Development Of Effective Technologies Research Articles

Neural network-based virtual backbone tree construction and dynamic sink implementation to enhance the lifetime of the network and minimise the energy consumption

With the effect of technological development, the primary objective of this research aims at retaining the energy level of the sensor node for a long period in the wireless sensor network. Ensuring negligible energy drop leads to long life for the network. Secure group key management technique is imposed to solve the security problem such as authentication, confidentiality and scalability. Cluster key and master key is exclusively used in the network to protect the sensed information while communication between nodes takes place. Static and movable mobile sinks are deployed to enhance the lifetimes of the sensors in the network. Initially, the static mobile sinks act as a trusted third party for computing and distributing keys between sensor nodes and the clusters. Further, movable sinks are used to receive sensed data from the sensor where it is being located which avoids unnecessary event of choosing new cluster head often. The energy is retained, since the presence of trusted third party sink performs all the computations of cluster head. Computation is reduced in cluster head thereby increases the life time of the particular cluster. Outcomes of experiments prove that the suggested technique produced better results compared to related study.

The effects of technological development on fisheries production

Demand for seafood is continuously growing, while fish resources have been progressively exploited. Many countries treat technological development as a catalyst to improve the productivity of aquaculture and sustainable development of capture fisheries and they support fisheries technological development through government R&D expenditures. This study estimates the effects of fisheries technological development stimulated by government R&D expenditures on fisheries production aggregated by capture and aquaculture. Understanding the structure and dynamics of complex systems in the fisheries industry is necessary to analyze the effects of technological development. Thus, this study constructs a fisheries technology input–output-outcome system to demonstrate the systematic flow of technological effects. Based on the flow of technological effects, the relationships between inputs, fisheries technological development, and fisheries production are estimated by the mediated path analysis. From the path analysis conducted, it was found that fisheries technological development positively influence fisheries production. Fisheries technology development in this study is based on R&D activities supported by government funds. Such results imply that the input of government R&D expenditure stimulates R&D activities in the fisheries industry and that technology development from R&D activities leads to increases in fisheries production.

Mapping extended technological trajectories: integration of main path, derivative paths, and technology junctures

Technological trajectory is an attractive concept, but is hard to be operationalized. Challenging this issue, we suggest an extended technological trajectory method. It identifies not only the single main path, but derivative paths emanating from technology junctures on the main path. Convergence and divergence of technologies occur on junctures that are identified by using three indicators of technology generality, path-specific generality and path-specific novelty. Dynamic technology tree allows researchers to identify product component—patent linkages in a structured way, deepening our understanding about effects of technological developments on a product. In practice, our approach can help researchers better identify technologically related opportunities, thereby triggering the process from well-focused technology portfolio to technological advantages. High voltage direct current transmission technology is exemplified.

Wspólnoty intencjonalne jako przykład alternatywnego stylu życia

Intentional communities as an example of an alternative lifestyleContemporary society is living in times of signifi cant cultural changes, which is a consequence of technological development, globalization and social awareness. Distributed by mass media and producers consumerist lifestyle are no longer attractive to society. The result is an attempt to find an alternative. The gradual transformation of value systems often leads to choices that correspond to the concept of sustainable development. Society community, cultural spiritual and ecological integration is realized by intentional communities. The most popular types of such housing community are ecovillages, and cohousings. Choosing the location and form of residence is a decision that affects the quality and style of life. Rebuilding your own lifestyle in line with the idea of sustainable development is a very difficult transition. The easiest way for society is submission to consumerism. This means that an in-depth analysis of own needs is required and often resignation of the desires, comforts and other amenities that are preferred over the common good. The importance of the problem is emphasized by the increasing demands of society that sustainable development is not a choice and a necessity leading to an improvement in the quality of life of present and future generations. The article attempts to present a new approach to sustainable development as an alternative to the consumerist lifestyle, in addition to identifying the types of intentional communities and assessing their development prospects.

