Effect Of Surface Orientation Research Articles

Effect of Surface Orientation on Methanol Adsorption and Thermally Induced Structural Transformations on Copper Surfaces

Molecular adsorption of methanol on Cu(111), Cu(100), and Cu(110) surfaces in the 90–200 K temperature range is studied by a combination of infrared (IR) spectroscopy, thermal desorption analysis, and low-energy electron diffraction. Our results reveal the occurrence of a structural transformation in the H-bonded methanol assembly following heating from 90 to 120 K and demonstrate the effect of Cu surface orientation on the produced H-bonded structures, as well as thermal stability and ordering. At 90 K, the IR spectra indicate that similar H-bonded structures, presumably linear chains, are formed on all three surfaces. However, on Cu(111) the chains are assembled in ordered domains, whereas on Cu(100) and Cu(110) the chains are disordered. Heating to 120–130 K causes prominent changes in the IR spectrum of methanol on all surfaces, but there are significant differences between Cu(111) and the two other surfaces. We believe that such differences originate from different H-bonded methanol structures obtained on each surface after thermal annealing. On Cu(111) we suggest that cyclic structures (probably hexamers) are prevalent, whereas on Cu(100) and Cu(110) both cyclic and chain structures may coexist. The H-bonded structures produced at 120 K exhibit no long-range order on all three surfaces and show stronger adsorption (higher desorption temperate) on Cu(111). The higher stability and ordering (only at low temperatures) of adsorbed methanol on Cu(111) are attributed to the matching between the geometry of H-bonded methanol clusters and the surface structure.

Atomic insights into surface orientations and oxygen vacancies in the LiMn2O4 cathode for lithium storage

Abstract Surface anisotropy of spinel LiMn2O4 crystal is of significance for strengthening the lithium storage. In this work, we investigate the evolutions of surface orientations and oxygen vacancies in the LiMn2O4 cathode materials by the spherical aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (Cs-STEM) technique. Firstly, the {111} lattice planes appear in the formed LiMn2O4 octahedra, and then the {110} and {001} crystal planes are observed in the subsequent truncated octahedral at a higher temperature or a longer annealing time. The LiMn2O4 crystals with dominated {111} and {110} planes and an appropriate amount of oxygen vacancies exhibits a superior cycling performance and rate performance, suggesting a synergistic effect of surface orientation and concentration of oxygen vacancies achieves an enhanced electrochemical performance. The introduction of oxygen vacancies can accelerate the diffusion of lithium-ions along {110} plane and strengthen the rate performance of LiMn2O4, as elucidated by the combination of Cs-STEM observation, X-ray photoelectronic spectra analysis and property measurements.

BUBBLE SLIPPING ON A SUPERHYDROPHOBIC PLANAR STRAIGHT TRAJECTORY UNDER DIFFERENT SURFACE ORIENTATIONS

Bubble directional transportation using the superhydrophobic surfaces of different specific geometry in the water has broad application prospects in the fields of mineral flotation and biological incubation. The surface orientation of the planar straight superhydrophobic surfaces is a crucial parameter for the related engineering structures. However, it is still unclear that the effect of surface orientation on the bubble slipping along the inclined surface. The high-speed shadowgraphy is used to study the movement characteristics of the slipping bubble ($D_{eq}=2.4$ mm, $Re=500$ $\sim$ 700, $We=7$ $\sim$ 13) on the superhydrophobic linear trajectory with the width of 2 mm under different surface orientations ($-90^\circ\leqslant \beta \leqslant 90^\circ$) and inclination angles ($45^\circ\leqslant \alpha \leqslant 75^\circ$). The slipping velocity of the bubble ($u)$ on the trajectory is approximately stable, and the shape like semi-bullet with multi-ridges. The slipping bubble can be divided into two shape types: the stable and the unstable according to the fluctuation level of the gas-liquid interface. Stable bubble only appear when the inclination angle is small and the azimuth angle is large ($45^\circ\leqslant \alpha <70^\circ$, $| \beta | \geqslant 45^\circ$). As $\alpha $ changes, two kinds of $u$-$\beta $ relations can be found: When $\alpha \leqslant 65^\circ$, the slipping velocity is approximately a unimodal distribution about $\beta =0^\circ$ (the maximum sliding velocity at $\beta =0^\circ$); When $\alpha \geqslant 70^\circ$, the azimuth angle has no significant influence on $u$. The maximum sliding velocity can be upto 0.66 m/s ($\beta =0^\circ$, $\alpha =70^\circ$), which is much higher than that of the free-rising bubble of the similar size ($\sim$0.25 m/s), mainly as a combined effect of the wall-wettability and the inertial force. Surface orientation ($\beta$) and trajectory inclination angle ($\alpha$) affect the slipping velocity and the stability of the gas-liquid interface by changing the driving force, as a buoyance component, of the bubble along the trajectory direction and the bubble frontal area.

