Effects Of Substrate Composition Research Articles

Effects of Substrate Composition on the Growth Traits of Grafted Seedling in Macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia) Nuts.

Macadamia nut plantings in China are expanding year by year. In order to breed and promote superior varieties, this study analyzed the effects of different rootstocks and scions on the survival rate of grafted seedlings, and then selected the best substrate composition for plant growth. The results showed that the survival rate of the HAES788 variety as rootstock and Guire No. 1 as scion was the highest, reaching 96%. The optimal grafting time in December was better than that in March. Furthermore, among 16 substrate formulations, T12, T13, T15, and T16 had advantages of agglomerated soil and more well-developed root systems compared to the CK made of loess. The plant height, stem diameter, leaf length, leaf width, and dry weight of the aboveground and underground parts of the grafted seedlings planted in these substrate formulations were significantly higher than those plants planted in the CK. In addition, the substrate formulations T12, T13, T15, and T16 significantly improved the organic matter, total nitrogen, and total potassium content of the substrate soils, but little improvement was observed for total phosphorus content after 13 months. Overall, macadamia grafting times are best in December, with HAES788 and Guire No. 1 being the best rootstock and scion. The optimal substrate formulations are T12, T13, T15, and T16. This study provides a solid foundation for the production of high-quality macadamia plants.

Cell-Specific Impacts of Surface Coating Composition on Extracellular Vesicle Secretion.

Biomaterial properties have recently been shown to modulate extracellular vesicle (EV) secretion and cargo; however, the effects of substrate composition on EV production remain underexplored. This study investigates the impacts of surface coatings composed of collagen I (COLI), fibronectin (FN), and poly l-lysine (PLL) on EV secretion for applications in therapeutic EV production and to further understanding of how changes in the extracellular matrix microenvironment affect EVs. EV secretion from primary bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs), primary adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), HEK293 cells, NIH3T3 cells, and RAW264.7 cells was characterized on the different coatings. Expression of EV biogenesis genes and cellular adhesion genes was also analyzed. COLI coatings significantly decreased EV secretion in RAW264.7 cells, with associated decreases in cell viability and changes in EV biogenesis-related and cell adhesion genes at day 4. FN coatings increased EV secretion in NIH3T3 cells, while PLL coatings increased EV secretion in ASCs. Surface coatings had significant effects on the capacity of EVs derived from RAW264.7 and NIH3T3 cells to impact in vitro macrophage proliferation. Overall, surface coatings had different cell-specific effects on EV secretion and in vitro functional capacity, thus highlighting the potential of substrate coatings to further the development of clinical EV production systems.

Effects of Substrate Composition and Subsurface Fluid Pathways on the Geochemistry of Seafloor Hydrothermal Deposits at the Lucky Strike Vent Field, Mid‐Atlantic Ridge

AbstractThe Lucky Strike vent field, located on the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge (MAR), is hosted on enriched mid‐ocean ridge basalt associated with the nearby Azores hotspot. In this study, we present bulk rock geochemistry coupled with in situ sulfur isotope analysis of hydrothermal samples from Lucky Strike. We assess the geological controls on the differences in the major and trace element content and sulfur isotopic composition of the hydrothermal deposits within the vent field. The hydrothermal deposits contain elevated concentrations of elements typically enriched in mid‐ocean basalt (E‐MORB), such as Mo, Ba, and Sr, compared to typical values for other hydrothermal deposits hosted on the MAR. The range in sulfur isotope compositions of hydrothermal marcasite and chalcopyrite (−2.5 to 8.7‰) is similar to the range recorded at other sediment‐free basalt‐hosted seafloor hydrothermal sites. However, at Lucky Strike, the Capelinhos vent, situated 1.4 km east of the main field, is enriched in 34S (by ∼3.5‰ for both marcasite and chalcopyrite), relative to the main field. This difference reflects contrasting subseafloor fluid/rock interactions at these two sites, including subseafloor sulfide precipitation at the main field that results in <20% of reduced sulfur within the upwelling hydrothermal fluid reaching the seafloor. We also compare the geochemistry of the hydrothermal deposits at Lucky Strike to other hydrothermal sites along the MAR and show that the average hydrothermal deposit Ba/Co is useful to discriminate between E‐MORB and other mafic/ultramafic hosted deposits.

