Effect Of Temporal Distance Research Articles

Does Temporal Distance Influence Abstraction? A Large Pre-Registered Experiment

Construal level theory has been extraordinarily generative both within and beyond social psychology, yet the individual effects that form the empirical foundation of the theory have yet to be carefully probed and precisely estimated using large samples and preregistered analysis plans. In a highly powered and preregistered study, we tested the effect of temporal distance on abstraction, using one of the most common operationalizations of temporal distance (thinking about a future point in time that is one day vs. one year from today) and one of the most common operationalizations of abstraction (preference for more abstract vs. concrete action representations, as assessed by the Behavioral Identification Form). Participants preferred significantly more abstract action representations in the distant (vs. near) future condition, with an effect size of d = .276, 95% CI [.097, .455]. We discuss implications, future directions, and constraints on the generality of these results.

Did I visit the polar bear before the giraffe? Examining memory for temporal order and the temporal distance effect in early to middle childhood

SummaryMemory for the temporal order of past events is a critical capacity; however, relatively little is known about its development and the processes that support it in early to middle childhood. The aim of this study was to examine children's memory for the temporal order of real‐world events. Four–five‐year‐old (n = 36), 6–7‐year‐old (n = 45) and 8–10‐year‐old (n = 46) children participated in a week‐long camp at a local zoo, which involved engaging activities and visits to animals each day. On the last day of camp, we tested children's memory for the order of pairs of animals visited. The elapsed time (lag) between event pairs was manipulated to test whether children's accuracy would show the temporal distance effect and give us insights into the processes supporting temporal memory. We found that 8–10‐year‐olds, but not younger groups, showed the temporal distance effect. Implications for our understanding of the cognitive processes supporting temporal memory development are discussed.

Evaluating the Effects of Temporal Distance on Tourists Decision-Making Processes

Evaluating the Effects of Temporal Distance on Tourists Decision-Making Processes

Improving the Design of Information Security Messages by Leveraging the Effects of Temporal Distance and Argument Nature

A substantial amount of previous research has examined the efficacy of fear appeals to elicit security-enhancing behaviors from users. However, despite more than a decade of research on fear appeals in security contexts, researchers have yet to understand which factors drive users’ responses to fear appeals. Instead, the literature is riddled with inconsistent findings on the antecedents that predict fear-appeal outcomes, fueling controversy and inhibiting progress on the problem. This research addresses the inconsistent findings by using construal level theory (CLT) to explain how temporal distance and argument nature affect fear-appeal appraisal. Based on two online experiments, we report evidence showing that temporal distance determines which antecedents drive fear-appeal outcomes, which helps explain inconsistent results found in prior literature. Moreover, we found that depending on the temporal distance condition, argument nature (i.e., “how” or “why” arguments) can impact the effectiveness of fear appeals. Overall, our findings refine the understanding of when certain factors influence users’ responses to fear appeals and provide guidance for future research on how to create more effective fear appeals.

Misinformation Sharing on Twitter During Zika: An Investigation of the Effect of Threat and Distance

Recently, health-related misinformation has plagued social media. We investigate the behavior of misinformation sharing on Twitter. We argue that misinformation sharing is likely to be influenced by the distance to the health crisis as afforded by Twitter. This article investigates three types of distances, namely social (personal relations), spatial (geometric), and temporal (time gap). We address three research questions in the context of Zika virus: first, how does social, spatial, and temporal distances affect the threat appeal of a misinformation message? Second, how does social, spatial, and temporal distances influence misinformation sharing? Third, how does the effect of social, spatial, and temporal distances on misinformation sharing varies based on the influence afforded by Twitter? The results indicate the negative effect of social and temporal distances on threat appeal, and the negative effect of spatial distance on misinformation sharing. The results also indicate the negative effect of temporal distance on misinformation sharing for more influential Tweeters and the negative effect of social and spatial distance on misinformation sharing for less influential Tweeters.