Effects of Surface Orientation and Termination Plane on Glass‐to‐Crystal Transformation of Lithium Disilicate by Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Glass‐to‐crystal transformation of lithium disilicate is studied using molecular dynamics simulations using an effective partial charge potential. The structural evolution of the interface between glassy and crystalline lithium disilicate is analyzed to simulate crystallization of glass on pre‐existing crystal seeds. Besides previously used atomic number density, the distribution of Qn species (Si tetrahedra with n bridging oxygen) is shown to be an effective parameter for following this transformation quantitatively. The early stages of crystal growth are significantly affected by the orientation and termination of the surface of adjacent crystal, as indicated by calculated atomic density, partial ordering, atomic segregation, and an increase in Q3 concentration. In particular, under‐coordinated Si within the outer crystal layer is found to be most effective in transforming the amorphous structure toward crystallinity. The increase in Q3 in the glass close to interface region most clearly shows the initial stage of lithium disilicate crystal growth.

Effects of Friction Plate Hardness and Surface Orientation on the Frictional Properties of Cereal Grain

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the friction plate hardness and surface orientation of a friction plate on the angle and coefficient of static friction of cereal kernels. The angle of static friction of kernels representing four major cereal species was measured on six friction plates with different hardness. The friction plates were placed in position where their surface orientation was perpendicular or parallel relative to their inclination tilt. The experimental material comprised the so-called flat seed units, where each unit consisted of three spaced kernels. The angle of static friction of every flat seed unit was measured with a dedicated device in three replications, and average values of that angle were calculated. The kernels’ angle of static friction varied considerably from 13° to 33° within the analyzed range of changes in the surface characteristics of friction plates. The average angle of static friction was influenced mainly by the surface orientation of the friction plate that came into contact with cereal kernels. The angle of static friction was 17.5% to 56.5% higher when the friction plate had perpendicular rather than parallel surface orientation. The frictional properties of kernels were less influenced by plate hardness, and clear relationships were not observed in this respect. The kernels’ coefficient of static friction remained fairly constant within the analyzed range of plate hardness values, and it was estimated at 0.4 on plates with a perpendicular surface orientation and at 0.3 on plates with a parallel surface orientation.

Effects of Gravitational Force and Surface Orientation on the Jumping Velocity and Energy Conversion Efficiency of Coalesced Droplets

Due to potential applications in numerous fields (self-cleaning, anti-frosting, condensation enhancement, etc.), coalescence-induced droplet jumping has been investigated extensively by numerical simulations and experiments over the past decade. In this paper, the jumping dynamics of coalesced droplets on the microstructured superhydrophobic surfaces is simulated using the lattice Boltzmann model. Effects of gravity, inclined angle and droplet radius ratio on the jumping velocity and energy conversion efficiency are studied. The numerical results demonstrate that jumping droplets on inclined surfaces driven by the tangential gravity can successfully detach from the surface without returning to the original spot. The jumping velocity can be improved by a larger inclined angle. Coalescence-induced jumping of two-mismatched droplets on the horizontal surface can also produce a horizontal velocity that drives them detaching from the surface along x direction or coalescing with other droplets. Both jumping velocity and energy conversion efficiency are reduced by a lower radius ratio and a larger gravitational coefficient. In addition, no jumping behavior can be observed when energy conversion efficiency is less than 2%.

