Effect Of Solvent Concentration Research Articles

Effect of Solvent Concentration on Scaling Butane Solvent Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes Using Reservoir Simulation

Understanding scaling of enhanced oil/bitumen recovery processes is essential in moving laboratory scale experimental results to field scale. Scaling theory for thermal processes is well understood and has been applied to steam processes. However, scaling of hybrid steam (thermal) /solvent (mass transfer) processes is still not well defined nor well understood. This paper investigates the scaling behavior of hybrid steam/butane gravity drainage processes using reservoir simulation (commercial thermal compositional simulator CMG STARSTM). Previous research has used reservoir simulation to confirm scaling groups for waterflooding. A similar strategy was used in this study whereby the scaling of a hybrid (steam) solvent oil recovery process was examined using reservoir simulations at three different reservoir scales: lab scale, semi-field scale and field scale to examine the influence of the mass transfer mechanisms of diffusion and dispersion on the scalability of the process. In particular, the influence of butane solvent concentration on scaling a steam/butane gravity drainage process was investigated by considering several butane mole fraction concentrations injected with steam (1%, 2%, 5%, 7%, 10%, 15%, 21%, 25% and 50%). Temperature contours, and mole fraction contours of butane in both the oil and gas phases were examined for various solvent injection concentrations to examine scalability. Numerical results are provided with no diffusion and dispersion, diffusion only, dispersion only and with both diffusion and dispersion added to the simulations. Results confirmed scalability of the process with no capillary effects when the simulation results were non-dimensionalized, although there were some issues with material balance errors in some of the simulation results particularly at high solvent concentrations. For low injection concentrations, the contours were almost identical (indicating scalability) for the three scales for the operating condition studied. In addition, capillary effects were also studied, and similar to scaling thermal processes, the capillarity effects influenced scalability of the process under the conditions studied particularly at higher injection concentrations. Scalability using reservoir simulation was generally preserved with low injection concentrations, but unusual behavior was observed at higher injection concentrations (>5%). Oil recovery curves were non-dimensionalized to make comparisons amongst the three scales. The oil recovery curves displayed an unusual S-shaped behavior at higher injection concentrations when capillary effects were included especially for the lab and semi-field scales. In all cases when all of the mechanisms are included (diffusion, dispersion and capillary effects), Scale 1 shows a much faster recovery than Scale 3 which suggests that the lab scale might temporally overestimate the field scale recovery for this particular process scenario.

Green solvents in recovery of aluminium and plastic from waste pharmaceutical blister packaging

Pharmaceutical blister packages usually comprise of aluminium and plastic layers. Due to their multi-material structure, the discarded packages are typically landfilled, although when separated, both metallic and polymeric fractions would be recyclable. In the present study, separation of aluminium and polymeric layers of waste pharmaceutical blisters was conducted by exploitation of deep eutectic solvent (DES, lactic acid – choline chloride) and pure lactic acid, both of which are considered green solvents. The separation of aluminium and plastic was investigated at different temperatures, solvent concentrations, solid-liquid ratios and agitation speeds.The complete separation was achieved with both studied solvents. The fastest separation was obtained when temperature was increased, more solvent with respect to solid was used and when agitation was introduced to the system. The effect of solvent concentration varied depending on the used solvent. Separation by lactic acid was the fastest with pure solvent (90 wt%), and separation by DES was the fastest with diluted solvent (50 wt%) due to strong dissolution of aluminium and formation of aluminium lactate precipitate. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and acrylic based adhesive were detected in all the investigated samples. After the separation by pure DES, the recovered aluminium fraction was corroded, containing 65 wt% of aluminium and 23 wt% of oxygen whereas after lactic acid treatment, aluminium surfaces contained at its best about 95% of aluminium (aluminium foil contains 96% of Al). The results showed that the DES used and lactic acid can offer viable green separation methodology for aluminium and plastic from blister packages.

