Effect Of Spoilers Research Articles

Numerical study on the fluid flow and condensation heat transfer characteristics of two-phase NaCl-H2O fluids on the external swept spiral coil in a hydrothermal vent

The substantial thermal energy of two-phase NaCl-H2O hydrothermal fluids makes them a significant target for utilizing deep-sea energy. A fundamental understanding of the thermal performance of two-phase NaCl-H2O hydrothermal fluids during condensation is crucial for heat energy harnessing. It aims to obtain the flow and condensation heat transfer characteristics of two-phase NaCl-H2O fluids during the heat transfer process outside a spiral coil structure in this paper. The properties of the NaCl-H2O binary systems were adopted instead of pure water, and the salt transport equation was considered to reflect the impact of salinity change on heat transfer, making the simulation more representative of natural venting fluids. The results indicated a significant tangential velocity when the fluids externally swept the spiral coil. Secondly, the heat transfer area can be divided into the “normal region” and the “island region,” of which convection and condensation contribute to the heat transfer mechanisms. The “island region” formation was attributed to both vapor condensation and the spoiler effect caused by the spiral structure. Moreover, the heat flux increased with decreasing salinity in the “island region,” and a weak interaction was observed between heat flux and salinity in the “normal region.” Finally, the spiral structure's heat transfer performance was superior to the straight structure's. This investigation may provide a basis for designing and optimizing the heat transfer equipment for deep-sea hydrothermal extraction.

Effects of Spoiler on the Attraction of Forthcoming Web Series and Viewership

Effects of Spoiler on the Attraction of Forthcoming Web Series and Viewership

Ranked-choice voting and the spoiler effect: a supplementary note

Ranked-choice voting and the spoiler effect: a supplementary note

Split Cycle: a new Condorcet-consistent voting method independent of clones and immune to spoilers

We propose a Condorcet-consistent voting method that we call Split Cycle. Split Cycle belongs to the small family of known voting methods satisfying the anti-vote-splitting criterion of independence of clones. In this family, only Split Cycle satisfies a new criterion we call immunity to spoilers, which concerns adding candidates to elections, as well as the known criteria of positive involvement and negative involvement, which concern adding voters to elections. Thus, in contrast to other clone-independent methods, Split Cycle mitigates both “spoiler effects” and “strong no show paradoxes.”

Strategic Coordination in the 2021 Russian Legislative Election: Effects and Counterbalances

Abstract The study is devoted to strategic coordination represented as a list of “smart voting” candidates for single-member districts at the State Duma election on September 19, 2021. There is a great deal of skepticism in the literature that patterns of strategic voting can be found nationwide in Russia because of the prevalence of the personal vote in ticket splitting. The analysis of the election has confirmed that the effect of “smart voting” is rather small in contrast to the personal vote. Therefore, the attempt of the Russian non-systemic opposition to coordinate electorates strategically has not yet been an effective tool to mobilize voters on a country-wide scale. The study has also revealed strong counterbalances to “smart voting” like the incumbency advantage of United Russia’s nominees and the spoiler effect produced by candidates from the spoiler parties like the Communists of Russia and Party of Pensioners.

An Examination of Ranked-Choice Voting in the United States, 2004–2022

ABSTRACT From the perspective of social choice theory, ranked-choice voting (RCV) is known to have many flaws. RCV can fail to elect a Condorcet winner and is susceptible to monotonicity paradoxes and the spoiler effect, for example. We use a database of 185 American ranked-choice elections for political office from the years 2004 to 2022 to investigate empirically how frequently RCV’s deficiencies manifest in practice. Our general finding is that RCV’s weaknesses are rarely observed in real-world elections, with the exception that ballot exhaustion frequently causes majoritarian failures.

Ranked-choice voting and the spoiler effect

Ranked-choice voting and the spoiler effect

STAR Voting, equality of voice, and voter satisfaction: considerations for voting method reform

The vote itself forms the foundation of our political discourse, and how we vote may be the single most important decision in a representative democracy. In the pursuit of more fair and representative elections, we explore common electoral pathologies like vote-splitting, Favorite Betrayal, and the center-squeeze Spoiler Effect, and discuss criteria and methodology for evaluating voting method quality. We introduce STAR Voting for consideration in place of Plurality and Instant Runoff Voting for governmental elections, and compare it to other leading voting method proposals. To evaluate voting method accuracy and strategy resilience, we present the metrics Voter Satisfaction Efficiency (VSE) and Pivotal Voter Strategic Incentive (PVSI). We find that compared to Plurality Voting, all methods tested substantially reduce the need for voters to consider candidate electability but that STAR Voting, Smith/Minimax, the Condorcet method included, and Approval Top Two go further to ensure an equally weighted vote. We conclude that STAR Voting in particular offers a viable, competitive, and compelling proposal for more representative elections.