The effects of substrate composition and topography on the characteristics and growth of cell cultures of cochlear fibrocytes

Spiral ligament fibrocytes of the cochlea play homoeostatic roles in hearing and their degeneration contributes to hearing loss. Culturing fibrocytes in vitro provides a way to evaluate their functional characteristics and study possible therapies for hearing loss. We investigated whether in vivo characteristics of fibrocytes could be recapitulated in vitro by modifying the culture substrates and carried out proof of concept studies for potential transplantation of culture cells into the inner ear. Fibrocytes cultured from 4 to 5-week old CD/1 mice were grown on 2D substrates coated with collagen I, II, V or IX and, after harvesting, onto or into 3D substrates (hydrogels) of collagen I alone or mixed collagen I and II at a 1:1 ratio. We also assessed magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) uptake. Cell counts, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies showed that fibrocytes grown on 2D substrates proliferated, formed both small spindle-shaped and large flat cells that avidly took up MNPs. Of the different collagen coatings, only collagen II had an effect, causing a reduced size of the larger cells. On hydrogels, the cells were plump/rounded with extended processes, resembling native cells. They formed networks over the surface and became incorporated into the gel. In all culture formats, the majority co-expressed caldesmon, aquaporin 1, S-100 and sodium potassium ATPase, indicating a mixed or uncharacterised phenotype. Time-course experiments showed a decrease to ∼50% of the starting population by 4d after seeding on collagen I hydrogels, but better survival (∼60%) was found on collagen I + II gels, whilst TEM revealed the presence of apoptotic cells. Cells grown within gels additionally showed necrosis. These results demonstrate that fibrocytes grown in 3D recapitulate in vivo morphology of native fibrocytes, but have poorer survival, compared with 2D. Therefore hydrogel cultures could be used to study fibrocyte function and might also offer avenues for cell-replacement therapies, but need more optimization for therapeutic use. Fibrocyte function could be modified using MNPs in combination, for example, with gene transfection.

Effects of Substrate Composition and Treatment Times on the Erosive Wear of Titanium Aluminide Coating: Prepared By Pack Cementation

This present work aims to investigate the effect of processing time on the erosion resistance of 316 stainless steel and AISI H13 hot working tool steel treated by pack cementation. For this purpose, aluminum and titanium elements were simultaneously deposited on the surface of the two steels at 1050 °C for 4, 8 and 12 h using a pack mix containing an NH4Cl-based activator. The erosion wear experiments were conducted using both air jet and sand blast erosion equipment at impact angles of 30° and 90°. The microstructures of the two studied steels, in terms of surface morphology and related formed phases, were investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope (EDS), while the hardness and the erosion resistance of the coatings were assessed using Vickers’ microhardness and the weight loss per unit mass erodent, respectively. The results showed that all coatings have high erosion rate values at low impact angle of 30° which is thought to be associated with ductile erosion behavior. Furthermore, the coatings obtained on 316 stainless steel exhibited better erosion resistance than those obtained on AISI H13 steel. SEM analysis of eroded surfaces of all coatings revealed that the predominant erosion mechanism of Ti–Al pack cementation coatings was the formation and extrusion of platelet.

Effects of substrate composition on the primordia and growth of fruiting body in Pleurotus nebrodensis during bottle cultivation.

Effects of substrate composition on the primordia and growth of fruiting body in Pleurotus nebrodensis during bottle cultivation.

Biofunctional surfaces by plasma electrolytic oxidation on titanium biomedical alloys

The effects of substrate composition on oxide layer properties following plasma electrolytic oxidation under similar conditions have been evaluated for α-cpTi, α/β-Ti6Al7Nb, β-Ti35Zr10Nb and β-Ti45Nb alloys. All oxidised surfaces revealed enhanced wettability, surface free energy and roughness relative to the non-oxidised surfaces. Nevertheless, the resultant oxides differed with respect to average pore size, pores density, layer chemistry and phase composition. The β-titanium alloys developed oxides with a larger average pore size and lower pore density relative to the α-cpTi and α/β-Ti6Al7Nb substrates. Anatase dominated the oxide layer formed on α-cpTi and β-Ti45Nb alloys, a mixture of anatase and rutile was present on the oxidised α/β-Ti6Al7Nb surface, whereas Ti2ZrO6 was the only phase detected on the oxidised surface of the β-Ti35Zr10Nb alloy.