Preliminary Study of Gaultherin Extraction from Gandapura Through Uv-Photo Extraction

Gaultherin in gandapura can be extracted using hot water and calcium carbonate, followed by solvent extraction using acetic ester hydrate at a temperature of 100 °C. However, the process yields only 4 g/kg of fresh leaves. A technique of simultaneously gaultherase enzyme inactivation and gaultherin extraction with ethanol solvent should be studied. Preliminary studies of Gaultherin extraction with ethanol has been done and it is able to obtain gaultherin up to 14.46% at pH 8. This study will examine the development of the process photo-extraction-UV and osmosis dehydration simultaneously. The advantages of this process are (i) the gaultherase enzyme experiences unfolding, resulting in reduced hydrolysis reaction, (ii) increase in gaultherin yield, (iii) needs less energy, and (iv) purification of the product would be lighter. Study of the effect of solvent concentration and extraction time on gaultherin recovery was carried out for 2 months in the Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Operations at UNDIP Vocational School. Variables include dependent and independent variables. Dependent variables include the solvent-feed ratio of 5:1, pH 4.8, 75 rpm of mixer speed, chopper blades speed of 125 rpm, a drying temperature of 80 °C. Independent Variables include ethanol concentration at 80, 85, 90, and 95%. Extraction time for 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 minutes. The result shows that gandapura extraction using ethanol had dual function, inactivate gaultherase enzymes and extract the active compounds gaultherin. Gaultherin yields was increased by increasing the duration of extraction. Whereas increasing the concentration of the solvent, gaultherin extracted was decreased.

Application of negative pressure cavitation extraction (NPCE) on total phenolic compound extraction from Millettia sericea root

Production of total phenolic compounds from Millettia sericea roots was carried out using the NPCE method. This study aims to determine the effect of solvent concentration (60, 70, 80, 90%) and negative pressure (-0.4, -0.5, -0.6, -0.7 bar) in the NPCE system on Millettia sericea roots and investigate the increase in extraction yield compared to maceration methods. According to the results of the investigation, the best solvent concentration resulted from 70% methanol and -0.7 bar negative pressure. The results of the comparison of the NPCE extraction method with maceration exhibited a high escalate in extraction yield more than 3 times compare to maceration methods.

Effects of Solvent Concentration on the Performance of Ionic-Liquid/Carbon Supercapacitors.

We use molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the effects of solvent concentration on the bulk properties of an ion liquid electrolyte and the electrochemical performance on carbon-based electrodes, including pristine graphene, oxidized graphene, graphene armchair edge, graphene zigzag edge, onion-like carbon, and slit-pore carbon. We find that diluting the electrolyte reduces the number of ion pairs in the bulk and improves ion dynamics. The capacitance of the two-edge electrodes decreases monotonically as the solvent concentration increases, while the capacitance of other nonedge electrodes exhibits nonmonotonic behavior and a capacitance maximum is observed. Further analyses on the electric double layer reveals two competing factors: solvation reduces the charge overscreening effect, but it also causes the dilution of absorbed ion concentration. While the former increases the capacitance in the low dilution regime, the latter decreases the capacitance in the high dilution regime. In addition, the dilution also significantly improves the ion dynamics at the interface. Our simulation results demonstrate that diluting an ionic liquid electrolyte could potentially boost the power density while maintaining or even slightly increasing the energy density with a careful selection of solvent concentrations on a nonedge carbon electrode.

A Simulation Study on Solvent-Aided Process using C3 and C4 in Clearwater Oil-Sand Formation