To study the Aerodynamic Effects of Spoiler of a Car (Sedan – Segment) using Computational Fluid Dynamics

Aerodynamic is an important aspect in consideration with regard to automotive design. Efficient diagnosis of aerodynamic forces’ effect on a car body becomes necessary when automobiles run at very high speed. In recent days, almost all automobile products coming into the market are designed considering the effect of aerodynamic forces.
 The objective of this analysis is to simulate the flow of air over a car body and to estimate the effect of aerodynamic forces like drag and lift. The prediction of drag becomes necessary for vehicle running at higher speeds, may lead to higher fuel consumption, dropping the efficiency. The induced “LIFT” will disconnect wheels and road, which may lead to accidents. The current analysis we are performing, will analyze the effect of these forces on car, with and without spoiler, to understand the spoiler’s presence helping in reducing the drag and its contribution to increase the efficiency of the car. Hypermesh is used for pre-processing and ANSYS Fluent is used as a solver and post processor.

The effect of spoilers on flow around tandem circular cylinders

Examining the flow characteristics around the cylindrical elements, such as offshore (submarine) pipelines which can be used in single or multiple arrangements, has a prominent place in fluid mechanics. The use of spoilers for self-embedding of these structures has been a subject that researchers have studied for many years. In this study, (a) the flow around a cylinder without and with a spoiler and (b) the effect of adding spoiler(s) to the tandem cylinders on the flow was experimentally investigated. In these experiments, where the ratio of the distance between the cylinders to the cylinder diameter is 2, the Reynolds number is 14000, which remains in the subcritical region. Four experiments were performed: the smoke-wire method was used for flow visualization, aerodynamic force measurement, velocity measurement by hot-wire anemometer, and pressure measurement to determine the pressure distribution on the cylinders. Pressure, velocity, and force results were recorded with the time histories in this study for the first time. Experimental studies show that when a spoiler is added to a single cylinder, an opposing lift force acts on that and the drag force increases due to the enlargement of the low-pressure region at the wake of the cylinder. In a tandem situation, when the upstream cylinder has a spoiler, no drag force acts on the downstream cylinder. The forces exerted on the upstream cylinder are not affected by whether the downstream cylinder has a spoiler. In the case of the downstream cylinder with the spoiler, the fluctuations in the aerodynamic forces of the upstream cylinder decrease owing to the downstream cylinder with the spoiler. The force fluctuations are more in the downstream cylinder, and unlike other tandem and single-cylinder cases, the vortex shedding becomes complex.

Two-dimensional study on the hydrodynamic performance of collaborative spoiled rudder

A novel collaborative spoiler rudder (CSR) is proposed to improve the maneuverability of a ship. This work focuses on the hydrodynamic performance of CSR in two-dimensional section. Mesh uncertainty analysis based on experimental data is used to validate the mesh generating strategy and numerical method. The study about the effects of spoilers on rudder performance shows that the spoiler on the upper surface has a negative impact on rudder response, particularly before stalling, and ought to be closed during steering conditions. The effect of the spoiler on the lower surface on rudder performance is further studied. The results show that the maximum lift of CSR with the spoiler on the lower surface (spoiler A) opened to the maximum control angle is about 1.50 times that of a conventional rudder (CR). The target lift method is used for CSR efficiency evaluation. The optimal ranges of the rudder angle and the control angle of spoiler A are determined. The maximum efficiency of CSR can be increased by about 69% for the target lift compared with CR, and the corresponding rudder stock moments of CSR are much smaller than that of CR.

The failure of Instant Runoff to accomplish the purpose for which it was adopted: a case study from Burlington Vermont

Instant-Runoff Voting (IRV) has been marketed to “guarantee that the majority candidate is elected,” to “eliminate the spoiler effect,” and to empower voters, particularly those supporting third-party or independent candidates, to “vote your hopes, not your fears,” which is meant to level the playing field between such candidates and those from the major-party duopoly. This paper shows that in Burlington Vermont, IRV objectively failed to deliver on these promises. However, this failure is not blamed on the use of ranked ballots, but rather on the Hare method of tallying the ballots and identifying the winner. To avoid the failure, this paper presents a variation on IRV, Bottom Two Runoff-IRV (BTR-IRV), including a template for possible legislative language.

Beyond the Spoiler Effect: Can Ranked Choice Voting Solve the Problem of Political Polarization?

Beyond the Spoiler Effect: Can Ranked Choice Voting Solve the Problem of Political Polarization?