‘Food from Nowhere’: Food, Fuel and the Fantastical

Science fiction (sf) has repeatedly explored the social and environmental consequences of technological developments in food and energy production. Never before have these explorations been of more importance and significance; recent shifts in resource extraction and processing (by both fossil fuel and ‘biofuel’ companies) have dramatically increased the reach and destructiveness of industrial food and energy production, as well as the extent of their entanglement. This article will begin by giving an indication of the reach and impacts of modern biofuel production, followed by a brief examination of the ‘food sovereignty’ movement and the theoretical frameworks and practical strategies that underpin it.Through the lens of the ‘food sovereignty’ movement, the article examines the ways in which sf writing and culture has explored the entanglement of food and energy regimes. Taking three aspects developed from the ‘six pillars’ of food sovereignty – political power, ecological integration and the fantastical – I examine three sf texts which place at their centre concerns over the entanglement of food and energy regimes. As I go on to demonstrate, all three texts – Robert A. Heinlein’s The Moon is a Harsh Mistress (1966), the British post-apocalyptic TV show Survivors (1975–7), and Paolo Bacigalupi’s The Windup Girl (2009) – use elements of the fantastical to explore and make visible effects which are rarely seen or only understood in the abstract language of international political economy. I then conclude by reflecting on the urgent need apply these insights in the struggle for a fairer and more sustainable food system.

Effects of technological development and electricity price reductions on adoption of residential heat pumps in Ontario, Canada

Home heating accounts for most of the residential energy use in Canada. While natural gas, oil-fired furnaces, and electric resistance are the dominant heating system choices, heat pumps have become a viable alternative. Heat pumps with lower minimum operating temperatures and better performance are increasing both their effectiveness and their number of hours of useful service. In this study, we apply System Dynamics to analyze the effects of technological development on the rate at which homeowners adopt residential air source heat pumps. We test the effects of low, moderate and high rates of technological development, as well as reduced electricity and carbon pricing on the predicted rate of adoption in Ontario. From the perspective of the use stage in life cycle assessment, we estimate energy savings and greenhouse gas emission reductions. We predict that using heat pumps will substantially reduce overall energy consumption, and in Ontario, where electricity is generated with little use of fossil fuels, it will also reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

NEURAL NETWORK BASED VIRTUAL BACKBONE TREE CONSTRUCTION AND DYNAMIC SINK IMPLEMENTATION TO ENHANCE THE LIFETIME OF THE NETWORK AND MINIMIZE THE ENERGY CONSUMPTION

With the effect of technological development, the primary objective of this research aims at retaining the energy level of the sensor node for a long period in the wireless sensor network. Ensuring negligible energy drop leads to long life for the network. Secure group key management technique is imposed to solve the security problem such as authentication, confidentiality and scalability. Cluster key and master key is exclusively used in the network to protect the sensed information while communication between nodes takes place. Static and movable mobile sinks are deployed to enhance the lifetimes of the sensors in the network. Initially, the static mobile sinks act as a trusted third party for computing and distributing keys between sensor nodes and the clusters. Further, movable sinks are used to receive sensed data from the sensor where it is being located which avoids unnecessary event of choosing new cluster head often. The energy is retained, since the presence of trusted third party sink performs all the computations of cluster head. Computation is reduced in cluster head thereby increases the life time of the particular cluster. Outcomes of experiments prove that the suggested technique produced better results compared to related study.

Nauczyciela akademickiego spojrzenie na rozwój w dobie przemian ogólnoświatowych

The author presents her reflection on the issue of personal growth in times of globalization from the perspective of her own research results. An overview of the contemporary dynamics of globalization is given, with a particular focus on its driving mechanism and two most prominent aspects – the informational and the cultural ones. The effects of technological development are discussed from the standpoint offered by Herbert Marshall McLuhan’s taxonomy, particularly the effects of elimination and obsolescence. The framework for the description is taken from the concept of information metabolism and its disorders leading to difficulties in the development of personal knowledge – resulting from both teaching and learning – conceptualized as one of the elements of personality responsible for the dynamics of development. Those disorders are viewed in the author’s own theoretical term of information stress and are linked – empirically as well – to individual correlates such as dysfunctional control. While the author recognizes the threats to development and growth stemming from globalization, she vehemently opposes technological determinism as contradictory to the subjectivity of human being characteristic to psychological approaches. The efforts to harmonize the technological and cultural avenues of development are therefore seen as an opportunity for a new quality of personal growth, especially when attached to self-reflection.

