Effects Of Stereotypes Research Articles

The Critical Reflections on Chinese Students Stereotypes

This article analyses the critical thinking of previous studies from various perspectives on the stereotypes of Chinese students. It focuses on three aspects: What are the earlier stereotypes of Chinese students from numerous international scholars? What do they regard as the reasons for these stereotypes, and what are their respective attitudes? What are the new in-depth views of scholars on these stereotypes, and what initiatives have been proposed to improve the stereotypes of Chinese students? These questions are answered in the following main body section. Through the analysis and summary of scholars findings, it is found that stereotypes of Chinese students can be mainly related to learning styles and traditional Chinese cultural characteristics. The cause of stereotypes primarily comes from the influence of cultural differences between China and the West and the lack of understanding of Chinese education. The scholars critical views on Chinese students stereotypes are mainly about the internal and external environmental influences on Chinese students and the consequences of stereotypes. Therefore, this paper contributes to future research on improving Chinese students stereotypes in the context of international education.

Effect of Harassment, Stereotypes, and Distractions on Female Driving Behavior in Egypt

Effect of Harassment, Stereotypes, and Distractions on Female Driving Behavior in Egypt

How Can Women Take Advantage of the High-Tech Era to be Perceived as Effective Leaders? Being Tech-Savvy Helps

Given the increasing use of intelligent technologies and the resulting requirement for leaders to be tech-savvy, an important question that emerges is whether perceptions of leadership effectiveness are changing too? Drawing from gender role theory and expectation violation theory, we propose and test a model of whether and how females can benefit from being tech-savvy. To explore whether women may stand to gain from the changing nature of the workforce or not, we ran a series of studies. Our data sources included a cross-sectional time-lagged field study and experimental studies with students and online adults. We found that a definitive skill of the current technological era, tech-savviness, changes perceptions and evaluations of female leaders in a much more positive way than it does for male leaders, as such allowing female leaders to be more likely to be perceived as effective leaders. The reason for the effect that tech-savvy women were more likely to be perceived as effective leaders was driven by the fact that tech-savvy women are seen as more competent and hence, attributed more social status. Our research goes beyond merely focusing on the negative effects of gender stereotypes by providing an actionable solution—that comes from promoting tech knowledge and savviness—for women to counter gender stereotypes that undermine them from being viewed as effective leaders.

The Effects of Stereotypes About Animals’ Competence and Warmth on Empathy Choice

ABSTRACT The present preregistered research examined whether animal stereotypes predict choosing to empathize with them. In two studies (ns = 173 and 202), participants chose between taking an empathic or objective perspective with 48 animals representing 16 different species, classified into four groups representing perceived competence and warmth. While less likely to choose an empathic than an objective perspective for all animal groups, empathy choice was stronger for those stereotyped as high-competent (vs. low-competent, Study 1 and 2) and high-warmth (vs. low-warmth, Study 2 only) species. Variation in cognitive difficulty of being empathic (vs. objective) helped explain empathy choice preferences derived from stereotypes about animals, most robustly stereotypes about an animal’s competence (Studies 1 and 2). Suggesting its importance, empathy choice was positively associated with the amount participants were willing to donate toward each animal’s welfare (Study 2).

The Negative Effects of Positive Gender Stereotypes: Evidence from a Collectivistic Cultural Context

The Negative Effects of Positive Gender Stereotypes: Evidence from a Collectivistic Cultural Context

Challenging Stereotypes: Prosocial Racial Humor in Luís Valdez’s Actos

ABSTRACT This article examines how Luís Valdez uses prosocial racial humor in his collection of short plays to challenge the anti-Mexican racism directed against the strikers during the 1965–1970 Delano, California, grape strike as well as to address many of the other social issues faced by the Chicano community during this period. Drawing on social psychology research on the dynamics of racial group identification and focusing on the acto entitled Los Vendidos, the article analyzes how Valdez and his Teatro Campesino created the set of conditions that allowed audience members to confront and overcome the negative effects of the racial stereotyping and ethnic slurs they were experiencing on the picket lines and elsewhere and in the process to raise their Chicano cultural and political consciousness.