Effect of surface orientation on dissolution rate and surface dynamics of UO2 single crystals in nitric acid

UO2 single crystals with (100), (110) and (111) oriented faces were dissolved in 2 mol.L−1 HNO3 at room temperature. The evolution of the topography of the surface was monitored and reliable dissolution rates corresponding to the three crystallographic orientations were determined under controlled hydrodynamic and chemical conditions. The dissolution tests of UO2 polished single crystals showed two different kinetic steps. During the first uncatalysed kinetic regime, the enhanced reactivity of the surface at defect sites was demonstrated. The second kinetic step was attributed to a catalysed dissolution mechanism involving species produced at the solid/solution interface during the first step.

Oscillatory ethylene glycol electrooxidation reaction on Pt in alkaline media: The effect of surface orientation

The ethylene glycol (EG) electrooxidation reaction was studied in alkaline media using three distinct platinum catalysts, named Pt(110), Pt(111) and Pt(poly) (or polycrystalline). While the reaction showed potential oscillations under current control when catalyzed by both Pt(poly) and Pt(111), no oscillations were observed employing Pt(110) once different amounts of adsorbed EG intermediates take place on the surfaces. Galvanostatic time-series (GTS) depicted a faster drift, i.e. amplitude, period and oscillation shape changes over time, on Pt(111) than in Pt(poly) for several EG concentrations and electrolyte temperatures, this behavior being explained by means of the maximum potential reached in each oscillation cycle and distinct mechanisms that trigger non-reversible processes on these surfaces.

Film boiling heat transfer prediction of liquid nitrogen from different geometry heaters

In the present paper, available experimental data and predictive correlations on cryogenic film boiling heat transfer are summarized and analyzed. A unified correlation formation, which could standardize the most of the existing heat transfer correlations, is used to perform comparison studies, and a series of validated correlations focusing on predicting cryogenic boiling events are reached. It demonstrates that Merte & Clark correlation and Bromley correlation are recommended to predict cryogenic film boiling heat flux at spherical and horizontal tube heaters respectively, and the deviations are within ±15% and ±8%. A preliminary data analysis indicates that Laplace reference length could be regarded as a critical diameter to distinguish tube and wire conditions. Moreover, a unified correlation without considering surface orientation effect is proposed to account for the plate heater boiling issue in the view of engineering application, and the deviations are within ±40%. Generally, the present study could provide researchers with reliable research tools to conduct cryogenic heat transfer analysis.

Single-Facet Dominant Anatase TiO2 (101) and (001) Model Catalysts to Elucidate the Active Sites for Alkanol Dehydration

Alkanol dehydration on Lewis acid–base pairs of transition metal oxide catalysts is a reaction of importance in oxygen removal from biomass-derived feedstocks and their conversion to chemicals in general. However, catalysts with a high degree of structural heterogeneity, such as commercial TiO2 powders, are not well-suited to establish rigorous structure–function relationships at an atomic level. Here, we provide compelling evidence for the effects of surface orientation of TiO2 catalyst on elimination reactions of alcohols. Two anatase titania model catalysts, with preferential exposure of (101) and (001) facets, were synthesized and studied for 2-propanol dehydration using kinetic, isotopic, microscopic, and spectroscopic measurements, coupled with DFT calculations. Surface Lewis acid sites were found to be active for 2-propanol dehydration, and (101) facets are more reactive than (001) facets under the reaction conditions studied. On both anatase surfaces, 2-propanol was found to dehydrate via concerted E2 elimination pathways, but with different initial states and thus also different intrinsic activation barriers. Molecular 2-propanol dehydration dominates on TiO2 (101) while on TiO2 (001), 2-propanol simultaneously converts to more stable 2-propoxide before dehydration, which then requires higher activation energies for E2 elimination.