Effects of Substrate Composition on Morphology and Growth of Porous Oxide Layers

Nanostructured materials have attracted much attention in various application fields due to their unique size-dependent properties. In addition to characterize their structures and to evaluate their properties, therefore, research efforts have targeted the fabrication process of nanostructured materials. Electrochemical anodization is one of the most straightforward approaches to fabricate nanostructured materials and, leads to the formation of highly ordered nanoporous or nanotubular oxide layers on various metallic substrates in self-organized manner under optimized condition. For examples, nanoporous oxide layers are formed on aluminum in suitable acidic electrolytes while on the other valve metals such as titanium and zirconium nanotubular oxide layers are obtained. So far a variety of electrochemical conditions such as electrolyte composition, pH and applied potential have been extensively studied. The present work focus on substrate composition, that is, we examine the growth and morphology of oxide layers formed on various alloy substrates.

Effects of substrate composition and roughness on mechanical properties and conformality of parylene C coatings

AbstractNanoindentation was used to determine reduced elastic modulus Er and hardness H of 16 μm thick Parylene C coatings vapor‐deposited on mill‐finished samples of aluminum, copper, nickel steel, and stainless steel. Profilometry was used to compare average surface roughnesses of the polymeric coatings to the roughnesses of the underlying metals, thereby providing a quantitative index for determining conformality. Roughness, elasticity, and hardness of coatings were found to be affected by both chemical composition and surface roughness of four different metallic substrates. Standard nanoindentation evaluations of Er and H distributions for the various metals were found to be positively skewed, which precluded use of simple averages for purposes of comparison. However, analysis of the nanoindentation and profilometry data by use of alternative techniques indicated that coatings were consistently smoother and flatter than their underlying substrates, i.e., they were not truly conformal, and nanomechanical properties of Parylene C were affected by the chemical composition of the substrates independently of the effects of substrate roughness. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013

The effects of substrate composition, quantity, and diversity on microbial activity

Variation in organic matter inputs caused by differences in plant community composition has been shown to affect microbial activity, although the mechanisms controlling these effects are not entirely understood. In this study we determine the effects of variation in substrate composition, quantity, and diversity on soil extracellular enzyme activity and respiration in laboratory microcosms. Microbial respiration responded predictably to substrate composition and quantity and was maximized by the addition of labile substrates and greater substrate quantity. However, there was no effect of substrate diversity on respiration. Substrate composition significantly affected enzyme activity. Phosphatase activity was maximized with addition of C and N together, supporting the common notion that addition of limiting resources increases investment in enzymes to acquire other limiting nutrients. Chitinase activity was maximized with the addition of chitin, suggesting that some enzymes may be stimulated by the addition of the substrate they degrade. In contrast, activities of glucosidase and peptidase were maximized by the addition of the products of these enzymes, glucose and alanine, respectively, for reasons that are unclear. Substrate diversity and quantity also stimulated enzyme activity for three and four of the six enzymes assayed, respectively. We found evidence of complementary (i.e., non-additive) effects of additions of different substrates on activity for three of the six enzymes assayed; for the remaining enzymes, effects of adding a greater diversity of substrates appeared to arise from the substrate-specific effects of those substrates included in the high-diversity treatment. Finally, in a comparison of measures of microbial respiration and enzyme activity, we found that labile C and nutrient-acquiring enzymes, not those involved in the degradation of recalcitrant compounds, were the best predictors of respiration rates. These results suggest that while composition, quantity, and diversity of inputs to microbial communities all affect microbial enzyme activity, the mechanisms controlling these relationships are unique for each particular enzyme.

The retention of thermal barrier coating systems on single-crystal superalloys: Effects of substrate composition

The retention during thermal cycling of three types of thermal barrier coating (TBC) systems by a number of different nickel-based single-crystal superalloy substrates is examined. It is demonstrated conclusively that TBC compatibility depends upon substrate composition; this result implies that considerable chemical effects are at play. The influence of substrate composition on TBC spallation life is at least as strong as that induced by altering the bond coat (platinum-diffused, inward/outward platinum aluminides). A significant improvement was nonetheless displayed by the so-called platinum-diffused bond coat as compared to conventional platinum aluminide systems. The results can be explained only if the fracture toughness parameters controlling decohesion – e.g. the fracture toughness of the thermally grown oxide and the fracture toughnesses of the interfaces bounding it – are influenced strongly by small changes in composition arising from interdiffusion with the bond coat and underlying substrate, such that they are degraded during thermal cycling. As the sulphur content in the substrates was nearly constant at 2–3 ppm, other elements must represent the cause of the differences observed.