Measuring Support for Welfare Policies: Implications for the Effects of Race and Deservingness Stereotypes

Abstract What are the relative contributions of stereotypes about the race and deservingness of welfare recipients to Americans’ opinions on welfare? A recent study employing a conjoint-experimental method finds that Americans’ stereotypes of welfare recipients as undeserving drive negative attitudes toward welfare, while stereotypes of welfare recipients as Black have little effect. However, this finding may be produced by the measure of welfare attitudes that includes questions implicating deservingness. We implement a conceptual replication of that study using different measures of welfare policy opinions that directly ask respondents about spending, both on welfare generally and on specific welfare programs. We show that when support for welfare is measured using the spending questions, stereotypes about race are significantly associated with opposition to welfare. These results have important implications for the debate on Americans’ opposition to welfare programs, as well as for the measurement of policy opinions in surveys.

대학생들의 성역할 고정관념이 데이트폭력에 대한 허용도와 인식에 미치는 영향

대학생들의 성역할 고정관념이 데이트폭력에 대한 허용도와 인식에 미치는 영향

Evangelical attitudes toward Syrian refugees: are evangelicals distinctive in their opposition to Syrian refugees to the United States?

AbstractThis study analyzes a potential source of immigration policy by comparing attitudes toward Syrian refugees across different religious traditions in the United States. The analysis focuses on the puzzling case of evangelical public opinion, where the views of lay evangelicals showed a contrast with the pro-refugee stance of the church leadership. The current analysis examines the sources of evangelical public opinion by scrutinizing the mediating effects of Muslim stereotypes. The findings from a series of regression analyses using the ANES dataset (2016) suggest that while evangelicals are not distinctive in their opposition to Syrian refugees, they are unique in holding significantly high levels of Muslim stereotypes, which makes them more opposed to allowing refugees from Syria. Additionally, interesting differences in attitudes emerge within the evangelical community, thereby cautioning against generalizing the divide between church leadership and laity. Finally, measures of religiosity demonstrate significant effects on attitudes across religious traditions.

Changing stereotypes of partisans in the Trump Era

AbstractStereotypes of the two parties play an important role in political cognition, and a range of recent studies have examined the content and effects of partisan stereotypes. However, little work has studied change in partisan stereotypes over time. We address this question by comparing data on stereotypes of partisans collected before and after the Trump presidency, a time when we might expect individuals' images of the two parties to undergo significant change. Using a structural topic model, we compare responses to open-ended questions asking respondents to list words describing members of the two parties from 2016 and 2021. We find that partisan stereotypes in the 2021 sample are less group- and issue-based and focused more on personal traits. These results suggest that, during the Trump era, members of the mass public came to see the parties in more personalized, character-focused terms, potentially contributing to affective polarization.

Perceived masculinity from Facebook photographs of candidates predicts electoral success

Politicians have used the web and social media to circumvent the gatekeeping behavior of traditional mass media by directly communicating with supporters in their accounts. This paper is aimed at understanding communication strategies used by politicians and campaigns, focusing on the role of gender cues in their visual self-presentation and their impact on election outcomes. Previous research has discussed the importance of visual portrayals of leaders in campaigns. These studies, however, have been mainly based on manual coding and are limited in scale and scope. This paper aims to fill the research gap by introducing a multi task method that infers perceived gender-stereotypical visual traits from social media images. We analyze 77,861 photographs collected from the Facebook accounts of 554 US politicians who ran in the 2018 elections. Regression analyses discover the positive association of the masculinity trait for electoral outcomes. We also identify an empirical evidence that the effect of gender stereotypes could vary according to the gender and party combinations of the candidates in a race. In the intersectional analysis, we found that the win of female democrats against the same gendered opponent was positively correlated with the femininity trait score. This study provides methodological foundations and empirical contributions to the understanding of politicians’ campaign behaviors via photographs shared on social media and their relation to electoral success.

Abuse of power influencing sexual harassment behaviour in Pakistani sports

PurposeThe prevalence of sexual harassment (SH) in Pakistan can be traced back to deeply ingrained cultural ideas, myths and practices that justify and normalize such behavior. This prevalence justifies the need to uncover the factors behind this phenomenon. As a result, a more detailed mechanism of how and why abuse of power (AOP) can influence female athletes' perceptions of SH behaviors is needed. This study aims to investigate the indirect effects of gender stereotyping in sports (GSS) and benevolent sexism (BS) using sequential mediation.Design/methodology/approachWe collected data from 398 female athletes at football sports clubs in Pakistan. The SEM-PM technique was applied to determine whether these factors are linked to an increased risk of female athlete SH.FindingsThe direct relationship between AOP and SH was discovered to be positive and significantly associated with SH, where GSS and BS sequentially mediate the relationship between AOP and SH.Research limitations/implicationsThis research provided valuable insights and data related to perceptions of athletes of SH in sports in Pakistan that can lead to the development of effective policies and introduce preventative measures. By addressing this problem, study advises sports governance officers and directors to establish policies, protocols and procedures, including periodic training and dissemination of the policy, subsequent review of its effectiveness, and successful reactions to sexual contact. To ensure that criminal and disciplinary provisions are applied by providing specialized training to the staff of sports organizations.Originality/valuePrimary data collection and analysis were focused.

