work conditions. Conclusion: Though a significant relation between carotid artery function and cognitive function could not be established, microbreaks can mitigate the vascular and cognitive risks associated with prolonged sitting.

Alteration in central vascular and cognitive functions during simulated work conditions in males – a secondary analysis from a randomised controlled trial

Background: Alteration in the central vascular hemodynamics is speculated to influence cognitive functions, including executive functions in young adults. Prolonged sitting is associated with compromised central vascular functions, which activity micro-breaks could mitigate. However, the association between the carotid vascular hemodynamic alteration and the executive functions is yet to be explored. Methods: We administered a randomised controlled trial investigating the effects of various intensities' micro-breaks on central vascular and cognitive functions during simulated work conditions for four hours. The carotid artery hemodynamics and cognitive functions were measured by Duplex ultrasound at 0th, 2nd and 4th hour and computer-based Flanker tests at 0th, 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th hour of visit days, respectively. From the randomised controlled trial, we extracted the secondary data of carotid artery hemodynamics and cognitive functions change at the 4th hour from the baseline and analysed for any relation. Results: Though we observed linear relation between the carotid artery hemodynamics and the executive functions, the relation was not statistically significant. we found a significant reduction in carotid artery diameter during prolonged sitting (0.03 cm [95%CI 0.01, 0.05]), velocity (10.35 cm/s [95%CI -2.85, 17.86]) and shear rate during interrupted sitting (174.39 [95%CI 65.67, 283.11]) We found increased accuracy during prolonged sitting (12.7% [95%CI 0.66, 24.81]) and sitting with light-intensity activity breaks (6.92% [95%CI 1.39, 12.44]). We did not find any significant relation between the change in central vascular functions (carotid artery diameter, velocity, shear rate and blood flow) and the cognitive functions during three different work conditions. Conclusion: Though a significant relation between carotid artery function and cognitive function could not be established, microbreaks can mitigate the vascular and cognitive risks associated with prolonged sitting.

Effects of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Intensity on Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Introduction: Bone fractures remain a common injury. Nonunion fractures are often a serious complication where delays in tissue regeneration occur. The use of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) for treatment has been studied for years, having reportedly been able to enhance bone regeneration. However, as various PEMF parameters can affect cellular properties differently, it is necessary to adjust each PEMF parameter to achieve the optimal regeneration. Methods: Primary rabbit mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs) were cultured in vitro in two types of media, namely nondifferentiation and osteogenic differentiation media. The effect of various intensities of PEMF was assessed by evaluating properties such as cellular metabolism, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation at different time points. Results: The findings suggest that PEMFs had no adverse effect on cellular morphology and mineralization. In contrast, increased metabolic activity was observed at higher PEMF intensity, whereas moderate PEMF intensities had the strongest effect on cell proliferation in both types of culture media. A comparison study was also done between the primary rMSCs against the MC3T3-E1 cells from a previously published article. It was shown that PEMFs improved cell metabolism of MSCs, while maintaining the metabolic activity of MC3T3. Conclusions: PEMFs generally improved cell proliferation for both cell types, whereas leaving cell mineralization unaffected. Taken together, it can be understood that the optimal application of PEMF stimulus, along with the right cell types, is indeed crucial in achieving effective bone regeneration in vitro.

Siesmic Response of Single Pile Soil Structure Interaction Effect of Cordera bridge foundation

The response of single pile foundations to the dynamic loads is considered in this paper. The behaviour of such foundation is important specifically in case of earthquake excitation through the supporting soil medium. An axisymmetric finite element model has been implemented to simulate the behaviour of pile in relatively clayey soil deposit using Abaqus software including the soil structure interaction effect soil system. Eight node axisymmetric quadrilateral element CAX8R used to simulate the soil continuum. Contact behaviour between the single pile part and the part of soil was simulated using the ‘surface to surface’ contact method with master-slave concept. Furthermore, the pile behaviour material has been simulated with a linear elastic model while, soil material has been simulated with an elasto-plastic model “Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion”. Two different excitation have been adopted during the analysis: El-Centro and Ali-Algharbi earthquakes in order to investigate the effect of various intensities. The results of the analysis demonstrate alteration in the relative displacement and stresses along the pile with different soil layer and different stiffness with both earthquake excitations.

Effect of various intensities of aerobic training on resting pulse rate

The purpose of the study was to find out the effects of different intensities of aerobic training on resting pulse rate. To achieve this purpose of the study, forty-five men students studying in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Chidambaram were selected as subjects at random. The selected subjects were divided into three equal groups of fifteen subjects each, such as low intensity aerobic training group, high intensity aerobic training group and control group. The group I underwent low intensity aerobic training programme and group II underwent high intensity aerobic training programme for three days per week for twelve weeks. Group III acted as control who did not participate any special training programmes apart from their regular physical education activities as per their curriculum. Among the physiological parameters, the following variable namely resting pulse rate was selected as criterion variable. All the subjects of three groups were tested on selected dependent variables at prior to and immediately after the training programme. The analysis of covariance was used to analyze the significant difference, if any among the groups. The .05 level of confidence was fixed as the level of significance to test the “F” ratio obtained by the analysis of covariance, which was considered as an appropriate. The results of the study revealed that there was a significant difference among low intensity aerobic training group, high intensity aerobic training group and control group on resting pulse rate. And also it was found that there was a significant reduction on resting pulse rate due to high intensity aerobic training.