Determination of Self Efficacy Perception Levels of Teachers' Attending an Online Course toward Web Pedagogical Content Knowledge

The effects of technological developments occurred new requirements in educational area. Today's teachers should know the content knowledge they teach, have pedagogical knowledge about teaching and learning methods and besides should use the technological tools effectively. Depending on these, new concepts such as Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge, Web Pedagogical Content Knowledge occurred. With this study it was aimed to determine self-efficacy perception levels of 250 teachers attending an online chemistry course preparing teachers for an examination to be a teacher in the public schools named as KPSS (Public Personnel Examination), toward web pedagogical content knowledge. Web Pedagogical Content Knowledge Scale developed by Lee, Tsai and Chang [1] and adapted to Turkish by Horzum [2] was used as data collection tool.

Effect of technology development on potential environmental impacts from heavy metals in waste smartphones

Technology development has brought beneficial changes in the functions of smartphones but has the potential to impact the environment due to the high generation of waste smartphones. Thus, this study evaluates and compares environmental impact potentials from metals in waste smartphones to figure out the effect of smartphone model replacements on hazardous waste, resource depletion, and toxicity potentials. The total threshold limit concentration (TTLC) analysis is used to determine whether the waste smartphones would be classified as hazardous waste, and the life-cycle impact assessment methods are used to evaluate resource depletion, cancer, non-cancer, and ecotoxicity potentials. The TTLC results showed that the smartphone technology development did not reduce hazardous waste potentials. The life-cycle impact assessment results showed that the technology development overall reduced resource depletion potential but increased toxicity potential. In addition, priority metals contributing to the potentials were identified to effectively manage their environmental impacts. This study can provide fundamental information for smartphone manufacturers, waste smartphone recyclers and disposers, and e-waste policymakers to circulate resources and to prevent environmental pollutions from hazardous and toxic materials.

Effect of Technological Developments on Ethical Position of Translator

<p>The objective of this essay is to examine and discuss the effect of recent technological developments on ethical position of translator. The associations between technology and the process of translation is a section of the greater discussion regarding the impacts that technology has on language. Presently, the career of interpreting and translating and its different branches, for example localization, are alleged to be under amplified threat from technological developments and practices such as crowdsourcing (Baker & Maier, 2011). The importance currently assigned to the effects of recent technology on the ethical position of the translator emanates from the fact that there are currently several emergent translation technologies, for example, collaborative translation management systems, translation memories and data-based machine translation, which transform the social links, professional views and thought patterns of the translator (Pym, 2001). In addition to examining the relationship between technology and translation, this essay will also assess the ethical questions posed by technology for translators. At the end of the essay are a conclusive summary of the entire discussion and an alphabetical list of the references cited herein.</p>

A Window to the Busy Street: Noise Pollution and Chen Jingrong's Eco-Poetry in the 1980s

Liansu Meng's powerful essay explores the startling poetry of acclaimed translator-poet Chen Jingrong. Piercing and insightful, Chen's poems examine the effects of technological development on the ecosystem and the urban environment—including its human inhabitants—in China.

The Effects of Technology on Translation Students in Academic Translation Teaching

This paper aims at touching upon effects of technological developments on the translation teaching in the 21st century. These technological developments are usually in the area of Information Technology (IT) contributing to the fast growth of the computer industry. The popularization of the computer, especially in the early 1980s changed actually the way translator follows in the translation process through the appearence of useful translator tools including translation memories, terminology databases, translation management programs, electronic corpora and so forth. These breakthroughs happening in the computer technologies also triggered a different perception of what we call functional translation theories defending that every translation is made for a purpose and suggesting a target oriented approach. In the past a translator had to translate using a typewriter or paper and pen. The development of the technology, however, encouraged the translation industry or more appropriately, now localization industry to adopt new tools in the translation process. While explaining all these points, the study follows a descriptive and comparative methodology.

