Effect Of System Size Research Articles

Persistence of spontaneous symmetry breaking in bidirectional transport system with reservoir crowding

Motivated by the impact of limited resources on the entry and exit of entities on a pathway in many transport systems, we investigate a system comprising of a bidirectional totally asymmetric simple exclusion process coupled to a reservoir featuring crowding effect. The entry and exit of particles from both ends are regulated depending upon the occupancy of the reservoir. The steady state properties of the system have been theoretically analyzed, and the phase boundaries have been obtained. Our findings display a rich behavior, emphasizing on the non-trivial effects of reservoir crowding giving rise to symmetric as well as asymmetric phases. Further, the system exhibits a novel feature in the form of a back-and-forth transition. Also, it is found that spontaneous symmetry breaking phenomena is induced even for very few particles in the system. All the findings are validated by extensive Monte Carlo simulations. The effect of system size on Monte Carlo simulation results have been examined.

Dielectric relaxations of molten acetamide: dependence on the model interaction potentials and the effects of system size

Dielectric relaxations of molten acetamide: dependence on the model interaction potentials and the effects of system size

Investigation of the nuclear liquid-gas phase transition in the static AMD

Nuclear liquid-gas phase transitions are investigated in the framework of static antisymmetrized molecular dynamics (static AMD) model under either a constant volume or a constant pressure. A deuteron quadrupole momentum fluctuation thermometer is applied to extract the temperature of fragmenting systems of 36Ar and 100Sn. A plateau structure of caloric curves is observed under a constant volume for those system with a density ρ ⩽ 0.03 fm−3. A clear backbending in the caloric curves, which indicates a first order phase transition, is observed under a constant pressure with all pressures studied. The similar behavior of caloric curves of 36Ar and 100Sn systems indicates that there is no strong system size effect under a constant volume or a constant pressure. Both the mass distributions and the light particle multiplicities show a strong α clusterization at low excitation energies in the static AMD simulations. The liquid-gas phase transition measures of the multiplicity derivative (dM/dT) and the normalized variance of Z max (NVZ) are applied. The experimental caloric curves are also compared with those of 100Sn of the static AMD simulations under both the constant volume and the constant pressure conditions. Discussions are presented with the available experimental results and those from the static AMD simulations. Large errors in the experimental temperature measurements and those in the reconstruction technique for the primary fragmenting source hinder to draw a conclusion whether the phase transition occurs under either a constant volume or a constant pressure. This study suggests that different measures for the liquid-gas phase transitions should be examined besides the caloric curves in order to draw a conclusion.

Vapor-liquid equilibrium of water with the MB-pol many-body potential.

Among the many existing molecular models of water, the MB-pol many-body potential has emerged as a remarkably accurate model, capable of reproducing thermodynamic, structural, and dynamic properties across water's solid, liquid, and vapor phases. In this work, we assessed the performance of MB-pol with respect to an important set of properties related to vapor-liquid coexistence and interfacial behavior. Through direct coexistence classical molecular dynamics simulations at temperatures of 400K < T < 600K, we calculated properties such as equilibrium coexistence densities, vapor-liquid interfacial tension, vapor pressure, and enthalpy of vaporization and compared the MB-pol results to experimental data. We also compared rigid vs fully flexible variants of the MB-pol model and evaluated system size effects for the properties studied. We found that the MB-pol model predictions are in good agreement with experimental data, even for temperatures approaching the vapor-liquid critical point; this agreement was largely insensitive to system sizes or the rigid vs flexible treatment of the intramolecular degrees of freedom. These results attest to the chemical accuracy of MB-pol and its high degree of transferability, thus enabling MB-pol's application across a large swath of water's phase diagram.