Age-related alterations of default mode network in autobiographical memory: Recent versus remote events

Previous studies have shown that the vividness of autobiographical memory decreases over time, and older adults often retrieve fewer details than young adults. However, the age-by-temporal distance (i.e., recent versus remote events) effect on autobiographical memory and underlying neural mechanisms are less understood. We recruited 25 young adults and 27 older adults to perform an fMRI-adapted autobiographical memory task with different temporal distances. The results showed that older adults’ vividness ratings were generally higher than that of young adults, but were less sensitive to temporal distances. For neural imaging, an age-by-temporal distance effect was found in the left precuneus, manifested as young adults had more activation for recent events than for remote events, whereas no temporal distance effect was found in older adults. Interestingly, for older adults, the temporal distance effect was reflected by functional connectivity within the default mode network (DMN), with a stronger anterior DMN-posterior DMN coupling for remote events than for recent events, whereas no temporal distance difference on functional connectivity was found in young adults. The results suggest that older adults exhibit age-related neural differences in both activation and functional connectivity during the processing of autobiographical memory with different temporal distances, shedding new light for the understanding of the relationship between the DMN, autobiographical memory, and aging.

Discounting environmental policy: The effects of psychological distance over time and space

Many environmental policies are characterized by long time horizons (e.g., multiple generations) and high geographic dispersion (e.g., multiple countries). In this study, we use theories of psychological distance and the method of conjoint experimentation to disentangle the extent to which different dimensions of the perceived distance associated with a policy's impacts may undermine support for environmental policy and help explain the lack of urgency typically associated with such policies. We find that temporal distance in decades has a roughly linear effect on support over 50 years, where the further into the future benefits are expected, the lower support is. By contrast we find that spatial distance appears to have a shift where support is stronger when benefits fall within one's country as compared to beyond, but are not better for one's local region as compared to one's country. Comparing the magnitude of effects of spatial and temporal distance, we find that, compared to benefits in the here and now, benefits that arrive 30–40 years into the future are discounted about as much as policies that only benefit people outside of one's country now. Controlling for the effects of temporal and spatial distance, we still find that policies that aim to help the environment receive less support. However, this is not true of policies that address more concrete environmental problems (e.g. natural disasters). Given a richer understanding of the relationship between psychological distance and environmental policy support, we discuss ways one may address this elusive problem.

Distant Temporal Distance and Creative Thinking: The Mediating Role of Promotion Motivation.

The present study examined the effect of distant temporal distance on creative thinking and the underlying motivation mechanism. We tested our hypotheses in four studies. In Studies 1–4, participants in the distant temporal distance opposed to the proximal temporal distance performed better on a series of creative thinking tasks: the Verbal Divergent Thinking Test (Study 1), the Chinese Remote Associates Test (Study 2), the Toy Design Task (Study 3) and the Ad Evaluation Task (Study 4). Moreover, Studies 2 and 3 found that promotion motivation mediated the beneficial effect of distant temporal distance on the performance of the two creative thinking tasks. In conclusion, distant temporal distance facilitated creative thinking, and promotion motivation mediated this beneficial effect.

Can time soften your opinion? The influence of consumer experience valence and review device type on restaurant evaluation

Abstract The objective of this study is to investigate how review temporal distance influences the conformity of consumer restaurant review ratings. By employing an innovative dataset pairing consumer reservation records and consumer online reviews, the findings of this study indicate that (1) in general, temporal distance has a positive influence on restaurant evaluation conformity; (2) consumption experience valence moderates the influence of review temporal distance on restaurant evaluation conformity, with a negative dining experience strengthening the positive effects; (3) review device moderates the influence of review temporal distance on review conformity, with reviews posted via mobile devices weakening the positive effect of temporal distance; and (4) compared to reviews posted via PCs, mobile reviewers appear less likely to be influenced by prior reviews. Findings from this study provide practical insights for restaurants’ management of online reviews.