A Method to Construct a Comic Spoiler Dataset and Analysis of Comic Spoilers

People differ in their assessment of whether they consider spoilers to be problematic or not. Recent studies have investigated the effects of spoilers. However, the definition of spoilers in those studies was ambiguous, so it is difficult to say that the impact of spoilers has been investigated. In this work, we propose a definition of comic spoilers and a dataset construction method to avoid ambiguity in the definition of spoilers. Furthermore, we construct a dataset and compare our dataset with the spoilers used in previous studies to clarify the characteristics of spoilers. Then, we found that the newly constructed dataset not only covered the previous dataset but also detected important spoiler scenes that were not included in the previous dataset, such as goal scenes and scenes that reveal the killer's motive and so on, as spoilers.

Numerical study on aeroelastic behavior of spoiler on low-rise building based on fluid-structure interaction method

Technical mitigation devices have been demonstrated to be efficient for decreasing the peak and mean wind pressures on the roof systems of low-rise buildings through disrupting vortex formation. Previous investigations have regarded mitigation devices as rigid bodies and neglected aeroelastic behavior. However, the relatively large uplift force induces small-stiffness mitigation devices vibration and introduces a considerable aeroelastic effect. These effects might result in an increase in negative wind pressure on the building roof and the aeroelastic instability problems of mitigation devices. Therefore, the current study conducted two-way fluid-structure interaction (FSI) numerical simulation for a low-rise flat-roof building with mitigation devices (metal and polymer spoilers) to investigate the influence of the aeroelastic effect of spoiler on the wind pressure on the building roof. The large eddy simulation (LES) method and the finite element analysis (FEA) model are used to solve the flow field and the structural responses of the spoiler, respectively. The computational model and method are verified by comparing the calculation results with previous experimental results and benchmark computational tests. The dynamic response of spoiler, the flow instabilities and the wind pressure on the building roof are analyzed. The influence mechanism of the spoiler vibration on the flow field over the building, the wind pressure on the building roof and the uplift force on the spoiler were revealed considering the influencing factors, including the vibrational amplitude of spoiler and the wind direction. The results show that the aeroelastic effect of spoiler increases the negative wind pressure on the roof, and the larger the vibrational amplitude of spoiler is, the more the negative wind pressure increases. The negative wind pressure on the eave also increases with increasing wind direction angle. The main reason for this phenomenon is that the spoiler vibration increases the degree of flow separation over the building roof.

Effects of spoiler and piggyback on local scour under single and twin submerged pipes

A series of laboratory experiments was carried out to investigate the effects of spoiler and piggyback on the flow field and local scour formation under single and twin submerged pipes. The shape and orientation of spoiler and piggyback were tested in single and twin pipes with different distances from each other. Three piggyback shapes of rectangular, triangular, and circular were designed and the local scour profiles were measured for five orientation angles of θ = 90, 135, 180, 225, and 270°. Flow visualization was employed to study the effects of spoiler and piggyback on the rear vortex field. The velocity field was measured with an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) probe and the magnitudes of Turbulent Kinetic Energy (TKE) around pipelines were extracted from the time series of velocity data. Quadrant analysis was performed based on velocity data to study the effect of spoilers on turbulent momentum transfer between twin pipes. The energy and momentum coefficients were extracted from velocity profiles indicating significant disruption of velocity field and causing additional drag in the rear pipe. A comparison of the equilibrium bed profiles indicated that the minimum and maximum peak scour depths occurred when a rectangular spoiler with θ = 180° and a circular piggyback with θ = 270° were installed, respectively. The self-burial mechanism was examined by alternating the positions of piggybacks and spoilers in twin pipes. The downstream pipe was buried when either spoiler or piggyback is in the upstream pipe. It was found that the rate of self-burial reduced as the distance between two pipes increased.

CFD Analysis of Rear-Spoilers Effectiveness on Sedan Vehicle in Compliance with Malaysia National Speed Limit

A spoiler is an aerodynamic component used to decrease drag in automobiles. The primary function of the car rear spoiler is to increase the vehicle’s grip on the road by decreasing the aerodynamic drag and increase stability. This rear positioned device built up an area of high pressure to replace the low pressure on the trunk leading to increased stability. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of rear spoiler on automobile aerodynamic drag and stability in compliance with the Malaysian National Speed Limit. Both the sedan vehicle model and the rear spoiler models were built using CAD (Computer-Aided Design) software. The data was then analyzed in CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamic) software to calculate the drag and lift force acting on the moving sedan car at velocity of 60km/h, 90km/h and 110 km/h. There have been some limitations due to the complexity of the design. Two rear spoiler designs which are the ducktail spoiler and the rear wing were used in the simulation along with the sedan vehicle. The result given by the simulations shows that rear spoilers increase the drag force and the downforce of the car. Rear wing shows a drastic increase in drag and downforce while ducktail spoiler shows a slight increase. The result also shows that slow moving vehicle has higher drag than fast moving vehicle. In summary, spoilers increase drag at low speed and only shows its benefits at high speed. Given the Malaysia National Speed Limit, spoilers may only show its benefit when the vehicle is driven on the expressway since expressways has a speed limit of 110 km/h.