865-P: Care Management Processes That Improve Diabetes Outcomes

Although previous work suggests that high performing practices focus on proactive patient outreach, the specific care management processes (CMP) that improve diabetes outcomes remain unclear. We evaluated 60 CMP from a state-wide practice survey in 2017 and 2019. Previously validated, the survey included 586 practices in 2017 (71% response, N=415) and 627 practices in 2019 (71% response, N= 445). Electronic health record data for A1c, blood pressure (BP), and lipid management were extracted for all patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes in the practices. The longitudinal data set included 395 practices providing care to 204,745 patients. We used a longitudinal Bayesian model to correlate CMPs with A1c, systolic/diastolic BP, and probability of taking a statin. Patient outcomes were controlled for age, sex, diabetes type, insurance, comorbidity, community-level race-ethnicity, wealth, education, and income. Practices were controlled for rurality, size, FQHC status, system size, and practice-level random effects. Significance was reduced to &amp;lt;.01 for multiple comparisons. Although 7 CMPs significantly improved the overall diabetes performance measures for an average practice, CMPs affected individual outcomes differently. A1c improved by: 1) implementing a systematic approach to identifying and reminding patients when they were due for testing, and 2) having a nurse or care manager provide after visit follow up. BP was reduced by: 1, 2, and 3) tracking lab tests, 4) using checklists in the practice for required testing, and 5) guideline based reminders for preventive services. Statin use increased by: 5, and 6) screening for substance-abuse, and 7) a formal process for measuring performance. Together, CMPs with a statistically significant impact on performance measures accounted for a drop in average A1c in a practice from 7.39 to 7.25 (P&amp;lt;.01) BP from 127/75 to 121/71 (P&amp;lt;.01) and a 3.9% (P&amp;lt;.01) statin use increase. CMP 1 and 2 exemplify specific proactive patient outreach processes proven to improve diabetes care delivery. Disclosure K. A. Peterson: Board Member; Self; Treatment.com International Inc. C. Carlin: None. L. Solberg: None. M. Eder: None. Funding National Institutes of Health (R18DK110732)

Fluorescence Aerosol Flow Tube Spectroscopy to Detect Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation

The phase behavior of atmospheric aerosol particles influences processes like gas-particle partitioning, solar light scattering, and cloud formation, ultimately affecting atmospheric air quality and climate. An important aspect of this phase behavior is whether an individual particle exists in a single homogeneous phase or undergoes liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS). Herein, fluorescence aerosol flow tube (F-AFT) spectroscopy is developed to characterize LLPS in aerosolized submicron particles of 100–200 nm. A solvatochromic fluorescent probe molecule is incorporated into the particles. The link between its fluorescence emission and the local particle-phase chemical environment is used to determine the separation relative humidity (SRH) at which LLPS occurs. The LLPS behaviors of mixed organic/inorganic particles composed of polyethylene glycol (PEG), ammonium sulfate (AS), and sodium chloride (NaCl) are characterized. PEG/AS particles undergo LLPS at SRH values that vary with PEG composition. By comparison, PEG/NaCl particles continue as a single homogeneous phase to the RH of NaCl crystallization. The SRH values for the submicron particles are lower by >5% RH than those reported in the literature for supermicron particles deposited to substrate surfaces. Possible reasons for the differences are discussed, including kinetic and thermodynamic effects of system size and foreign substrate as well as observation time in the experimental apparatus.

Insights into the interactions and dynamics of a DES formed by phenyl propionic acid and choline chloride

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have received much attention in modern green chemistry as inexpensive and easy to handle analogous ionic liquids. This work employed molecular dynamics techniques to investigate the structure and dynamics of a DES system composed of choline chloride and phenyl propionic acid as a hydrogen bond donor and acceptor, respectively. Dynamical parameters such as mean square displacement, liquid phase self-diffusion coefficient and viscosity are calculated at the pressure of 0.1 MPa and temperatures 293, 321 and 400 K. The system size effect on the self-diffusion coefficient of DES species was also examined. Structural parameters such as liquid phase densities, hydrogen bonds, molecular dipole moment of species, and radial and spatial distribution functions (RDF and SDF) were investigated. The viscosity of the studied system was compared with the experimental values recently reported in the literature. A good agreement was observed between simulated and experimental values. The electrostatic and van der Waals nonbonding interaction energies between species were also evaluated and interpreted in terms of temperature. These investigations could play a vital role in the future development of these designer solvents.