Estimation of Aerosol-Corrected Surface Solar Irradiance at Local Incidence Angle over Different Physiographic Subdivisions of India and Adjoining Areas Using MODIS and SRTM Data

AbstractSurface solar irradiance is considered as an important component of the surface radiation budget and constitutes one of the essential climate variables. In the present study, clear-sky instantaneous solar irradiance was estimated over 15 physiographic regions of India during January. Dewpoint temperature profiles were extracted from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument onboard the Aqua satellite to calculate actual vapor pressure following Clausius–Clapeyron equation, which was further used in the Zillman parameterization for solar irradiance. The effect of terrain slope and aspect on direct radiation was taken into account by modifying the parameterized incoming shortwave flux by introducing the local incidence angle. A significant positive correlation was found between terrain-corrected MODIS irradiance and measured radiation data but the RMSE was very high (187 W m−2). Further, the effect of aerosol extinction was introduced by multiplying the terrain-corrected flux by a transmission factor obtained from satellite-derived aerosol optical depth and Ångström exponent. Due to the inclusion of the aerosol transmittance, the correlation was significantly improved (R2 = 0.84) and RMSE was reduced (31 W m−2). Further the effect of surface orientation on surface irradiance was evaluated on six hilly subdivisions. A large variation in the flux (135 to 161 W m−2) was noticed among different aspect classes. The variability was highest in the Eastern Himalayas subdivision (&gt;250 W m−2) and was a minimum in the Eastern Hills subdivision (&lt;28 W m−2). In absence of ground radiation data in hills, Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2), was used for validation of model output but it performed poorly and got saturated at higher surface irradiance values.

The effects of surface orientation, heater size, wettability, and subcooling on the critical heat flux enhancement in pool boiling

Enhancing Critical Heat Flux (CHF) in pool boiling significantly extends the safety limit in the nuclear system, especially under the In-Vessel Retention-Reactor Vessel Cooling (IVR-ERVC) severe accident management strategy to avoid the failure of the lower head reactor pressure vessel. In this work, the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is employed to simulate the effect of surface orientation, wettability, geometric size, and subcooling of the downward-facing lower head on the CHF enhancement. It was found that for the downward-facing surface, the CHF increases with increasing surface orientation, while a vertical surface gives a slightly lower CHF compared to a near-vertical surface. Besides, the CHF for a downward facing surface increases with increasing wettability. The CHF performance of the near-vertical and vertical surfaces exhibits the largest improvement with decreasing surface contact angle. Moreover, it reveals that with an increased radius of the lower head, the CHF decreases for all curved surfaces, especially obvious for the inclination angle smaller than 90∘. For a vertical surface, increasing the length of the heated surface has no obvious improvement on the CHF. This study also provides a discussion regarding the effect of subcooling on the CHF enhancement. It was found that the CHF increases with the increase of subcooling and the simulation results agree with the Elkassabgi-Lienhard and Zuber correlations.

Characteristics of hydrogen-terminated single crystalline diamond field effect transistors with different surface orientations

Diamond has great potential applications in high-power, high-frequency semiconductor devices because of its wide band gap (5.5 eV), high thermal conductivity (22W/(cm·K)), and high carrier mobility (4500 cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;/(V·s) for electron, and 3800 cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;/(V·s) for hole). It has been widely considered as an ultimate semiconductor. From the analysis of our previous work, we find that the output current of field effect transistor based on hydrogen-terminated polycrystalline diamond is usually larger than that based on single crystal diamond, and that the preferential orientations of the polycrystalline diamond are mainly &lt;inline-formula&gt;&lt;tex-math id="Z-20200108113531-1"&gt;\begin{document}$ \langle 110\rangle $\end{document}&lt;/tex-math&gt;&lt;alternatives&gt;&lt;graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="2-20191013_Z-20200108113531-1.jpg"/&gt;&lt;graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="2-20191013_Z-20200108113531-1.png"/&gt;&lt;/alternatives&gt;&lt;/inline-formula&gt; and &lt;inline-formula&gt;&lt;tex-math id="Z-20200108113531-2"&gt;\begin{document}$ \langle 111\rangle $\end{document}&lt;/tex-math&gt;&lt;alternatives&gt;&lt;graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="2-20191013_Z-20200108113531-2.jpg"/&gt;&lt;graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="2-20191013_Z-20200108113531-2.png"/&gt;&lt;/alternatives&gt;&lt;/inline-formula&gt; shown by XRD results. Therefore, in order to further analyze the effect of surface orientation on the device performance of hydrogen-terminated diamond field effect transistor (FET), we study the devices fabricated respectively on the (110) plane and (111) plane single crystal diamond plates obtained from a single 3.5-mm-thick single crystal diamond grown by the microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition on the high-pressure high-temperature synthesized diamond substrate. Prior to processing the device, these diamond plates are characterized by atomic force microscope, Raman spectra and photoluminescence (PL) spectra. The results of Raman and PL spectra show that (110) plane and (111) plane plates originating from the same CVD single crystal diamond have no significant difference in optical property. Then the normally-on hydrogen-terminated diamond FET with a gate length of 6 μm is achieved. The device on (111) plane delivers a saturation drain current of 80.41 mA/mm at a gate voltage &lt;i&gt;V&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;GS&lt;/sub&gt; = –4 V, which is approximately 1.4 times that of the device on (110) plane. Meanwhile, the on-resistance of the device on (111) plane is 48.51 Ω·mm, and it is only 67% of the device on (110) plane. Analyses of the capacitance-voltage show that the hole concentration of the gated device on (110) plane and (111) plane are 1.34 × 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; cm&lt;sup&gt;–2&lt;/sup&gt; and 1.45 × 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; cm&lt;sup&gt;–2&lt;/sup&gt;, respectively, approximately at the same level. In addition, the hole density of the device on both (110) and (111) plane increase near-linearly with the increase of gate voltage from the threshold voltage to – 4 V, indicating that the control effect of the gate on the carrier in the channel is uniform. The possible reason for the higher saturation drain current as well as the lower on-resistance of the device on (111) plane is that its sheet resistance is lower.