Solvent-aided processes (SAP) have been considered to enhance the energy efficiency of Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) process for hydrocarbon recovery from oil-sand formations. We performed numerical simulations to investigate how solvent type and concentration affect the performance of SAP. First, we created simulation models in which light solvents are co-injected with steam into a developed steam chamber in Clearwater oil-sand Formation. Second, we investigated the phase behaviour of steam-solvent-bitumen and its effects on bitumen viscosity at steam-bitumen interface. Third, we investigated the effects of solvent concentration on production performance of SAP.The results show three main stages in bitumen production profile during SAP. Oil rate reaches two peaks (one during the first stage, and one during the second stage), then drops and stabilizes during the third stage. During the first stage, C4 condensation near the chamber edge leads to dilution and drainage of the heated bitumen. During the second stage, the steam chamber grows more laterally. During the third stage, as water accumulates at the bottom of the chamber, steam chamber volume decreases. In addition, contact area between the condensed solvent and bitumen reduces. Therefore, oil rate stabilizes even though solvent is co-injected with steam during this stage due to the adverse effect of water accumulation near the production well. Compared with C4-steam co-injection process, C3-steam co-injection leads to higher bitumen viscosity near the chamber edge due to 1) less C3 solubility than C4 in the oil phase and 2) lower chamber temperature in the C3-steam co-injection. Maximum-performance scenarios for C3-, and C4-steam co-injections are co-injecting C3 with steam at 2% mol C3 and co-injecting C4 with steam at 3% mol C4. These scenarios of C3- and C4-steam co-injections lead to 1.5% and 5% increase in SAGD ultimate bitumen recovery factor, respectively. C3- and C4-steam co-injections with maximum-performance scenarios reduce SAGD cummulative steam oil ratio (CSOR) by 31.5% and 29%, respectively.

Application of a Sustainable Bioderived Solvent (Biodiesel) for Phenol Extraction.

Replacement of volatile organic compound solvents by greener or more environmentally sustainable solvents is becoming increasingly important due to the increasing health and environmental concerns. In the present work, a bioderived solvent, soybean oil methyl ester, which is better known as biodiesel and is a nonvolatile organic compound, was used as a solvent to replace the fossil solvent (kerosene) for phenol extraction. First, biodiesel was selected as an optional solvent to replace kerosene based on Hansen solubility parameter calculation results. Second, the effects of solvent concentration, equilibrium pH of the aqueous phase, temperature, extraction time, etc. on phenol extraction were examined. The results show that biodiesel has strong extraction ability on phenol extraction than that of kerosene. An acidic environment decreases the phase disengagement time. Phenol extraction reached equilibrium in 30 s of contact time at room temperature. McCabe–Thiele diagram calculation results show that the phenol extraction efficiency can reach 98% in three theoretical stages at an A/O ratio of 10:1 (Cyanex923 + biodiesel). Finally, the extraction mechanism indicated that biodiesel could reduce the intermolecular hydrogen bond forces in the extractant so as to improve the extraction efficiency.

Optimizing the extraction process of natural antioxidants from chardonnay grape marc using microwave-assisted extraction

The aim of this work was to extract phenolic compounds from Chardonnay grape marc employing a microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). Firstly, the effect of solvent concentration (30–60%), solid mass (1.0–2.0 g) and extraction time (5–15 min) on the recovery of phenolic content and antioxidant capacity was evaluated using a response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal parameters found by RSM were 48% ethanol for the solvent content, 10 min for the extraction time, and 1.77 g for the solid mass. The extraction was carried out at room temperature to increase scaling-up opportunities at industrial level. It was found that the phenolic profile was mainly composed of flavanols, such as procyanidins, catechin and epicatechin. Furthermore, the polyphenols obtained by MAE showed a DPPH· inhibition value of 87 ± 5% and the total phenolic content was 1.21 ± 0.04 mg GAE/mL. Finally, it was observed that the degradation temperature of the extract (≈ 200 °C) was above the temperature commonly used for the manufacture of protein films by thermo-mechanical processes. This highlights the potential use of this extract as a bioactive additive in protein film forming formulations for food and pharmaceutical applications.