The Effect of Ethno-Racial Stereotypes and Familiarity on Funding Worthiness of Latinx Entrepreneurs

The Effect of Ethno-Racial Stereotypes and Familiarity on Funding Worthiness of Latinx Entrepreneurs

Does gender-stereotyped gamification increase negative thinking? Results from an experimental study with logic tutoring systems

ABSTRACT Gender-stereotypical design, such as the predominance of blue colors in interfaces, leaderboards with only men at the top, and male avatars, may have negative effects on women in gamified tutoring systems, especially in courses with a majority of male participation, such as courses of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM). We conducted a quasi-experimental study with 133 Brazilian high school students in order to determine the impact of gender stereotypes on the flow state of students, their negative thinking, and their learning performance. These participants were divided into a control group (non-stereotyped) and two intervention groups (male and female stereotypes). Girls' flow state and academic performance were negatively impacted by male stereotypes, as indicated by p.adj values of 0.031 and 0.046, respectively. Contrary to popular belief, participants' negative thoughts were more prevalent in a neutral (non-stereotyped) context than in one with a stereotype threat condition with p.adj value of 0.039. These findings suggest that gender stereotypes should be investigated further, as there are instances in which, contrary to expectations, their effects can be positive. Therefore, the primary contribution of the study is to provide funding for future research into the causes of the observed effects of gender stereotypes on negative thinking. These findings are also applicable to specialists in the design and development of gamified systems, as they support guidelines and the need to develop mechanisms for adapting game elements and the interface of these systems.

When the punk wishes you a great day, he still appears friendly: Stereotypes do not reliably guide spontaneous trait inferences from behavior

One of the most robust effects in person perception research is the spontaneous trait inference (STI) effect, defined as the spontaneous tendency to draw dispositional inferences from actors' behaviors. Yet, research has suggested that stereotypes affect STIs by inhibiting stereotype incongruent or facilitating stereotype congruent STIs. These findings are remarkable considering (a) the robustness of STI effects and (b) the typical design of behavioral statements in this research as unambiguously indicative of traits. We present a series of four high-powered, preregistered experiments (N = 1004) that originally aimed at replicating stereotype effects on STIs as basis for investigating their underlying psychological mechanisms. We employed a probe recognition paradigm that has been used in prior research, pairing trait-implying behavioral statements with category labels implying either trait-congruent or -incongruent stereotypes. We additionally implemented several methodological improvements like a larger and extensively pretested stimulus set.While we observed highly robust STI effects in all experiments, these were largely unaffected by actor stereotypes: Only one of the four experiments showed the hypothesized STI-stereotype interaction with a small effect size. We discuss how these findings add to the rather small number of existing publications on STIs and stereotypes and how the observed robustness of behavior-based impressions parallels prior research on intentional impression formation. We aim to instigate debate, further theorizing, and research that enhances our understanding of the boundary conditions of stereotype effects on spontaneous trait inferences in impression formation from unambiguous behaviors.

Media stereotypes, prejudice, and preference-based reinforcement: toward the dynamic of self-reinforcing effects by integrating audience selectivity

Abstract The media portray various social groups stereotypically, and studying the effects of these portrayals on prejudice is paramount. Yet, audience selectivity—inherent within today’s high-choice media environments—has largely been disregarded. Relatedly, the predominance of forced-exposure designs is a source of concern. This article proposes the integration of audience selectivity into media stereotype effects research. Study 1 (N = 1,166) indicated that prejudiced individuals tended to approach prejudice-consistent stereotypical news and avoid prejudice-challenging counter-stereotypical news. Using a forced-exposure experiment, study 2 (N = 380) showed detrimental effects of prejudice-consistent news and beneficial effects of prejudice-challenging news. Relying on a self-selected exposure paradigm, study 3 (N = 1,149) provided evidence for preference-based reinforcement. Study 4’s “net-effect perspective” (N = 937) indicated that operationalizing exposure as forced or self-selected can lead to different interpretations of actual societal effects. The findings emphasize the key role played by audience selectivity when studying media effects.