Simulation The Effect of Spoiler on Aerodynamic for Sedan Car

The goal of this research is to select the parameter of the car body at different velocity with different spoiler and to stimulate and analyse the drag coefficient and lift coefficient of the car body at different velocity with different spoiler. Moreover, aerodynamics in vehicles now play an important role. Aerodynamics affects vehicle performance by changing parameter such as lifting force and drag force, which play a major role in high speeds and fuel economy. The benefit of this research is to reduce drag and prevent undesired lift forces and other causes of aerodynamic instability when travelling at high speeds. For the analysis, the model is created in SOLIDWORKS and then imported into Ansys Workbench and Fluid Flow (Fluent) for further analysis. There are four models of car body in this simulation, which is Model 1, Model 2, Model 3 and Model 4. To collect data on the drag coefficient, lift coefficient, pressure contour and velocity streamline, this simulation was run at five different velocity which is 120 km/h, 140 km/h, 160 km/h, 180 km/h and 200 km/h. In conclusion, spoilers have a significant impact on drag reduction and the prevention of undesired lift forces.

Exploring the spoiler effect in the digital age: Evidence from the movie industry

For narrative products such as movies, books, and TV shows, electronic word of mouth (eWOM) can be a double-edged sword. It provides consumers with useful information while potentially revealing the storyline, that is, spoiling the surprise of what will happen. Prior studies have focused on the impact of spoilers on consumers' experiences through psychological experiments. However, the relationship between spoilers and narrative product sales has rarely been empirically explored. To fill this gap, the current study explores the impact of spoilers on the movie box office revenue and how this impact evolves over time. We collected 279,433 reviews of 465 films on a leading community website in China and constructed a dynamic generalized method of moments (GMM) model with instrumental variables to empirically examine the spoiler effect in the movie market. Our findings indicate that spoilers have a negative influence on the movie box office revenue. However, this impact is limited to the first 6 days after the movie is released. We also discover that spoilers have a stronger negative effect on narrative-based movies than non-narrative-based movies. Furthermore, eWOM volume and eWOM variance negatively moderate the spoiler effect on the box office revenue, but the moderating effect of eWOM valence is not significant. These findings can deepen movie industry decision makers' and platform providers' understanding of spoilers, helping them devise more feasible eWOM operation strategies.

Experimental Study of Hydrodynamic and Self-Buried Behavior of Submarine Pipeline with Perpendicular Spoilers

The spoiler is a kind of device to disturb current and promote burying. At present, all submarine pipeline spoilers at home and abroad are parallel spoilers, that is, the plane of the spoiler is parallel to the vertical plane of the pipeline axis. According to the results of indoor experiments, when the pipeline with the forward spoiler is installed perpendicular to the direction of water flow, the spoiler will accelerate the seabed erosion and cause the pipeline to endure downward pressure, which will eventually cause the pipeline self-buried to form a protection. However, when the pipeline direction is consistent with the flow direction, the self-buried behavior and protective effect is vanished. By aiming at the defect that the forward spoiler cannot be self-buried when the direction of the pipeline and the flow are basically parallel, the spoiler burying aid device perpendicular to the pipeline axis has been innovatively developed, and the hydrodynamic changes and sediment erosion characteristics near the pipeline after the installation of the device were studied based on the experiment. Results reveal that although the perpendicular spoiler cannot generate downforce, it can greatly increase the turbulent kinetic energy of the flow and the rate of sediment erosion. The larger the angle between the pipeline axis and the spoiler plane is, the larger the increase in turbulent energy will be. The increase in turbulent energy near the bed surface can reach up about 70% when the angle is 90°, while serious sediment erosion mainly occurs along both sides of the pipeline with a distance of about 2–4 times the pipe diameter. In the future, we can further explore the influence of the perpendicular spoiler size and installation position on the pipeline downforce and the effect of burying promotion. At the same time, field tests on the perpendicular spoiler burying aid device currently developed will conduct to observe the actual effect of perpendicular spoiler promoting pipeline scouring and burying, and improve submarine pipeline safety protection technology.