Effect of Solvent Concentration on the Energy Demand of an Absorption-Based Natural Gas Sweetening Plant

The removal of CO2 from natural gas will enhance its energy content, decrease the volume to be transported and –if coupled with storage technology- it will also contribute to the control of CO2 emissions. Amine-based chemical absorption is the most advanced CO2 capture system. Yet, high energy requirement is a major hinder to its wide deployment. Among the possible routes of improvement is the use of novel amines that can achieve the trade-off between robustness and low regeneration energy. In this paper, we have studied the use of MDEA/DEA as solvent for the capture of CO2 from natural gas. The presence of BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl Benzene and Xylene) in the raw natural gas was taken into account. AspenHysys v9 was used to simulate the chemical absorption system. The impact of solvent composition on key process variables, the required flow rate to achieve transport specification, required reboiler duty, pumping energy, BTEX incineration energy and amine losses, were studied. The optimal operating point corresponding to the lowest energy requirement was identified and the separate contribution of each process parameter was estimated. The study showed that the optimal amine mass fraction is influenced by the presence of BTEX and that it shifts from 0.5 if BTEX are not present in the sour feed gas to 0.45 if their incineration is taken into account.

APPLICATION OF PERVAPORATION FOR THE IN-SITU RECOVERY OF GREEN SOLVENTS AND BIOFUELS FROM ABE FERMENTATION

Butanol from ABE fermentation is one well-accepted possibility of directly producing biofuels and solvents from biomass and organic residues. However, compared to butanol production from fossil resources, ABE fermentation is economically not competitive. Owing to toxicity of the products for the microorganisms, low productivity and product concentration is observed, leading to high energy demand for product recovery and purification. Thus, a highly efficient recovery process is required for productivity enhancement and product purification for final utilization. Membrane-based organophilic pervaporation among others proved to be an attractive possibility for a continuous, inline and energy-efficient solvent recovery from ABE fermentation broth. Current work focusses on the assessment of performance and separation characteristics of this process under realistic conditions. Synthetic solutions have been used to independently analyze the effects of solvent concentration and the presence of secondary components like residual sugars and nutrient salts. Two different membrane materials, POMS and PDMS, have been investigated using a lab-scale pervaporation test rig. Results indicate that an enrichment of butanol and acetone by a factor of 21 and 32 respectively, can be achieved within a single separation step.

Optimization of extraction conditions for improving total polyphenolic content in Quince fruit extracts (Cydonia oblonga Miller) using response surface methodology

The effect of solvent concentration (20–80%), solvent to sample ratio(10:1–30:1), extraction time (10–30 min) and extraction temperature (20-100oC) on total phenolic content (TPC) in quince fruit was investigated for the first time using response surface methodology (RSM). Experiments were designed according to Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) with these four factors, including central and axial points. A second-order polynomial Model satisfactorily fitted the experimental data with the R2 values of 0.89 for the response implying a good agreement between the predicted and experimental values. The optimal conditions of optimized response were solvent conc. of 60%, solvent/sample ratio of 16:1, extraction time of 20 min. and temperature of 65oC. Based on these optimised conditions, our model predicted TPC of 291.8 mg GAE/100g which was in the close agreement with experimental value of 285.2 mg GAE/100g for TPC with %CV of 2.2%.

Understanding the Influence of Surface Solvation and Structure on Polymorph Stability: A Combined Mechanochemical and Theoretical Approach.

We explore the effect of solvent concentration on the thermodynamic stability of two polymorphs of a 1:1 cocrystal of theophylline and benzamide subjected to ball-mill liquid assisted grinding (LAG) and we investigate how this can be related to surface solvent solvation phenomena. In this system, most stable bulk polymorph form II converts to metastable bulk polymorph form I upon neat grinding (NG), while form I can fully or partially transform into form II under LAG conditions, depending on the amount of solvent used. Careful and strict experimental procedures were designed to achieve polymorph equilibrium under ball-mill LAG conditions for 16 different solvents. This allowed us to determine 16 equilibrium polymorph concentration curves as a function of solvent concentration. Ex-situ powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) was used to monitor the polymorph concentration and crystallite size. The surface site interactions point (SSIP) description of noncovalent interactions was used in conjunction with the SSIMPLE method for calculating solvation energies to determine which functional groups are more or less exposed on the polymorph crystal surfaces. Our results demonstrate that (i) ball-mill LAG equilibrium curves can be successfully achieved experimentally for a cocrystal system; (ii) the equilibrium curves vary from solvent to solvent in onset values and slopes, thus confirming the generality of the interconversion phenomenon that we interpret here in terms of cooperativity; (iii) the concentration required for a switch in polymorphic outcome is dependent on the nature of the solvent; (iv) the SSIP results indicate that the theophylline π-system face is more exposed on the surface of form I while the theophylline N-methyl groups are more exposed in form II; and (v) for some solvents, form II has a significantly smaller crystal size at equilibrium than form I in the investigated solvent concentration range. Therefore, the free energy of the 1:1 cocrystal of theophylline and benzamide polymorphs studied here must be affected by surface solvation under ball-mill LAG conditions.