Finite System-size Effects in Self-organized Criticality Systems

Abstract We explore upper limits for the largest avalanches or catastrophes in nonlinear energy dissipation systems governed by self-organized criticality. We generalize the idealized “straight” power-law size distribution and Pareto distribution functions in order to accommodate incomplete sampling, limited instrumental sensitivity, finite system-size effects, and “Black Swan” and “Dragon King” extreme events. Our findings are as follows. (i) Solar flares show no finite system-size limits up to L ≲ 200 Mm, but solar flare durations reveal an upper flare duration limit of ≲6 hr. (ii) Stellar flares observed with Kepler exhibit inertial ranges of E ≈ 1034–1037 erg, finite system-size ranges of E ≈ 1037–1038 erg, and extreme events at E ≈ (1–5) × 1038 erg. (iii) The maximum flare energies of different spectral type stars (M, K, G, F, A, giants) reveal a positive correlation with the stellar radius, which indicates a finite system-size limit imposed by the stellar surface area. Fitting our finite system-size models to terrestrial data sets (earthquakes, wildfires, city sizes, blackouts, terrorism, words, surnames, web links) yields evidence (in half of the cases) for finite system-size limits and extreme events, which can be modeled with dual power-law size distributions.

Self-diffusion of nonspherical particles fundamentally conflicts with effective sphere models

Modeling diffusion of nonspherical particles presents an unsolved and considerable challenge, despite its importance for the understanding of crowding effects in biology, food technology and formulation science. A common approach in experiment and simulation is to map nonspherical objects on effective spheres to subsequently use the established predictions for spheres to approximate phenomena for nonspherical particles. Using numerical evaluation of the hydrodynamic mobility tensor, we show that this so-called effective sphere model fundamentally fails to represent the self-diffusion in solutions of ellipsoids as well as rod-like assemblies of spherical beads. The effective sphere model drastically overestimates the slowing down of self-diffusion down to volume fractions below 0.01. Furthermore, even the linear term relevant at lower volume fraction is inaccurate, linked to a fundamental misconception of effective sphere models. To overcome the severe problems related with the use of effective sphere models, we suggest a protocol to predict the short-time self-diffusion of rod-like systems, based on simulations with hydrodynamic interactions that become feasible even for more complex molecules as the essential observable shows a negligible system-size effect.

Accuracy of DLPNO-CCSD(T): Effect of Basis Set and System Size.

The DLPNO-CCSD(T) method is designed to study large molecular systems at significantly reduced cost relative to its canonical counterpart. However, the error in this approach is also size-extensive and relies on cancellation of errors for the calculation of relative energies. This work provides a direct comparison of canonical CCSD(T) and TightPNO DLPNO-CCSD(T) calculations of reaction energies and barriers of a broad range of chemical reactions. The dataset includes acidities, anion binding affinities, enolization, Diels-Alder, nucleophilic substitution, and atom transfer reactions and complements existing theoretical datasets in terms of system size as well as new reaction types (e.g., anion binding affinities and chlorine atom transfer reactions). The performance of DLPNO-CCSD(T) was further examined with respect to systematic variation of basis set and system size and amounts of nonbonded interaction present in the system. The errors in the DLPNO-CCSD(T) were found to be relatively insensitive to the choice of basis set for small systems but increase monotonically with system size. Additionally, calculations of barriers appear to be more challenging than reaction energies with errors exceeding 5 kJ mol-1 for many Diels-Alder reactions. Further tests on three realistic organic reactions reveal the impact of the DLPNO approximation in calculating absolute and relative barriers that are important for predictions such as stereoselectivity.

Pressure-tensor method evaluation of the interfacial tension between Gay-Berne isotropic fluid and a smooth repulsive wall.

The interfacial properties of a confined thermotropic liquid crystalline material are investigated using a molecular dynamics simulation technique. The pairwise interaction among the soft ellipsoidal particles is modeled by the Gay-Berne (GB) potential. The GB ellipsoids are confined by two soft, smooth, repulsive walls defined by the Weeks-Chandler-Andersen (WCA) potential. The aperiodic confinement due to walls makes the system mechanically anisotropic. Hence using the pressure-tensor method, the interfacial tension of an interface between the bulk isotropic (I) phase and WCA wall at various number densities (ρ) is calculated. From the pressure tensor and orientational order profiles, the arrangement of ellipsoids in the bulk and the vicinity of the wall is determined. The effect of system size and the wall-particle interaction strength (εW) on is also analyzed by varying the system size and εW.