Influence of varying intensities of water-jet force on autologous fat draft viability: an in-vitro study

Objective To observe the effect of varying intensities of water-jet force on autologous fat graft viability. Methods Lipoaspirate was taken from 12 female patients undergoing water-jet assisted abdominal liposuction at our department. According to the intensity of water-jet force, the experimental group was divided into four subgroups: R1 (pressure, 30 bar), R2 (pressure, 50 bar), R3 (pressure, 70 bar) and R4 (pressure, 90 bar). Hand-held suction was taken as the control group C. Adipose tissue was filtered with cotton cushion and centrifuged at low speed, and the composition ratio of water and fat tissue from each group was observed. Calcein-AM/Hoechst 33342 staining was used to detect the viability of adipocytes. Results Fat aspirates was divided into four layers: oil layer, pure fat tissue, liquid and bottom sediment. Oil ratios of R1, R2, R3, R4 and C were (8.9±2.3)%, (9.6±2.1)%, (10.3±1.3)%, (14.2±1.6)% and (9.5±1.8)%, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between R1, R2, R3 and C (P>0. 05). Statistically significant difference was found between R4 and other groups (P 0.05). Statistically significant difference was found between R3, R4 and C (P<0.05). Conclusions Viability of fat graft harvested under lower intensity of water-jet force (R1, R2) is higher than that harvested under higher intensity of water-jet force (R3, R4). Key words: Breast Beauty; Transplantation; Abdominal fat; Water-jet system; Calcein-AM/Hoechst 33342 staining; Intensity of water-jet force

Effect of Various Intensities of Circuit Resistance Training on Plasma Levels of High-Density Lipoprotein-Associated Apolipoprotein O, Total Cholesterol and Triglyceride in Untrained Men

Effect of Various Intensities of Circuit Resistance Training on Plasma Levels of High-Density Lipoprotein-Associated Apolipoprotein O, Total Cholesterol and Triglyceride in Untrained Men

Effects of Various Intensities and Wavelengths of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) on the Growth of the Prasinophytes Tetraselmis suecica and T. tetrathele

Effects of Various Intensities and Wavelengths of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) on the Growth of the Prasinophytes Tetraselmis suecica and T. tetrathele

Long-term investigations and experimental manipulations: Useful perspectives for applied vegetation studies

Long-term investigations and experimental manipulations: Useful perspectives for applied vegetation studies

Experiment‐based recommendations for biodiversity‐friendly management of mountain hay meadows

AbstractQuestionThe biodiversity of mountain hay meadows has historically been maintained through traditional, low‐intensity farming practices. In recent decades, however, agricultural intensification for hay production has led to dramatic declines in their biodiversity. This study asks: which management practices can contribute to maintaining the biodiversity value of mountain hay meadows without jeopardizing agricultural revenue?LocationEleven semi‐natural meadows, canton of Valais, inner Alps, southwest Switzerland.MethodsWe experimentally measured the effects of various intensities of fertilization (slurry) and aerial irrigation (sprinklers) on the taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity of plants. The experiment consisted of six different treatments, each randomly applied to one of six plots within a meadow. A plot therefore was (1) not irrigated and only fertilized with slurry, (2) not fertilized and only irrigated with a sprinkler, (3–5) receiving low, medium or high amounts of both fertilizer and water, respectively, or (6) receiving no input of irrigation or fertilizer (control plots).ResultsAfter 4 yr, all biodiversity metrics were negatively impacted under the highest management intensity (irrigation combined with fertilization at concentrations corresponding to the input necessary to achieve maximum local hay yield, i.e. three‐thirds of inputs). In contrast, at low‐ and mid‐intensity management levels (irrigation combined with fertilization at one‐third and two‐thirds of the maximum concentration, respectively) most diversity metrics did not differ from the controls, except for forb species richness, which was already reduced under mid‐intensity management compared to low‐intensity and control plots. Neither irrigation nor fertilization alone had a negative impact on plant biodiversity.ConclusionsLow to moderate agricultural intensification of hay production does not appear to be detrimental to plant biodiversity among mountain meadows. These results suggest that sustainable management would be obtained via irrigation and fertilization corresponding to one‐third to two‐thirds of the quantity necessary to achieve maximum local hay yield.