Membrane-binding peptides for extracellular vesicles on-chip analysis

ABSTRACT Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) present fairly distinctive lipid membrane features in the extracellular environment. These include high curvature, lipid-packing defects and a relative abundance in lipids such as phosphatidylserine and ceramide. sEV membrane could be then considered as a “universal” marker, alternative or complementary to traditional, characteristic, surface-associated proteins. Here, we introduce the use of membrane-sensing peptides as new, highly efficient ligands to directly integrate sEV capturing and analysis on a microarray platform. Samples were analysed by label-free, single-particle counting and sizing, and by fluorescence co-localisation immune staining with fluorescent anti-CD9/anti-CD63/anti-CD81 antibodies. Peptides performed as selective yet general sEV baits and showed a binding capacity higher than anti-tetraspanins antibodies. Insights into surface chemistry for optimal peptide performances are also discussed, as capturing efficiency is strictly bound to probes surface orientation effects. We anticipate that this new class of ligands, also due to the versatility and limited costs of synthetic peptides, may greatly enrich the molecular toolbox for EV analysis.

Surface orientation effects on heat transfer performance of spray cooling

In this study, the heat transfer performances of spray cooling for upward, vertical, and downward surfaces under different nozzle-to-surface distances, inlet pressures, nozzle types, and surface areas were investigated experimentally. Almost no difference in heat transfer performance can be found among the different orientations in single-phase and two-phase regimes. A considerable orientation dependency of the critical heat flux (CHF) can be observed in medium-spray volumetric fluxes: the CHF of the vertical surface is higher than that of the upward and downward surfaces. The orientation dependency of the CHF reduces as the inlet pressure increases, implying that an increase in droplet diameter or decrease in droplet velocity would enhance this dependency. The surface orientation has no significant effect on surface liquid film flow and temperature distribution. In this paper, interaction between the vapour and spray (or surface wall) is proposed and verified to be the main mechanism that affects orientation dependency by intermittent spray cooling. A macrolayer model for the CHF is semi-empirically introduced to account for the orientation effects and provide a quantitative evaluation of these effects. Finally, based upon this model, a general correlation for the CHF is proposed.

Effect of Copper Substrate Surface Orientation on the Reductive Functionalization of Graphene

Although substrate composition can influence the chemical reactivity of graphene, substrate lattice orientation provides a valuable alternative. The effect of Cu surface orientation on the reactivi...