Sugarcane regrowth is dependent on root system size: an approach using young plants grown in nutrient solution

ABSTRACT The root system is essential for sugarcane regrowth and the vigor of ratoon cycles as it represents the unique source of carbon skeletons and energy for the initial plant development. However, root system dynamics after shoot harvesting and its role in sugarcane regrowth remains poorly known. Here, it was hypothesized that sugarcane plants with small volume of root system will accumulate less biomass after shoot harvesting than plants with larger volume and that such regrowth is dependent on root reserves. In sugarcane plants grown in nutrient solution, shoots were cut, and two root treatments were established: reference plants with the entire root system (100%); and plants with half of the root system (50%), randomly removing half of root system. After 37 days of shoot harvesting, plants with the entire root system showed higher shoot, root and total dry mass, root length, root diameter, root area and root volume, when compared with those with 50% of the root system. Sugarcane plants with the entire root system had higher root content of starch, soluble sugar and nonstructural carbohydrates as compared to plants with 50% of the root system. A significant positive correlation was found between the variation of shoot dry mass and the variation of root nonstructural carbohydrates. Interestingly, this data revealed a disproportionate effect of root system size on sugarcane regrowth, with plants with the entire root system accumulating almost three times more biomass than plants with half of the root system during regrowth.

Engineering spin polarization in a driven multistranded magnetic quantum network

Possible engineering of spin polarization through a multistranded magnetic quantum network in the presence of light irradiation is reported. Each site of the network is associated with a net magnetic moment which provides a spin-dependent scattering via spin-spin exchange interaction, yielding a finite spin polarization across the network. The quantum system is described within a tight-binding framework where the irradiation effect is incorporated through Floquet-Bloch prescription. The spin-polarization coefficient, measured by determining spin-dependent transmission probabilities following the Green's function formalism, shows several atypical features with irradiation parameters. Apart from getting a high degree of spin polarization, a complete phase reversal can be achieved. These two issues are extremely important in designing efficient spin-based electronic devices. A detailed mathematical description is given to decouple the Hamiltonian of a generalized multistranded magnetic ladder into distinct one-dimensional lattices in separate spin subspaces for any arbitrary orientation of local spin, which clearly illustrates the allowed energy spin subbands. Effects of system size and uncorrelated disorder on spin polarization are critically examined. Finally, we discuss the possible experimental realization of our magnetic quantum systemto regulate the degree and phase of spin polarization by irradiating a magnetic sample, and thus we believe that the present analysis may provide a route of engineering spin-dependent electron transfer through a spin-polarized device.

A comparative study of system size dependence of the effect of non-unitary channels on different classes of quantum states

We investigate the effect of different types of non-unitary quantum channels on multiqubit quantum systems. For an n-qubit system and a particular channel, in order to draw unbiased conclusions about the system as a whole as opposed to specific states, we evolve a large number of randomly generated states under the given channel. We increase the number of qubits and study the effect of system size on the decoherence processes. The entire scheme is repeated for various types of environments which include dephasing channel, depolarizing channel, collective dephasing channel and zero temperature bath. Non-unitary channels representing the environments are modeled via their Kraus operator decomposition or master equation approach. Further, for a given n we restrict ourselves to the study of particular subclasses of entangled states, namely the GHZ-type and W-type states. We generate random states within these classes and study the class behaviors under different quantum channels for various values of n.

Unassisted N-acetyl-phenylalanine-amide transport across membrane with varying lipid size and composition: kinetic measurements and atomistic molecular dynamics simulation