International market segmentation

Purpose– This paper aims to investigate the influence of economic and cultural factors, separately and combined, on international country segments and to reveal the stability of factors and country segments over time.Design/methodology/approach– Principal component analysis is used to develop three economic factors and two cultural factors borrowed from the World Value Survey. Cluster analysis is used to form country clusters based on the economic and cultural factors, separately, and then combined, to detect whether both economics and culture need to be included as bases for macro-country segmentation. Further, the authors look at these issues across time, the beginning of the decade (1990) and then at the end of the decade (1999).Findings– Results support the hypotheses that economics and culture are both necessary for country-level segmentation but reject the hypothesis of cultural convergence as a consequence of technological development and industrialization. The authors confirm that cultural values and beliefs, although persistent, may change gradually under the influence of environmental forces such as economic development. The results support the instability of country segment membership when analyzed over one decade. Economic changes in some countries lead to their movement across segments.Practical implications– Results suggest that managers concerned with international segmentation should include both economic and cultural variables and reevaluate country segment membership continuously rather than relying on results obtained in a single period.Originality/value– Many international segmentation studies have used macro-level, secondary data to identify country clusters based on similarities in political, economic, geographic or cultural variables for a single period. This study extends existing international segmentation models by examining economic and cultural variables (separately, and then combined), and segment membership over time.

Vehicle type choice under the influence of a tax reform and rising fuel prices

Differentiated vehicle taxes are considered by many a useful tool for promoting environmentally friendly vehicles. Various structures have been implemented in several countries, e.g. Ireland, France, The Czech Republic, and Denmark. In many countries the tax reforms have been followed by a steep change in new vehicle purchases toward more diesel vehicles and more fuel-efficient vehicles. The paper analyses to what extent a vehicle tax reform similar to the Danish 2007 reform may explain changes in purchasing behaviour. The paper investigates the effects of a tax reform, fuel price changes, and technological development on vehicle type choice using a mixed logit model. The model allows a simulation of the effect of car price changes that resemble those induced by the tax reform. This effect is compared to the effects of fuel price changes and technology improvements. The simulations show that the effect of the tax reform on fuel efficiency is similar to the effect of rising fuel prices while the effect of technological development is much larger. The conclusion is that while the tax reform appeared in the same year as a large increase in fuel efficiency, it seems likely that it only explains a small part of the shift in fuel efficiency that occurred and that the main driver was the technological development.

How much energy will your NGN consume? A model for energy consumption in next generation access networks: The case of Spain

The contribution to global energy consumption of the information and communications technology (ICT) sector has increased considerably in the last decade, along with its growing relevance to the overall economy. This trend will continue due to the seemingly ever greater use of these technologies, with broadband data traffic generated by the usage of telecommunication networks as a primary component. In fact, in response to user demand, the telecommunications industry is initiating the deployment of next generation networks (NGNs). However, energy consumption is mostly absent from the debate on these deployments, in spite of the potential impact on both expenses and sustainability. In addition, consumers are unaware of the energy impact of their choices in ultra-broadband services. This paper focuses on forecasting energy consumption in the access part of NGNs by modelling the combined effect of the deployment of two different ultra-broadband technologies (FTTH-GPON and LTE), the evolution of traffic per user, and the energy consumption in each of the networks and user devices. Conclusions are presented on the levels of energy consumption, their cost and the impact of different network design parameters. The effect of technological developments, techno-economic and policy decisions on energy consumption is highlighted. On the consumer side, practical figures and comparisons across technologies are provided. Although the paper focuses on Spain, the analysis can be extended to similar countries.