Effect of Various Intensities of Short-Term Interval Training on Oxygen Uptake Kinetics

Oxygen (O2) uptake kinetics reflect the rate at which an individual’s oxygen consumption (VO2) changes to meet a new metabolic demand, such as an increase or decrease in exercise intensity. O2 uptake kinetics can indicate cardiovascular and metabolic fitness and are described by the time variable, τ (tau), of the exponential equation describing the change in VO2. With training τ decreases, indicating a more rapid increase in VO2 to meet the new metabolic demand. Interval training at supramaximal (&gt;100% VO2max) intensities has been shown to elicit similar improvements in O2 uptake kinetics to traditional endurance training. This study looked to determine the optimal intensity of interval training for eliciting improvements in O2 uptake kinetics. Fifteen recreationally active individuals (males: n=9, age = 23.3±3.3 years, VO2max = 44.2±6.5 ml O2•min-1•kg-1; females: n=6, age = 21.5±0.7 years, VO2max = 39.7±5.4 ml O2•min-1•kg-1) participated in 12 training sessions over 4 weeks. To measure O2 uptake kinetics subjects completed three step transitions from loadless (~25W) to low work-rate (~80W) cycling, prior and following training. Each subject was randomly assigned to one of three intensities - high-intensity interval training (HIIT ~120% VO2max), moderate-intensity interval training (MIIT ~90% VO2max), and low-intensity interval training (LIIT ~65% VO2max). Each session consisted of 8-12 intervals of 1-minute duration with 1-minute recovery on a stationary bicycle at the prescribed relative intensity. No significant differences between groups were observed in changes in τ (Δτ: LIIT: 3.1±8.3s; MIIT: -0.59±12.4s; HIIT: 6.2±6.0s).

Effects of varied intensities of walking and jogging programme on resting pulse rate among the middle aged men.

The reason of the present investigation was to observe the “effects of varied intensities of walking and jogging programme on Resting Pulse Rate among the middle aged men.” Sixty middle-aged men from Palakad Town, Kerala, were selected as subjects at random. The age of the subjects ranged from 35 to 58 years. The selected subjects were divided into three experimental groups and a control group. Group -I designed for Low Intensity of Walking and Jogging (LI-WJ) group – II designed for Moderate Intensity of Walking and Jogging group (MI-WJ), Group – III designed for High Intensity of Walking and Jogging group (HI-WJ) and Group – IV served as control group (CG). The Resting Pulse Rate was chosen as criterion variable. All the subjects of four groups were tested on Resting Pulse Rate at prior and immediately after the programme of twelve weeks. The data was collect for all the groups on Resting Pulse Rate by using radial pulse count; the unit of the measurement was in beats per minute. The data were collect from the four groups before and after the training programme. Analysis of covariance was use to find out the adjusted post test mean difference of four groups, and Scheffe's post hoc test was used to find out pair-wise comparisons between groups. The study revealed that there was a significant difference among the low intensity, moderate intensity, high intensity of walking and jogging group and control croup. Moderate intensity of walking and jogging programme was more influenced on the performance of resting pulse rate among the middle-aged men population.

Intensity of blue LED light: A potential stimulus for biomass and lipid content in fresh water microalgae Chlorella vulgaris

Light quality and the intensity are key factors which render microalgae as a potential source of biodiesel. In this study the effects of various intensities of blue light and its photoperiods on the growth and lipid content of Chlorella vulgaris were investigated by using LED (Light Emitting Diode) in batch culture. C. vulgaris was grown for 13 days at three different light intensities (100, 200 and 300 μmol m(-2)s(-1)). Effect of three different light and dark regimes (12:12, 16:08 and 24:00 h Light:Dark) were investigated for each light intensity at 25°C culture temperature. Maximum lipid content (23.5%) was obtained due to high efficiency and deep penetration of 200 μmol m(-2)s(-1) of blue light (12:12 L:D) with improved specific growth (1.26 d(-1)) within reduced cultivation time of 8 days. White light could produce 20.9% lipid content in 10 days at 16:08 h L:D.

The effect of various intensities of physical activity and chronic inflammation in men and women by diabetes status in a national sample

Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) has been shown to be inversely associated with C-reactive protein (CRP); however, the association between light intensity physical activity (LPA), and CRP is unknown. Our findings suggest that focusing on increasing MVPA, relative to LPA, may have a greater impact on inflammation regardless of diabetes status.

Species introduction – a major topic in vegetation restoration

Holzel, N. (corresponding author, nhoelzel@uni-muenster.de): Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Munster, Robert-Koch-Str. 28, 48149, Munster, Germany Buisson, E. (elise.buisson@univ-avignon.fr) & Dutoit, T. (thierry.dutoit@univ-avignon.fr): Institut Mediterraneen d’Ecologie et de Paleoecologie (UMR CNRS/IRD), IUT, Universite d’Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, site Agroparc BP 61207, 84 911, Avignon Cedex 09, France