Antioxidant Capacity and UPLC-PDA ESI-MS Phenolic Profile of Stevia rebaudiana Dry Powder Extracts Obtained by Ultrasound Assisted Extraction

Stevia leaves, which are commonly used as a natural sweetener in food products, have increased in importance for antioxidant delivery due to their high content of phenolic compounds. In this study, the influence of the drying process on stevia leaves, with regards to phenolic content and antioxidant activity during drying kinetics 40 °C for 7 h, was studied. The effect of solvent concentration and extraction time using a 32 factorial design on total phenol content (TPC), and on antioxidant activity of extracts obtained from dried stevia leaves, by ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) as alternative method was evaluated. Steviol glycosides contents were also evaluated by a conventional and UAE method. Phenols identification, quantification and purification were performed by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS), Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photodiode Array (UPLC-PDA) and advanced automated flash purification, respectively. Drying time affected the moisture content of stevia leaves. A constant weight was reached after six hours of drying, and higher antioxidant activity was observed, while the highest TPC was obtained after seven hours of drying. The highest TPC (91.57 ± 8.8 mg GAE/g dw) and antioxidant activity (603.24 ± 3.5 μmol TE/g dw) in UAE method was obtained when ethanol 50% at 5 min was used. Steviol glycosides extracted by UAE were recorded with a content of 93.18 ± 1.36 mg/g dw and 98.97 ± 1.75 mg/g dw for stevioside and rebaudioside A respectively. Six phenolic compounds including four phenolic acids and two flavonoids were identified and quantified by UPLC-PDA, and confirmed by ESI-MS reporting its fragmentation pattern. Diosmin and chlorogenic acid were the most abundant compounds with values of 2032.36 μg/mL and 434.95 μg/mL respectively. As a novelty we found that the antioxidant activity evaluated in partially purified fractions suggested that biological activity might be attributed to the synergistic effect of the six phenols present in the stevia leaves extract. In addition to its sweeting properties, stevia leaves constitute a potential source of polyphenolic compounds, with antioxidant activity that could be used as a food additive.

Optimization of extraction conditions of phenolic bioactive compounds from Fucus spiralis and Bifurcaria bifurcate using response surface methodology