The ‘Economy of Memory’: Publications, Citations, and the Paradox of Effective Research Governance

More recent advancements in digital technologies have significantly alleviated the dissemination of new scientific ideas as well as the storing, searching and retrieval of large amounts of published research findings. While not denying the benefits of this novel ‘economy of memory,’ this paper endeavors to shed light on the ways in which the use of digital technologies may be linked to a distortion of the system of formal publications that facilitates the effective dissemination and collaborative building of scientific knowledge. Through combining three different strands of discussion that are often left separate – those pertaining to the cognitive effects of new technological memory systems, those pertaining to citation and publishing practices, and those regarding the effects of formalizing modes of research governance – it is also shown that this distortion is not merely a consequence of technological developments alone. Rather, such a distortion is inseparable from and potentially aggravated by the spreading of increasingly dysfunctional, formalizing research governance mechanisms. It is argued that these mechanisms run the risk of fostering the proliferation of knowledge practices that are characterized by an increasing degree of superficiality as well as the strategic publication of research that is of a decreasing degree of originality. If left unaddressed, this may pose a serious threat to the efficiency and effectiveness of the formal record of scientific knowledge as a tool for the dissemination of original research. By extension, this may in the long run seriously undermine the capacity of the publicly funded research system more generally.

Estimating climate change, CO2 and technology development effects on wheat yield in northeast Iran

Wheat is the main food for the majority of Iran's population. Precise estimation of wheat yield change in future is essential for any possible revision of management strategies. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of climate change, CO2 concentration, technology development and their integrated effects on wheat production under future climate change. This study was performed under two scenarios of the IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES): regional economic (A2) and global environmental (B1). Crop production was projected for three future time periods (2020, 2050 and 2080) in comparison with a baseline year (2005) for Khorasan province located in the northeast of Iran. Four study locations in the study area included Mashhad, Birjand, Bojnourd and Sabzevar. The effect of technology development was calculated by fitting a regression equation between the observed wheat yields against historical years considering yield potential increase and yield gap reduction as technology development. Yield relative increase per unit change of CO2 concentration (1ppm(-1)) was considered 0.05% and was used to implement the effect of elevated CO2. The HadCM3 general circulation model along with the CSM-CERES-Wheat crop model were used to project climate change effects on wheat crop yield. Our results illustrate that, among all the factors considered, technology development provided the highest impact on wheat yield change. Highest wheat yield increase across all locations and time periods was obtained under the A2 scenario. Among study locations, Mashhad showed the highest change in wheat yield. Yield change compared to baseline ranged from -28% to 56% when the integration of all factors was considered across all locations. It seems that achieving higher yield of wheat in future may be expected in northeast Iran assuming stable improvements in production technology.

Travel and “Homing In” in Contemporary Ethnic American Short Stories

In American ethnic literature of the last three decades of the 20th century, recurrent themes of mobility, travel, and “homing in” are emblematic of the search for identity. In this essay, which discusses three short stories, Alice Walker’s “Everyday Use,” Louise Erdrich’s “The World’s Greatest Fishermen,” and Daniel Chacon’s “The Biggest City in the World,” I attempt to demonstrate that as a consequence of technological development, with travel becoming increasingly accessible to ethnic Americans, their search for identity assumes wider range, transcending national and cultural boundaries.

Longitudinal benchmarking studies in operations management: lessons learned

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the possibilities and pitfalls of longitudinal studies in the field of operations management (OM).Design/methodology/approachA longitudinal study conducted in Finland was analyzed from the methodological point of view. In the theoretical part, a framework for analyses was created by studying the literature of longitudinal studies within and without the OM field.FindingsLongitudinal studies are important in revealing root‐cause effects. They are particularly important in generating new ideas and theories and in questioning old ones. However, longitudinal studies are somewhat difficult to conduct and some unexpected challenges may arise, such as the effect of technology development on data retrieval.Research limitations/implicationsThe analyses in this study are based on the data obtained in a longitudinal study conducted in the years 1993, 2004 and 2010. The sample in the longitudinal study is quite small for real quantitative statistical analysis, and therefore the conclusions made here are only indicative. However, the purpose of this study is to give some hints and guidance, and thus the lessons learned are valuable.Originality/valueThere are only a few studies describing methodological issues in longitudinal studies in the field of OM, and most of these studies are purely theoretical and do not refer to real experiences. This appears to be one of the first studies describing real experiences from a longitudinal study.