Biological membranes are essential to preserve structural integrity and regulate functional properties through the permeability of nutrients, pharmaceutical drugs, and neurotransmitters of a living cell. The movement of acetylated and amidated phenylalanine (NAFA) across 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) membrane bilayers is investigated to probe physical transport. The rate of transport is measured experimentally applying parallel artificial membrane permeation assay (PAMPA). At the physiological temperature, 310 K, the measured time constants in the neutral pH were ∼6 h in DOPC and ∼3 h in POPC, while in a more acidic condition, at a pH 4.8, the time constants were ∼8 h in both lipids. Computationally, we have expanded our transport study of three aromatic dipeptides across a bilayer composed of DOPC18. In this study, we have examined the effects of lipid composition and bilayer size on the passive transport of NAFA by simulating the dipeptide in three different bilayers, with 50 DOPC lipids, 50 POPC lipids, and 40 POPC molecules. Specifically, atomistic molecular dynamics simulations with umbrella sampling were used to calculate the potential of mean force for the passive permeation of NAFA across the bilayers. Diffusion constants were then calculated by numerically solving the Smoluchowski equation. Permeability coefficients and mean first passage times were then calculated. Structural properties – Ramachandran plots, sidechain torsions, peptide insertion angles, radial distribution functions, and proximal peptide water molecules – were also examined to determine the effect of system size and lipid type. In terms of systems size, we observed a small decrease in the highest barrier of the potential of mean force and fewer sampled sidechain dihedral angle conformations with 40 versus 50 POPC lipids due to weaker membrane deformations within a smaller lipid bilayer. In terms of lipid type, DOPC contains two monounsaturated acyl chains compared to only one such acyl chain in POPC; therefore, DOPC bilayers are less ordered and more easily deformed, as seen by a much broader potential of mean force profile. The NAFA in DOPC lipid also transitioned to an internally hydrogen-bonded backbone conformation at lower membrane depths than in POPC. Similarly, as for other aromatic dipeptides, NAFA tends to insert into the membrane sidechain-first, remains mostly desolvated in the membrane center, and exhibits slow reorientations within the bilayer in both DOPC and POPC. With a joint experimental and computational study we have gained a new insight into the rate of transport and the underlying microscopic mechanism in different lipid bilayer conditions of the simplest hydrophobic aromatic dipeptide. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Evaluation of a Novel Shallow Aggregate Ebb-and-flood Culture System and Transplant Size Effects on Hydroponic Basil Yield

Ornamental bedding plant operations transitioning to leafy greens and herb production must decide whether to invest in new hydroponic equipment or modify existing culture systems for edible crops. In addition, common practices used to increase space-use and production efficiencies during bedding plant production may be modified for hydroponic leafy greens and herbs, such as purchasing large seedlings for transplant. The objective of the first experiment was to evaluate plant growth in a modified and novel shallow aggregate ebb-and-flood (SAEF) system intended for bedding plant growers with an emphasis on comparing yield across four basil (Ocimum basilicum) cultivars grown in the SAEF system to those grown using the traditional nutrient film technique (NFT) and deep water culture (DWC) hydroponic systems. The second experiment objective was to evaluate basil seedling size and the time of transplant to NFT hydroponic systems to determine effects on the final yield. ‘Genovese’ basil seedlings were grown in trays with cell counts of 32, 50, 72, 105, and 162 cells with corresponding root volumes per plant of 98.1, 50.2, 38.5, 19.6, and 16.3 cm3, respectively. Seedlings were transplanted to NFT systems at 14, 21, and 28 days after sowing and were harvested at 35 days. In the first experiment, overall basil shoot fresh and dry weights per plant were intermediate in the SAEF system (90.4 and 8.3 g) compared with the DWC (102.6 and 9.1 g) and NFT (75.8 and 6.6 g) hydroponic systems. In the second experiment, final shoot fresh and dry weight per plant increased as seedling root volume increased from 16.3 cm3 [72.8 and 5.5 g (162-cell tray)] to 98.1 cm3 [148.5 and 12.2 g (32-cell tray)]. Transplanting seedlings at later dates decreased yield across tray size and root volume treatments. Differences in yield between culture systems may have resulted from differences in nutrient supply and availability for plant uptake. Transplant of large seedling plugs to hydroponic culture was not shown to increase space-use efficiency after transplant without compromising yield, likely because root zone factors limited growth during seedling production. Further investigation into maximizing plant growth during seedling production and evaluating the effects of seedling size and transplant practices are needed to determine the potential for increasing space-use and production efficiencies.

How eigenmode self-interaction affects zonal flows and convergence of tokamak core turbulence with toroidal system size

Self-interaction is the process by which a microinstability eigenmode that is extended along the direction parallel to the magnetic field interacts non-linearly with itself. This effect is particularly significant in gyrokinetic simulations accounting for kinetic passing electron dynamics and is known to generate stationary $E\times B$ zonal flow shear layers at radial locations near low-order mode rational surfaces (Weikl et al. Phys. Plasmas, vol. 25, 2018, 072305). We find that self-interaction, in fact, plays a very significant role in also generating fluctuating zonal flows, which is critical to regulating turbulent transport throughout the radial extent. Unlike the usual picture of zonal flow drive in which microinstability eigenmodes coherently amplify the flow via modulational instabilities, the self-interaction drive of zonal flows from these eigenmodes are uncorrelated with each other. It is shown that the associated shearing rate of the fluctuating zonal flows therefore reduces as more toroidal modes are resolved in the simulation. In simulations accounting for the full toroidal domain, such an increase in the density of toroidal modes corresponds to an increase in the toroidal system size, leading to a finite system size effect that is distinct from the well-known profile shearing effect.