Event Abstract Back to Event Optimization of extraction conditions of phenolic bioactive compounds from Fucus spiralis and Bifurcaria bifurcate using response surface methodology Daniela Teodoro1, Andre Horta1 and Maria M. Gil1* 1 Centro de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente (IPLeiria), Portugal Seaweeds (SW) consumption has increased worldwide due to the growing awareness of its several benefits. In fact, edible SW contains valuable biomolecules, namely essential amino acids, essential elements, vitamins, important lipids, carbohydrates and dietary fiber. Additionally, they are an excellent source of phenolic compounds considered as one of the most important classes of natural antioxidants. Besides having antioxidant properties, phlorotannins (a group of phenolic compounds) have also been described as having: protection against vascular diseases, anticancer and antihypertension activities, anti-inflammatory properties, and antimicrobial activity against food-borne bacteria. Thus, attracting great interest from researchers and food industries. In this context, optimization of extraction conditions of phenolic bioactive compounds using “green” extraction solvents or “green” methods is of great importance to the industry. The extraction of phenolic compounds from Fucus spiralis and Bifurcaria bifurcate was optimized using a response surface methodology (RSM). A Box-Behnken design was conducted to analyse the effects of solvent concentration (ethanol to water ratio), time and solid–liquid ratio, e.g., biomass concentration (g dry seaweed per 100 ml solvent) on the extraction of total phenolic content. Quadratic polynomial regression models were fitted through the experimental results. The optimum extraction conditions were found to be 2.75 h extraction time, a solid–liquid ratio of 10 g dry biomass/100 mL or 30 g dry biomass/100 mL and a water-ethanol ration of 1:1 or 100%ethanol, for Bifurcaria bifurcate and Fucus spiralis, respectively. Finally, a comparison among traditional solid-liquid extraction and advanced techniques such as microwave-assisted extraction was performed to test their efficiency towards the extraction of phenolic compounds from seaweeds. Extractions were carried out at the previously best selected conditions for each technique. It is concluded that microwave is a technology that accelerate the extraction process. Acknowledgements This work had the support of Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), through the strategic project UID/MAR/04292/2013 granted to MARE. Keywords: Fucus spiralis, Bifurcaria bifurcate, Response Surface Methodology, Polyphenols, Microwave Conference: IMMR'18 | International Meeting on Marine Research 2018, Peniche, Portugal, 5 Jul - 6 Jul, 2018. Presentation Type: Oral Presentation Topic: Seafood Technology Citation: Teodoro D, Horta A and Gil MM (2019). Optimization of extraction conditions of phenolic bioactive compounds from Fucus spiralis and Bifurcaria bifurcate using response surface methodology. Front. Mar. Sci. Conference Abstract: IMMR'18 | International Meeting on Marine Research 2018. doi: 10.3389/conf.FMARS.2018.06.00153 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 30 May 2018; Published Online: 07 Jan 2019. * Correspondence: PhD. Maria M Gil, Centro de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente (IPLeiria), Peniche, Portugal, maria.m.gil@ipleiria.pt Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Daniela Teodoro Andre Horta Maria M Gil Google Daniela Teodoro Andre Horta Maria M Gil Google Scholar Daniela Teodoro Andre Horta Maria M Gil PubMed Daniela Teodoro Andre Horta Maria M Gil Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Solvent diffusion in molten polystyrene under small amplitude oscillatory shear

Diffusion of 1, 2, 4-trichlorobenzene through polystyrene in the melt state is studied using a rotational rheometer under small amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS), and the diffusion coefficient D is measured at various oscillation frequencies, ω0. The effect of solvent concentration C on the polymer complex viscosity η∗ is described using the Fujita-Kishimoto free volume relationship. Free volume parameters A and B are determined separately to diffusion measurements, from melt viscosities of neat and homogeneous solvent-polymer mixtures, and a single parameter fitting is then used to determine the diffusion coefficient. Oscillatory shearing leads to a faster diffusion. This observation is made by comparing the diffusion coefficient of samples subjected to intermittent-type oscillations and those subjected to continuous SAOS. The study clearly confirms that such SAOS measurements can be used to determine the diffusion coefficient with reasonable accuracy as compared to sorption measurements, and shows that the diffusion rate is increased by oscillatory motion.

Response surface optimization of the ultrasonic-assisted extraction of edible brown pigment from Macadamia shells

The ultrasonic extraction of Edible brown pigment from macadamia shells was researched using response surface methodology (RSM) with 3 factors and 3 levels. A Box-Behnken design (BBD) was employed to investigate the effects of Solvent concentration, ratio of water to raw material and extraction time on the extraction yield of brown pigment. By using this new method, the optimum extraction condition was obtained as follows: Ultrasonic treating time 71 min, solvent to sample ratio of 23 mL/g, Alcohol concentrations 62%. Under the optimized condition, the experimental yield of brown pigment was 0.636g.