Language Suggestion in Online Advertising of Figure Skating Ice Shows

The article is devoted to the problem of latent verbal influence on the attitudes of the addressee in the advertising sports discourse. The purpose of the work is to identify linguistic means that realize the suggestive potential in the advertising of figure skating ice shows. The analysis of media texts posted in the Russian social network “VKontakte” was carried out. 124 advertising texts for 2021—2023 were analyzed Methods of discursive and communicative-pragmatic analysis, content analysis, descriptive method were used. It has been established that the verbal component of the considered advertising texts in the social network “VKontakte” is characterized by a small volume, clear logical and compositional structuring, linguistic minimalism, substantiveness, expansion of the nominative case, as a result of which the range of linguistic means of suggestion used is limited. These include allusive anthroponyms (participate in the formation of 84% of advertising media texts), evaluative vocabulary (42 %), bifunctional declarative-exclamatory sentences (37 %), vocative sentences (21 %). It is concluded that the listed units reveal their suggestive potential by replacing rational justification with emotional argumentation; activation of different types of associations; the affective component of the impact, determined by the presence of sympathy specifically for domestic figure skaters; the effect of stereotypes of personalities and the background knowledge of the addressee.

The Role of Social Presence in Relationships Among Gender Stereotypes, Sexism, and In-Game Sexual Harassment Among Young Korean Gamers.

Despite the rapidly increasing number of female gamers worldwide, female players are still experiencing discrimination, stereotyping, and objectification in digital games. The present study examined the relationships among gender stereotypes, sexism, and sexual harassment in online games, and further investigated how enhanced social presence contributes to intensifying the effects of gender stereotypes and sexism on sexual harassment. An online survey was conducted among 521 young male Korean gamers who regularly play two genres of online games: role-playing games and first-person shooter games. The results of moderated-mediation analyses using Hayes PROCESS macro models confirmed that gender stereotypes had significant effects on hostile and benevolent in-game sexism. A significant interaction was also observed between in-game sexism and social presence in predicting sexual harassment in online games. The findings from this study confirm the role of social presence as an amplifier that reinforces gender stereotypes and discrimination in competitive and violent online game environments.

How Gender Stereotype in Education Impact Female Students’ Development in Secondary School

Currently, gender equality has gained considerable development across the world. However, gender issues did not really disappear. Gender bias and gender discrimination still widely exist in society and the field of education. The achievement of gender equality will always be an unavoidable key issue in education. Because secondary school students are in a critical stage of socialization, the educational environment can readily influence their gender preconceptions. Finding gender stereotypes that harm secondary school girls is crucial for reducing their effects. The research on gender stereotype of female teenagers in the secondary school setting is reviewed in this paper. By analyzing research done previously, the author aims to determine the effect of gender stereotypes on female adolescents’ development. This paper summarizes stereotypes from three aspects: the family, the school and society. Females were likely to grow up with negative influences from the three perspectives above, resulting in lower self-confidence and more mental health problems, hence catering to a rigid social identity rather than choosing a future path based on their interests and abilities. The findings highlight that educators, parents and public media need to support both male and female students in all academic areas.

Internalization or Dissociation? Negative age stereotypes make you feel younger now but make you feel older later.

Negative age stereotypes have negative, assimilative effects on the subjective aging experience due to internalization processes, but sometimes positive contrast effects are reported as well, reflecting dissociation and downward comparisons. Our aim was thus to compare short-term and long-term consequences of age stereotypes on the subjective aging experience, to test the hypothesis that contrast effects are visible cross-sectionally, whereas internalization processes are observed when considering long-term changes. We assessed age stereotypes and subjective age in a core sample of N=459 participants (initial age range 30 - 80 years) from the Ageing as Future project (Lang et al., 2022) across three consecutive measurement occasions spanning a longitudinal interval of 10 years. Short-term and long-term effects were estimated with latent growth models by assessing effects of age stereotypes on the intercepts (cross-sectional) and on the slopes (longitudinal) of subjective age, respectively, while controlling for current self-views. Age stereotypes had opposite effects on subjective age depending on the time frame. A cross-sectional contrast effect was found, whereas longitudinal effects were assimilative in nature. Our findings support the time-dependent nature of effects of age stereotypes on the subjective aging experience. Negative age stereotypes temporarily lead to a significantly younger subjective age, indicating dissociation from one's age group and downward comparison. In the long run, however, negative (positive) age stereotypes become internalized into the self-views of older people and are linked to a relatively older (younger) subjective age.