The effects of substrate composition on foraging behavior and growth rate of larval green sturgeon, Acipenser medirostris

We investigated the effects of substrate composition on foraging behavior and growth rate of larval green sturgeon, Acipenser medirostris, in the laboratory at 20±1°C over a period of 5 weeks. Larval groups (n=100) with mean wet weight (0.72±0.01 g) at 50 days post-hatch were reared on slate-rocks, cobble, sand or glass. Typically, fish were negatively rheotactic and exhibited dispersed skimming behaviors on provided substrates during pre-feeding and feeding, respectively, but were all positively rheotactic during feeding. Fish reared on slate-rock substrates were negatively phototactic, remained benthic, and aggregated underneath the substrates. In all substrates except slate-rocks, fish displayed frequent episodes of burst and glide swimming activity, tank wall skimming and vertical swimming behaviors, however these behaviors ceased immediately during feeding and reappeared at the end of the feeding period. Substrate composition led to variable foraging effectiveness and likely contributed to significant differences in specific growth rates (2.28, 1.14, 1.77, and 2.27% body weight per day) and mortality (7%, 40%, 11%, 0%) among the treatment groups; slate-rocks, cobble, sand, and glass, respectively. There were no significant differences in morphometrics, somatotopic indices, and whole-body lipid content among treatment groups at the end of the experiment. The present findings indicate that certain substrates in artificial/natural habitats may negatively affect larval growth and may lead to decreased recruitment of juvenile green sturgeon in the wild.

Factors Influencing Formation of Sclerotia inGrifola umbellate(Pers.) Pilát Under Artificial Conditions

The effects of substrate composition and temperature on mycelial growth and sclerotium production in Grifola umbellate (Pers.) Pilát were investigated in the present study. The induction of sclerotia of G. umbellate was affected greatly by the type of medium, as well as the type of carbon source. Malt-extract agar was able to induce the production of sclerotia. The production of sclerotia was also observed when the carbon source in the GPC agar medium (glucose 20 g/L, peptone 6 g/L, corn steep liquor 10 g/L, and agar 15 g/L) was replaced with glycerol or mannitol. Altering the composition of the GPC medium with milk powder, thiamine hydrochloride, extract of Armillaria mellea, active clay, diatomite, kaolin, or arginine did not induce the production of sclerotia. A temperature range of 18–25°C was suitable for both mycelial growth and sclerotium formation. Glycerol significantly induced slerotium formation on nutrient supplemented with sawdust substrates in bottle culture. 24S-Polyporusterone A and polyporusterone B were assayed in samples of natural and cultured sclerotia. Both natural and cultured sclerotia contained 24S-polyporusterone A and polyporusterone B. (Managing editor: Ya-Qin Han)

The effects of substrate composition on foraging behavior and growth rate of larval green sturgeon, Acipenser medirostris

The effects of substrate composition on foraging behavior and growth rate of larval green sturgeon, Acipenser medirostris

Thermal effects associated with hard anodizing of cast aluminum alloys

Hard anodizing of three different cast aluminum substrates (i.e. Al99.8 wt%, Al-10 wt% Si, Al-10 wt% Si-3.5 wt% Cu) was performed in 2.25 M H2SO4 electrolyte at 0 °C. The effects of substrate composition, current density and convection regime on electrode temperature evolution were investigated. Temperature transients followed the voltage transients during anodizing. At a current density of 6.0 A dm−2, the electrode temperatures increased with alloying whereas at 30 A dm−2 the temperature reached a steady value around 65 °C and severe oxide dissolution effects were visible on the surface of the anodized specimens. Further, at this current density and under forced convection regime, highest temperature values were recorded for the Al99.8 wt% substrate and were accompanied by fluctuations. Forced convection significantly reduced the electrode temperatures during the non-uniform oxide growth for all three compositions and increased the oxide layer thickness.