Effect of thermal protection system size on aerothermoelastic stability of the hypersonic panel

The design optimization of Thermal Protection System (TPS) for airbreathing hypersonic vehicles is typically carried to resolve aerodynamic heating concerns. The target is achieved through material selection and structural configuration so that the resultant TPS is light weight and provides sufficient insulation. However, in this investigation, aerothermoelastic stability is also incorporated into TPS size design. A simplified arrangement consisting of an underlying panel and TPS with a thermal radiation coating and an insulation layer is investigated. The two-way fluid-thermal-structure coupling scheme includes mutual interaction between panel deformation and aerodynamic heat flux. The coupling aerothermoelastic model is first verified by comparing with the seminar work by Culler. Subsequently, the fluid parameter studies in terms of transitional location and radiation emissivity are then conducted on the verified model. A parametric study is conducted such that seven TPS size cases with various layers thickness are selected and compared in terms of structural weight and onset of flutter. Finally, the aerothermoelastic stability regions manifested by Flat, Buckled, Chaos and Quasi-periodic features pertaining to Mach number, flight height and TPS size are mapped out. The results indicate that TPS size can alter the panel aerothermoelastic stability boundaries in an obvious way. A new finding is that the TPS size in the pioneering work by Culler is not the best design either for a higher flutter boundary or for a lighter weight. In contrast, Case2 and Case7 in this study are better choice due to the delay in onset of flutter with lighter weight. This study necessitates aerothermoelastic analysis in TPS optimization design for the airbreathing hypersonic vehicles.

Efficacy of Ultrasonic-Assisted Curing Is Dependent on Muscle Size and Ultrasonication System

Ultrasound-assisted marinade is a promising technology for reducing the time of traditional immersion marination. This study evaluated the effect of the ultrasonic system (bath or probe, amplitude 50 or 100%) and muscle sample size (3 or 5 cm3) on physicochemical quality, yield (salt content, fresh weight, and relative fresh weight), and bacteria counts associated with pork. The results showed a significantly high salt (p &lt; 0.0001) content in 3 cm3 (11.54%) and 5 cm3 (8.88%) samples after 24 h marination by immersion. The 3 cm3 cubes marinated in a 100% probe system for 20 min presented an amount of salt (9.55%) that was quite close to the controls. The 3 cm3 samples treated by immersion and in a 50% probe system gained more relative weight (in relation to the initial weight, 7.45 and 6.64%, respectively) after 7 d at 4 °C. Meanwhile the 5 cm3 cubes marinated by immersion gained 8.1%. The other treatments showed a weight loss after treatment. Although significant differences were found in the fresh weight and in water holding capacity (WHC) in the 3 and 5 cm3 meat samples, the relative fresh weight is a real measure of weight gain, more relevant for the industry. Thus, the samples with the highest salt transfer experienced a phenomenon of “dehydration”, retaining less water. The 3 and 5 cm3 cubes marinated by immersion presented orange color tones due to the long processing time, while the probe system produced redder and brighter tones. Ultrasound as a technology to assist in marinades is not efficient for bacteria control of mesophilic, psychrophilic, or coliform. However, a significant increase in lactic acid bacteria (LAB) counts may bring benefits for meat preservation during refrigerated storage.

Critical point fluctuations: Finite size and global charge conservation effects

We investigate simultaneous effects of finite system size and global charge conservation on thermal fluctuations in the vicinity of a critical point. For that we consider a finite interacting system which exchanges particles with a finite reservoir (thermostat), comprising a statistical ensemble that is distinct from the common canonical and grand canonical ensembles. As a particular example the van der Waals model is used. The global charge conservation effects strongly influence the cumulants of particle number distribution when the system size is comparable to that of the reservoir. If the system size is large enough to capture all the physics associated with the interactions, the global charge conservation effects can be accurately described and corrected for analytically, within a recently developed subensemble acceptance method. The finite size effects start to play a significant role when the correlation length grows large due to proximity of the critical point or when the system is small enough to be comparable to an eigenvolume of an individual particle. We discuss our results in the context of fluctuation measurements in heavy-ion collisions.