The Effects of Temporal Distance on Intra-Firm Communication: Evidence from Daylight Savings Time

Cross-border communication costs have plummeted and enabled the global distribution of work, but frictions attributable to distance persist. We estimate the causal effects of temporal distance stemming from time zone differences on intra-firm communication. We argue that temporal distance reduces synchronous and impromptu communication from first-best levels, and presents an especially costly friction for knowledge-intensive work. Exploiting detailed data from a large multinational firm and discrete changes in temporal distance due to shifts to and from Daylight Savings Time, we show that office pairs that lose one or two shared business hours due to DST reduce their total communication volumes by 9.2 percent on average from baseline levels, an effect driven by decreases in scheduled calls & meetings (-10.7 percent) and in instant-message chat volumes (-8.7 percent). When office pairs gain one or two shared business hours, volumes of unscheduled calls increase (+17.6 percent). Volumes of asynchronous communication (e-mail), in contrast, show no significant responses to changes in temporal distance. Examining heterogeneity by employee function, we find evidence that the shadow value of additional shared time is higher for knowledge-intensive (RD however, such adjustments do not fully offset lost communication during business hours. We discuss the implications of our findings for distributed work and for firms’ spatial organization.

Close or Distant Past? The Role of Temporal Distance in Responses to Intergroup Violence From Victim and Perpetrator Perspectives.

In two different intergroup contexts, three studies investigated the role of temporal distance in responses to intergroup violence from both victim and perpetrator perspectives. In the context of the conflict between Serbs and Bosniaks, Study 1 showed that whereas increased subjective temporal distance predicted less support for justice-restoring efforts and less outgroup empathy among the perpetrator group (Serbs), it predicted more conciliatory, pro-outgroup attitudes among the victim group (Bosniaks). Furthermore, Bosniaks perceived the war as temporally closer than did Serbs. In the context of the U.S.–Iran conflict, Study 2 provided a partial conceptual replication of Study 1 and demonstrated that ingroup glorification motivated more temporal distancing among perpetrators and less temporal distancing among victims. Study 3 further established the causal effects of temporal distance on intergroup outcomes, and that these effects were moderated by glorification. Implications for post-conflict peacebuilding are discussed.

Adaptive Psychological Distance: A Survival Perceived Temporal Distance Effect

Perceived temporal distance is explored using an evolutionary-functionalist perspective. Participants imagine themselves in one of three future scenarios: a survival scenario, a high-effort scenario, and a low-effort scenario. After imagining themselves in a future scenario, participants make a judgment of perceived temporal distance. Results suggest a survival perceived temporal distance effect (SPTD effect). Participants report the survival scenario feels closer to them in time than the high-effort and low-effort scenarios in experiments using a within-subjects design (Experiment 1) and a between-subjects design (Experiment 2). The perceived temporal closeness of a future survival scenario is highly adaptive as it motivates effective preparation for a future event of great importance. Furthermore, the perceived temporal distance findings reported here taken together with past research on perceived spatial distance illustrate the value of the functional perspective when conducting research on psychological distance. The SPTD effect is likely related to the well-documented survival-processing memory effect and is consistent with research demonstrating the cognitive overlap between remembering past events and imagining future events.