Long-range atom-surface interactions for cold atoms

Studies of the long-range interactions between cold atoms and surfaces are now of vital interest. The interest is partly driven by nanotechnology applications, partly by the exploding interest in the encompassing superfield of Casimir effects, and partly by the burgeoning overlap between atomic and molecular physics, condensed matter, and quantum optics. This tutorial lecture will address long-range atom-surface interactions for cold atoms, including an overview of Casimir-Polder interactions and their various manifestations. Some previous theoretical studies that are of particular relevance will be reviewed. In addition some different approaches to the problem and corresponding results, especially concerning the effects of substrate composition, geometry, and finite temperature, will be discussed.

Vickers microhardness of AlSi(Cu) anodic oxide layers formed in H 2SO 4 at low temperature

The effects of substrate composition and anodizing conditions (i.e. current density and anodizing time) on the Vickers microhardness of anodic oxide layers formed in 2.25 M H 2SO 4 at 0 °C on Al, AlSi10 and AlSi10Cu3 permanent mold cast substrates were assessed. The microhardness of the substrates and anodic oxide layers was determined on the polished cross-sections using a 25-g load. The results indicated that the hardest substrate, i.e. AlSi10Cu3 resulted in anodic oxide layers with lowest average microhardness (e.g. 222±78 HV 0.025 at 4.2 A dm −2 and 50 min) followed by AlSi10 (489±63 HV 0.025) and Al (541±28 HV 0.025). Increasing the current density from 3.0 to 6.0 A dm −2 showed no improvement in average microhardness measured at half layer thickness. Anodizing times exceeding 25 min resulted in a decreased average microhardness for the binary and ternary compositions. Variations of microhardness across the layer thickness were encountered for all substrates anodized for 50 min. Their extent, however, depended on substrate composition and layer thickness. The main differences in layers’ microhardness could be associated with the defects generated by silicon and copper containing constituent particles during anodizing. Their presence hinders reliable microhardness measurements.

Effects of substrate composition, stream-bed stability, and sediment supply on survival and trophic role of a dominant stream grazer

Effects of substrate composition, stream-bed stability, and sediment supply on survival and trophic role of a dominant stream grazer

水酸化ナトリウム中でのマグネシウムのアノード酸化挙動とアルミニウムの効果

The behavior of anodic film growth on magnesium and magnesium alloys in sodium hydroxide solution was investigated with a focus on the effects of substrate composition, formation voltage, and aluminum addition. In the range of formation voltage between 2V and 110V, barrier films or semi-barrier films were formed except at around 5V and breakdown voltage. At the latter voltages, a porous type film was formed. The critical voltage of high current flow accompanied by breakdown was considerably dependent on substrate purity; namely, 60V for 99.6% Mg, 90V for AZ 31B, and 100V for AZ 91 D and 99.95% Mg. A peculiar phenomenon of high current density at around 5V may be caused by trans-passive state, similar to that associated with alkaline fluoride solution. The peak current at 5V decreased with increasing aluminum content of the substrates. These phenomena can be explained by the effects of aluminum incorporation into the film to prevent dissolution and to promote passivation of magnesium. When 1mol·dm-3 AlO2-ion was added in the electrolytes, the critical voltage of 99.95% Mg increased to 110V. The depth profiles of constituent elements showed that aluminum was distributed throughout the whole depth of the film. The atomic ratio of aluminum to magnesium increased with increasing voltage to attain an atomic ratio of approximately 2/3 at 100V and crystalline MgAl2O4 was found in the film.

Effects of Substrate Composition on Apache Trout Fry Emergence

ABSTRACT Artificial substrates were used under laboratory conditions to assess the potential effects of fine sediment (< 2 mm) on a native southwestern (USA) salmonid. Apache trout (Oncorhynchus apache). Asynchronous, complementary field assessment of stream substrate composition was made in the White Mountains of east-central Arizona, the native range of Apache trout. Laboratory studies suggested that fry emergence was significantly reduced at 25% or greater by weight of fine sediments. Mean fine content of substrates in streams in the White Mountains ranged from 8 to 43% and averaged about 24%. Based on laboratory and field data, streams in the White Mountains region are approaching the threshold that could dramatically limit reproductive success of Apache trout. Further, a significantly greater content of optimum spawning substrate (8–32 mm) was estimated in streams emanating from the Fort Apache Indian Reservation than those in Apache Sitgreaves National Forest.