An experimental study of the influence of orientation on water condensation of a thermoelectric cooling heatsink

An experimental investigation of thermoelectric cooling using a Peltier element to dehumidify moist air under controlled, high relative humidity conditions has been conducted. The influence of the cold side heatsink orientation on the water collection rate was experimentally determined. One finned heatsink-fan combination was used on the heat rejection side. On the cold side flat plates, uncoated and Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coated, a fanned plate with four fins, and a heatsink having 15 fins were used. The PTFE coated plate showed up to a 30% higher water collection rate (expressed in L/kWh) compared to the uncoated flat plate that has the same surface area. Clearing the surfaces—removing all condensate every hour—increased the water collection rate by up to 18% for the flat plates. The finned heatsink and the PTFE coated flat plate were used for the orientation experiments. The finned heatsink was rotated from 0° to 90°, as well as tilted from 0° to 90° (vertical to horizontal). To investigate the effect of surface orientation on a single-side collection surface in isolation, the PTFE coated flat plate was tilted from 15° to 165° in 15° increments. The highest collection rates are found for a rotation angle of 60° and a tilted angle of 75° for the finned heatsink, 0.249 L/kWh and 0.221 L/kWh respectively. The highest measured collection rate for the PTFE coated plate is 0.319 L/kWh at an orientation of 15° from the horizontal. Experiments for the horizontal orientation of the finned heatsink show that once the spaces between the fins are completely filled with water the collection rate drops by an order of magnitude, from 0.203 L/kWh to 0.026 L/kWh. The experiments show that the orientation of a thermoelectric heatsink should be considered when optimizing the water collection rates under high humidity conditions for thermoelectric cooling heatsinks.

Computational study of surface orientation effect of rutile TiO2 on H2S and CO sensing mechanism

The adsorption of hazardous CO and H2S on four low-index surfaces of rutile TiO2 surfaces was investigated using first-principle calculations, in an effort to distinguish the difference of surface reactivity on these surfaces in sensing process. We predicted that rutile TiO2 possessed excellent capacity for H2S detection than CO based on adsorptive structure, density of states (DOS) analysis and charge density difference (CDD) plots. Particularly, in H2S adsorption, the dissociative adsorption process occurred on the (001) surface of TiO2 with largest adsorption energy as 1.17 eV and noticeable modification in the electronic structure, rendering high sensitivity on this surface. The decomposition of H2S yielded HS and H species, whose bonding features were also analyzed. It was suggested that 3p states of HS were able to mix with surface titanium and the 1 s states of H were considerably overlapped with 2p states of surface bridging oxygen, forming OH radicals on (001) surface. The reason for different sensing properties on these surfaces was pinpointed, and the significance of rutile (100) facet in H2S monitoring was underlined. These preliminary investigations would provide a basic understanding for CO and H2S adsorption for pursuing high-performance sensor toward targeted gas.

Passivation of Germanium by Graphene for Stable Graphene/Germanium Heterostructure Devices

Graphene grown directly on Ge via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) can passivate the underlying Ge surface, preventing its oxidation in ambient air for at least months. However, the factors that govern oxidation of Ge coated with graphene have not been elucidated. We investigate the effect of graphene synthesis parameters and Ge surface orientation on passivation of Ge and correlate these data with the density and type of defects in graphene. Oxidation of Ge can be reduced by increasing the H2:CH4 flux ratio or decreasing the growth rate, which decrease the density of atomic-scale defects, such as point defects and grain boundaries, in graphene. Oxidation of graphene is concomitant with oxidation of Ge and occurs more readily when the density of atomic-scale defects is relatively high. Passivation of Ge, however, depends more strongly on Ge surface orientation, as Ge(110) oxidizes significantly less than Ge(001) or Ge(111), even at the same graphene defect density. These results provide a pathway for engineering high-quality graphene films on Ge, which may enable improved passivation of Ge and direct integration of graphene-based or hybrid graphene/Ge heterostructure devices on conventional semiconductor platforms.

Enhanced Condensation for Improved Energy Efficiency

Electrical power generation, air conditioning, electronics thermal management—these applications all rely on condensation. This issue of Joule features two articles on condensation: Boreyko and co-workers describe the effect of surface orientation on condensation on a superhydrophobic surface, and Varanasi and colleagues demonstrate a coating method that enhances condensation of organic fluids. These findings represent a significant step toward system-level efficiency improvements in energy-intensive applications.