노스탤지어와 지각된 새로움을 기준으로 분류한 제품유형이 제품태도와 구매의도에 미치는 영향: 과거의 시간적 거리감을 조절변인으로

본 연구는 최근 드라마, 영화, 패션, 음식, 제품 등 다양한 분야에서 많은 관심을 끌고 있는 레트로 현상의 효과를 검증하고자 진행되었다. 제품으로부터 지각된 노스탤지어와 지각된 새로움을 중심으로 제품유형을 과거지향 제품, 레트로 제품, 그리고 현대지향제품으로 구분하였고 3가지 제품유형이 소비자가 경험하는 과거의 시간적 거리감과 상호작용하여 소비자의 제품에 대한 태도와 구매의도에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 알아보았다. 주요 연구결과를 살펴보면 우선, 제품유형별로는 레트로 제품이 과거지향 제품이나 현대지향 제품과 비교하여 제품에 대한 태도와 구매의도에서 더 호의적인 반응이 나타났고 과거지향 제품과 현대지향 제품의 비교에서는 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그리고 제품유형과 과거의 시간적 거리감을 동시에 고려한 상호작용 효과는 유의미한 결과를 보여주었다. 제품을 먼 과거의 사건이라고 해석한 조건에서는 레트로 제품 또는 과거지향 제품이 현대지향 제품보다 제품에 대한 태도와 구매의도에서 더 긍정적인 것으로 나타났고, 제품을 가까운 과거의 사건이라 해석한 조건에서는 레트로 제품 또는 현대지향 제품이 과거지향 제품보다 더 긍정적인 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 과거의 시간적 거리감에 대한 제품태도와 구매의도에서의 주효과는 유의하지 않았다. 본 연구는 시대적 변화에 따른 불확실한 상황에서 레트로 제품이 갖는 특징이 과거의 심리적 거리감과 어떠한 관련성을 갖고 소비자 반응에 영향을 주는지를 검토하고, 새로운 제품 사용에 따른 소비자의 불안한 심리를 줄이는데 기여할 수 있다는 점을 실험연구를 통해 실증적으로 확인하였다는 데에서 그 의미를 찾을 수 있다. 본 연구가 갖는 시사점은 레트로 제품이 소비자에게 긍정적인 반응을 불러일으키기 위해서는 과거의 향수를 자극하는 것만으로는 충분하지 않고 제품의 효용성이 동반되어야 함을 보여준다는 사실을 도출한 점이며, 이는 선행연구(Laurence & Ackermann 2013)와 일치하는 결과이다. 따라서 레트로 제품에 대한 소비자 반응은 과거의 향수를 자극하는 시간적 거리감에 따라서 달라짐으로 이를 고려한 레트로 마케팅 또는 레트로 광고가 요구된다.

How social exclusion and temporal distance influence product choices: the role of coping strategies

PurposeWe examine how social exclusion and temporal distance (i.e. being socially excluded in the present or the anticipation of exclusion in the future) shape whether people choose hedonic or utilitarian products.Design/methodology/approachWe conduct four experiments to test the hypotheses. Study 1a and study 1b provide the initial evidence that consumers strategically engage in differentiation in response to social exclusion in the present and in the future. Study 2 and study 3 replicate the basic interaction effect of social exclusion and temporal distance on product choices and test the underlying mechanism.FindingsWe find that temporal distance affects consumer product choices through people’s coping strategies. When consumers are socially excluded, they are more likely to have a problem-solving tendency and more likely to choose utilitarian products. In contrast, when consumers imagine being socially excluded in the future, they are more likely to have to use emotions to solve problems and choose hedonic products.Originality/valueOur study contributes to the literature in several ways. First, it deepens our understanding of the psychological drivers of social exclusion in consumer research. Second, it offers insights into understanding prior findings that document both problem-solving and emotion-regulating behavior in response to social exclusion. Third, by showing that social exclusion and temporal distance can influence the type of products selected, our findings contribute to a new stream of work that examines the impact of people’s fundamental desire for control on consumer behavior.

Temporal Distance and Descriptive Norms on Environmental Behaviors: A Cross-Cultural Examination of Construal-Level Theory

Rapid urbanization has beset sustainable consumption. Although many countries are increasingly taking pro-environmental stances, most countries continue to have a low recycling rate and a high littering rate. This study examines the effect of temporal distance as a part of Construal-Level Theory and descriptive norms on pro- and contra-environmental behaviors (i.e., recycling and littering) cross-culturally. Participants were recruited from the United States and South Korea, and randomly assigned to one of five versions of the survey. Findings indicated stronger intention to recycle for the distant future (only 3-year) and no significant difference for littering. Americans showed higher likelihood to recycle than Koreans while Koreans showed higher likelihood to litter when temporal distance was disregarded. Situational descriptive norms showed significant differences cross-culturally, but the interaction of culture and time distance was not visible. Theoretical implications for Construal-Level Theory research and practical implications for environmental policymakers in encouraging pro-environmental behaviors are discussed.