Effect of solvent concentration on performance of polysulfone membrane for filtration and separation

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of solvent concentration on the performance of polysulfone membrane via airbrush spray method. The solvent concentration was varied from 73% to 80% in dope solution. The study also investigated airbrush processing parameter such as spray time and distance at different solvent concentration. The prepared membrane was characterized in respect to its morphology and the performance of the membrane were evaluated via gas permeability performance. This study found that the membrane fiber size was reduced as solvent concentration increases. When time increased the diameter of fiber also increased. The distance also affected the fiber size, when the distance increased the diameter of fiber became smaller. 80% of solvent concentration has better filtration and separation ability compared to other solvent due to its porosity and morphology. From the gas permeability cell testing it shows that the permeability is increasing as the solvent concentration decrease.

Polymer-modified fibrous mesoporous silica nanoparticles as coating material for open-tubular capillary electrochromatography

A novel fibrous mesoporous silica nanoparticles (fSiO2) stationary phase grafted with polymer (Poly (2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) was developed for open tubular capillary electrochromatography (OT-CEC). The preparation procedure included synthesizing fSiO2 through biphase stratification approach, removing the surfactants, silanization and in situ graft polymerization with monomers via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Subsequently, PDMAEMA-modified mesoporous silica nanoparticles (P-fSiO2)/ethanol solution was immobilized onto the inner surface of the pretreated capillary and functionalized with octadecylsilane to fabricate the open-tubular column. Separation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and proteins were carried out to evaluate the performance of the column in CEC. The run-to-run, day-to-day and column-to-column reproducibility in terms retention time of naphthalene was 1.9%, 2.2%, and 3.7%, respectively. The effects of solvent concentration and pH on the separation were evaluated. The method was also used for the separation of real bio-sample, egg white proteins.

Postcombustion CO2 capture using diethylenetriamine (DETA) solvent in a pilot‐plant test bed compared to monoethanolamine (MEA) solvent

The performance of CO2 absorption into diethylenetriamine (DETA) solvent and CO2 desorption from rich DETA solvent were experimentally investigated in a lab‐scale CO2 capture test bed. And the results were compared with monoethanolamine (MEA) solvent, which is a standard solvent for CO2 capture in industry. Also, effects of solvent concentration, lean CO2 loading, lean solvent temperature, solvent flow rate and flue gas flow rate on the absorption performance of DETA and MEA solvent, and effects of lean CO2 loading and solvent flow rate on the regeneration performance of DETA and MEA solvent were studied. The results showed that DETA had a faster CO2 absorption rate and a higher CO2 cyclic capacity than MEA solvent. And to strip the same amount of CO2, DETA needed less regeneration energy than MEA solvent. In addition, the results also showed that key operating parameters of absorber and stripper had large effects on the performance of CO2 absorption and desorption. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 36: 1131–1138, 2017

English

A food grade compatible enzyme assisted extraction (EAE) technique for extracting bioactive compounds from freeze-dried Kakadu plum puree was evaluated. To optimise the extraction, a central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was conducted and effects of solvent concentration, enzyme concentration and time of reaction on extracted levels of free ellagic acid (fEA), ascorbic acid (AA) and total phenolic content (TPC) were determined. In the extracts, concentration of fEA ranged from 53.6 to 266.6 mg/100 g dry weight (DW) of Kakadu plum puree; AA 63.7 to 112.1 mg/100 g DW and TPC levels of 73.23 to 104.74 mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g. Extraction yield of fEA ranged from 10.3 to 51.3%. The model was found to be suitable for extraction of fEA - an important bioactive compound with documented antimicrobial properties from Kakadu plum fruit. A solvent (propylene glycol) concentration of 1.5% (w/w), enzyme (pectolytic enzymes) concentration of 300 mg/L and extraction time of 15 h was ascertained as optimum for the fEA extraction delivering a yield of 51.3%. The extraction method described here facilitates the provision of a simple, cost effective food-grade compatible extract that by-passes the need for organic solvents thereby obtaining an EA-rich aqueous extract with enhanced biological activities. This simple extraction method can also be applied to other EA rich plant material like pomegranate and peel of many common fruits which are generated as food processing by-products and can be easily adopted by numerous industries. Key words: Central composite rotatable design, ellagic acid, enzyme assisted extraction, Kakadu plum fruit, Terminalia ferdinandiana.