Improving the Design of Information Security Messages by Leveraging the Effects of Temporal Distance and Argument Nature

A substantial amount of previous research has examined the efficacy of fear appeals to elicit security-enhancing behaviors from users. However, despite more than a decade of research on fear appeals in security contexts, researchers have yet to understand which factors drive users’ responses to fear appeals. Instead, the literature is riddled with inconsistent findings on the antecedents that predict fear-appeal outcomes, fueling controversy over, and inhibiting progress, on the problem. This research addresses the inconsistent findings by using construal level theory (CLT) to explain how temporal distance and argument nature affect fear-appeal appraisal. Based on two online experiments, we report evidence that temporal distance determines which antecedents drive fear-appeal outcomes, which helps explain inconsistent results found in prior literature. Moreover, we found that depending on the temporal distance condition, argument nature (i.e., how or why arguments) can affect the effectiveness of fear appeals. Overall, our findings refine understanding of when certain factors influence users’ responses to fear-appeals and provide guidance for future research on how to create more effective fear appeals.

The moderating effect of temporal distance on partitioned vs combined pricing

PurposeThis paper aims to explore how temporal distance influences the evaluation of partitioned pricing.Design/methodology/approachThe effect of temporal distance on the effectiveness of partitioned pricing is tested using data collected through experiments in the USA.FindingsStudy 1 reveals that people perceive partitioned pricing as more attractive than combined pricing, but only for a distant event. Study 2 reveals that individuals predisposed to global information processing perceive partitioned pricing as more attractive than combined pricing. However, for individuals who commonly engage in local processing, combined pricing was equally attractive as partitioned pricing. In Study 3, the authors examine a boundary condition and find that the joint effect of temporal distance and partitioned pricing is attenuated when the purchase is made for a gift in which consumers are assumed to pay less attention to a surcharge. In Study 4, the authors examine how partitioned pricing influences a consumer’s choice in terms of temporal distance.Practical implicationsThe findings provide practical guidelines to business leaders looking for practical guidelines for pricing policy decisions.Originality/valuePrevious research shows that partitioned pricing is more effective in increasing consumers’ purchase intention and demand than combined pricing. In the present research, the authors introduce temporal distance as an important moderator that affects the effectiveness of partitioned pricing.

When goals loom darker: Goal ambivalence moderates the effect of goal proximity on goal‐related motivation

AbstractThis research extends previous work on the self‐regulation of goal striving as well as effects of temporal and psychological distance on motivation. Borrowing from classic work on goal gradients and approach‐avoidance conflicts, we predicted that the experience of ambivalence toward a personal goal moderates the extent to which feeling or being close to goal attainment affects motivation, such that greater proximity to the goal has a negative effect on motivation at higher levels of experienced goal ambivalence. We find evidence for the hypothesized effect across three studies examining different goals (pursuing a degree, running a half‐marathon) with varying operationalizations of goal proximity (self‐reported, manipulated, temporal) and motivation (goal commitment, intention strength). These results validate that classic concepts of motivation science such as goal gradients and approach‐avoidance conflict are both relevant and applicable to the everyday pursuit of self‐set personal goals.

The Effect of Temporal Distance on Risk Perception and Behavioral Intention

The Effect of Temporal Distance on Risk Perception and Behavioral Intention

Effects of Brand Reputation and Temporal Distance on Purchase Intention of Innovative High-tech New Products

Effects of Brand Reputation and Temporal Distance on Purchase Intention of Innovative High-tech New Products